XCALC(1) XCALC(1) NNAAMMEE xcalc - scientific calculator for X SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS xxccaallcc [-stipple] [-rpn] [-_t_o_o_l_k_i_t_o_p_t_i_o_n_._._.] DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN _x_c_a_l_c is a scientific calculator desktop accessory that can emulate a TI-30 or an HP-10C. OOPPTTIIOONNSS _x_c_a_l_c accepts all of the standard toolkit command line options along with two additional options: --ssttiippppllee This option indicates that the background of the calculator should be drawn using a stipple of the foreground and background colors. On monochrome displays improves the appearance. --rrppnn This option indicates that Reverse Polish Notation should be used. In this mode the calculator will look and behave like an HP-10C. Without this flag, it will emulate a TI-30. OOPPEERRAATTIIOONN _P_o_i_n_t_e_r _U_s_a_g_e_: Operations may be performed with pointer button 1, or in some cases, with the keyboard. Many com- mon calculator operations have keyboard accelerators. To quit, press pointer button 3 on the AC key of the TI cal- culator, or the ON key of the HP calculator. _C_a_l_c_u_l_a_t_o_r _K_e_y _U_s_a_g_e _(_T_I _m_o_d_e_)_: The numbered keys, the +/- key, and the +, -, *, /, and = keys all do exactly what you would expect them to. It should be noted that the operators obey the standard rules of precedence. Thus, entering "3+4*5=" results in "23", not "35". The paren- theses can be used to override this. For example, "(1+2+3)*(4+5+6)=" results in "6*15=90". The entire number in the calculator display can be selected, in order to paste the result of a calculation into text. The action procedures associated with each function are given below. These are useful if you are interested in defining a custom calculator. The action used for all digit keys is ddiiggiitt((_n)), where _n is the corresponding digit, 0..9. 11//xx Replaces the number in the display with its reciprocal. The corresponding action procedure X Version 11 Release 6 1 XCALC(1) XCALC(1) is rreecciipprrooccaall(()). xx^^22 Squares the number in the display. The corre- sponding action procedure is ssqquuaarree(()). SSQQRRTT Takes the square root of the number in the dis- play. The corresponding action procedure is ssqquuaarreeRRoooott(()). CCEE//CC When pressed once, clears the number in the dis- play without clearing the state of the machine. Allows you to re-enter a number if you make a mistake. Pressing it twice clears the state, also. The corresponding action procedure for TI mode is cclleeaarr(()). AACC Clears the display, the state, and the memory. Pressing it with the third pointer button turns off the calculator, in that it exits the pro- gram. The action procedure to clear the state is ooffff(()); to quit, qquuiitt(()). IINNVV Invert function. See the individual function keys for details. The corresponding action pro- cedure is iinnvveerrssee(()). ssiinn Computes the sine of the number in the display, as interpreted by the current DRG mode (see DRG, below). If inverted, it computes the arcsine. The corresponding action procedure is ssiinnee(()). ccooss Computes the cosine, or arccosine when inverted. The corresponding action procedure is ccoossiinnee(()). ttaann Computes the tangent, or arctangent when inverted. The corresponding action procedure is ttaannggeenntt(()). DDRRGG Changes the DRG mode, as indicated by 'DEG', 'RAD', or 'GRAD' at the bottom of of the calcu- lator ``liquid crystal'' display. When in 'DEG' mode, numbers in the display are taken as being degrees. In 'RAD' mode, numbers are in radians, and in 'GRAD' mode, numbers are in grads. When inverted, the DRG key has a feature of convert- ing degrees to radians to grads and vice-versa. Example: put the calculator into 'DEG' mode, and enter "45 INV DRG". The display should now show something along the lines of ".785398", which is 45 degrees converted to radians. The corresponding action procedure is ddeeggrreeee(()). ee The constant 'e'. (2.7182818...). The corre- sponding action procedure is ee(()). X Version 11 Release 6 2 XCALC(1) XCALC(1) EEEE Used for entering exponential numbers. For example, to get "-2.3E-4" you'd enter "2 . 