ۥ-1@ -R:O[H$H$zzzzzzzllll((l3ƚ4Uz Organism Adaption 5-4-1993 1)stimulus: a change in the environment that necessiates a response, or adjustment by an organism (ex. swirling dust) response: the adjustment or change you make to a stimuls (ex. blinking your eyes) 2)Protists respond to a negative stimuli by moving away from it. Protists resopnd to: light, irritating chemicals, tempeerature, touch, etc. 3)Yes, they grow towards the stimulus (ex. light). photoropiom: it means the organism grows towards the light. no geotrpiom: it means the organism grows towards the ground. no 4)This is because animals have the most highly developed sensory systems of all organisms. 5)Three factors that affect an organism's response are the type, number, and complexity of an animal's sense organs. The way they affect the response is determined by the type, number, and complexity of the animal's sense organs. 6)positive: food, money negative: a man pointing a gun at you neutral: sound of traffic 7)In general, organisms go towards positive stimuli, and go away from negative one. 8)voluntary: eating a bowl of hot chicken soup involuntary: watering of your mouth learned: talking 9)When an animal receives a scare, it can either Fight, Flight (go away from), Freeze the/from oranism that is scaring that animal. The animal releases adrenalin that gives it the strength to do one of those things. pg 136 #3,4,challenger) 3)automatic: i)blinking your eyes when dust gets in them ii)mouth waters when you smell food iii)moving your hand away when it gets burned voluntary: i)eat a bowl of soup ii)drink water iii)watching TV 4)The stimulus. You need the stimulus to make a response. b)No, it is not possible. This is because with an action, there is a reaction. No, you need a stimuli to make a response, otherwise it is not really a response. 5)i)it comes out of the ground ii)it crows iii)it barks and chases the perpetraitor iv)it chases and eats a gazelle b)i)the flooding of its home ii)getting light iii)the person breaking in iv)its hunger Challenger It helps to keep the brain and heart from freezing. pg. 146 #1-5) 1)i)taste ii)touch iii)sight iv)smell v)hearing 2)The protists can only sense chemical. 3)This effect is called sensory adaption. b)An advantage is that you aren't bothered by the smell. A disadvantage is if you are acustomed to the smell of smoke, the smell of smoke might not alert you if your house is on fire. b)cone: when it is light out rod: when it is dark out c)They aren't as developed as some other organisms. 5)Eyelid: this is because your hell cells are very tough from being walked on. This causes them not to be very sensitive. 5-6-1993 pg.13 #1-6) 1)environment: everything in an organism's surroundings bitotic environment: all living things in an environment abiotic environment: nonliving things in an environment 2)When you breathe, your body extracts oxygen from the air. b) large animal eats smaller animal smaller animals larger animal dies and eats plants fertilizes ground soil grows plants 3)biology,ecology: they are the study of things on earth; ecology is the study of environment, biology is the study of animals b)producers,consumers: they live off the environment; pro. manufactures food, con. can't manufacture other food, but eat other oganisms c)scavenger,decomposer: both live of off dead organisms; decom. break down the bodies of dead organisms d)habitat,niche: have to do with were an animal lives hab.=enviro. space were an organism lives, niche= way an organism reacts with its environment e)environment,ecosystem: were organisms live; enviro.= everything in an organism's surroundings, eco.= were organisms of a distinct group interact 4)a)auto b)hetro c) auto d)auto e)auto f)hetro 5)biosphere: layer of planet where living things exist and interact b)lithosphere: solid portion of the Earth's surface c)hydrosphere: layer of water that covers nearly 3/4 of the Earth's surface d)atmosphere: mass of air surrounding the Earth 6)The scavengers come and totaly eat the carcass. The decomposers decompose the carcass and it fertilizes the ditch. pg 18 #1-6) 1)herbivore: animals that consume only plant material (ex. cattle, sheep) trophic level: how directly a consumer interacts with the producers of its ecosystem food chain: a feeding sequence in which each kind of organism eats the one below it in the chain (ex. grass -> mouse -> wolf) 2)Because the producer provides the food for the consumers. 3)Herbivores, this is because you need the herbivores to feed the carnivores, and if there aren't enough herbivores, the carnivores will die out. b)Producers, this is because the producers feed the consumers, and consumers will die if there is not enough producers. 4)omnivores,carnivore: they both eat animals; omnivores also eat plants b)primary,tertiary: they both eat other organisms; primary eats at the first level,and tertiary eats at the third level c)food chain,food web: they dexcribe feeding sequences; food chain goes from one level to the next, web is interconnecting 6)There are six food chains. There are more because the three overlap each other. b)grain, grass, berries c)deer, mouse, grasshopper, rabit d)hawk, snake, owl, wolf wolf is the top carnivore pg.36 #1-8) 1)environment: everything in an organism's surroundings environmental interaction: interaction within the environment for food and shelter b)They relate to ecology because the purpose of ecology is to study the environment and environmental interaction. 2)pond water: abiotic: pond water is not alive b)plant seeds: biotic: seeds are alive because they have the c)ability to grow d)fossils: abiotic: this is because fossils are fossilized bones of e)dead animals f)soil: abiotic: soil is not alive g)soil organisms: biotic: this becauseall organisms are living 3)autotroph heterotroph grass grasshopper, salmon seaweed grass sname, starfish b)producer consumer grass grasshopper, salmon seaweed grass snake, starfish c)The autotrophs were also the producers, and the heterotrophs were also the consumers. 4)Decomposers are the heterotrophs because they feed off of dead organisms and organism waste. b)Scavengers are consumers because they feed off of dead organisms. c)Because the scavengers and decomposers get rid of the waste and dead organisms. 5)A dead organism is a part of the abiotic environment because it no