3 +/- EE 4 +/-". The corresponding action procedure is sscciieennttiiffiicc(()). lloogg Calculates the log (base 10) of the number in the display. When inverted, it raises "10.0" to the number in the display. For example, enter- ing "3 INV log" should result in "1000". The corresponding action procedure is llooggaarriitthhmm(()). llnn Calculates the log (base e) of the number in the display. When inverted, it raises "e" to the number in the display. For example, entering "e ln" should result in "1". The corresponding action procedure is nnaattuurraallLLoogg(()). yy^^xx Raises the number on the left to the power of the number on the right. For example "2 y^x 3 =" results in "8", which is 2^3. For a further example, "(1+2+3) y^x (1+2) =" equals "6 y^x 3" which equals "216". The corresponding action procedure is ppoowweerr(()). PPII The constant 'pi'. (3.1415927....) The corre- sponding action procedure is ppii(()). xx!! Computes the factorial of the number in the dis- play. The number in the display must be an integer in the range 0-500, though, depending on your math library, it might overflow long before that. The corresponding action procedure is ffaaccttoorriiaall(()). (( Left parenthesis. The corresponding action pro- cedure for TI calculators is lleeffttPPaarreenn(()). )) Right parenthesis. The corresponding action procedure for TI calculators is rriigghhttPPaarreenn(()). // Division. The corresponding action procedure is ddiivviiddee(()). ** Multiplication. The corresponding action proce- dure is mmuullttiippllyy(()). -- Subtraction. The corresponding action procedure is ssuubbttrraacctt(()). ++ Addition. The corresponding action procedure is aadddd(()). == Perform calculation. The TI-specific action procedure is eeqquuaall(()). X Version 11 Release 6 3 XCALC(1) XCALC(1) SSTTOO Copies the number in the display to the memory location. The corresponding action procedure is ssttoorree(()). RRCCLL Copies the number from the memory location to the display. The corresponding action procedure is rreeccaallll(()). SSUUMM Adds the number in the display to the number in the memory location. The corresponding action procedure is ssuumm(()). EEXXCC Swaps the number in the display with the number in the memory location. The corresponding action procedure for the TI calculator is eexxcchhaannggee(()). ++//-- Negate; change sign. The corresponding action procedure is nneeggaattee(()). .. Decimal point. The action procedure is ddeeccii-- mmaall(()). _C_a_l_c_u_l_a_t_o_r _K_e_y _U_s_a_g_e _(_R_P_N _m_o_d_e_)_: The number keys, CHS (change sign), +, -, *, /, and ENTR keys all do exactly what you would expect them to do. Many of the remaining keys are the same as in TI mode. The differences are detailed below. The action procedure for the ENTR key is eenntteerr(()). <<-- This is a backspace key that can be used if you make a mistake while entering a number. It will erase digits from the display. (See BUGS). Inverse backspace will clear the X register. The corresponding action procedure is bbaacckk(()). OONN Clears the display, the state, and the memory. Pressing it with the third pointer button turns off the calculator, in that it exits the pro- gram. To clear state, the action procedure is ooffff; to quit, qquuiitt(()). IINNVV Inverts the meaning of the function keys. This would be the _f key on an HP calculator, but _x_c_a_l_c does not display multiple legends on each key. See the individual function keys for details. 1100^^xx Raises "10.0" to the number in the top of the stack. When inverted, it calculates the log (base 10) of the number in the display. The corresponding action procedure is tteennppoowweerr(()). X Version 11 Release 6 4 XCALC(1) XCALC(1) ee^^xx Raises "e" to the number in the top of the stack. When inverted, it calculates the log (base e) of the number in the display. The action procedure is eeppoowweerr(()). SSTTOO Copies the number in the top of the stack to a memory location. There are 10 memory locations. The desired memory is specified by following this key with a digit key. RRCCLL Pushes the number from the specified memory location onto the stack. SSUUMM Adds the number on top of the stack to the num- ber in the specified memory location. xx::yy Exchanges the numbers in the top two stack posi- tions, the X and Y registers. The corresponding action procedure is XXeexxcchhaannggeeYY(()). RR vv Rolls the stack downward. When inverted, it rolls the stack upward. The corresponding action procedure is rroollll(()). _b_l_a_n_k These keys were used for programming functions on the HP-10C. Their functionality has not been duplicated in _x_c_a_l_c. Finally, there are two additional action procedures: bbeellll(()), which rings the bell; and sseelleeccttiioonn(()), which per- forms a cut on the entire number in the calculator's ``liquid crystal'' display. AACCCCEELLEERRAATTOORRSS Accelerators are shortcuts for entering commands. _x_c_a_l_c provides some sample keyboard accelerators; also users can customize accelerators. The numeric keypad accelerators provided by _x_c_a_l_c should be intuitively correct. The accelerators defined by _x_c_a_l_c on the main keyboard are given below: TI Key HP Key Keyboard Accelerator TI Function HP Function SQRT SQRT r squareRoot() squareRoot() AC ON space clear() clear() AC <- Delete clear() back() AC <- Backspace clear() back() AC <- Control-H clear() back() AC Clear clear() AC ON q quit() quit() AC ON Control-C quit() quit() INV i i inverse() inverse() sin s s sine() sine() X Version 11 Release 6 5 XCALC(1) XCALC(1) cos c c cosine() cosine() tan t t tangent() tangent() DRG DRG d degree() degree() e e e() ln ln l naturalLog() naturalLog() y^x y^x ^ power() power() PI PI p pi() pi() x! x! ! factorial() factorial() ( ( leftParen() ) ) rightParen() / / / divide() divide() * * * multiply() multiply() - - - subtract() subtract() + + + add() add() = = equal() 0..9 0..9 0..9 digit() digit() . . . decimal() decimal() +/- CHS n negate() negate() x:y x XexchangeY() ENTR Return enter() ENTR Linefeed enter() CCUUSSTTOOMMIIZZAATTIIOONN The application class name is XCalc. _x_c_a_l_c has an enormous application defaults file which specifies the position, label, and function of each key on the calculator. It also gives translations to serve as keyboard accelerators. Because these resources are not specified in the source code, you can create a customized calculator by writing a private application defaults file, using the Athena Command and Form widget resources to specify the size and position of buttons, the label for each button, and the function of each button. The foreground and background colors of each calculator key can be individually specified. For the TI calculator, a classical color resource specification might be: XCalc.ti.Command.background: gray50 XCalc.ti.Command.foreground: white For each of buttons 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40, specify: XCalc.ti.button20.background: black XCalc.ti.button20.foreground: white For each of buttons 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, and 39: X Version 11 Release 6 6 XCALC(1) XCALC(1) XCalc.ti.button22.background: white XCalc.ti.button22.foreground: black WWIIDDGGEETT HHIIEERRAARRCCHHYY In order to specify resources, it is useful to know the hierarchy of the widgets which compose _x_c_a_l_c. In the notation below, indentation indicates hierarchical struc- ture. The widget class name is given first, followed by the widget instance name. XCalc xcalc Form ti _o_r hp _(_t_h_e _n_a_m_e _d_e_p_e_n_d_s _o_n _t_h_e _m_o_d_e_) Form bevel Form screen Label M Toggle LCD Label INV Label DEG Label RAD Label GRAD Label P Command button1 Command button2 Command button3 _a_n_d _s_o _o_n_, _._._. Command button38 Command button39 Command button40 AAPPPPLLIICCAATTIIOONN RREESSOOUURRCCEESS rrppnn (Class RRppnn) Specifies that the rpn mode should be used. The default is TI mode. ssttiippppllee (Class SSttiippppllee) Indicates that the background should be stippled. The default is ``on'' for monochrome displays, and ``off'' for color displays. ccuurrssoorr (Class CCuurrssoorr) The name of the symbol used to represent the pointer. The default is ``hand2''. CCOOLLOORRSS If you would like xcalc to use its ti colors, include the following in the #ifdef COLOR section of the file you read with xrdb: *customization: -color This will cause xcalc to pick up the colors in the app- defaults color customization file: /lib/X11/app- defaults/XCalc-color. X Version 11 Release 6 7 XCALC(1) XCALC(1) SSEEEE AALLSSOO X(1), xrdb(1), the Athena Widget Set BBUUGGSS HP mode: A bug report claims that the sequence of keys 5, ENTER, <- should clear the display, but it doesn't. CCOOPPYYRRIIGGHHTT Copyright ([, X Consortium See _X_(_1_) for a full statement of rights and permissions. AAUUTTHHOORRSS John Bradley, University of Pennsylvania Mark Rosenstein, MIT Project Athena Donna Converse, MIT X Consortium X Version 11 Release 6 8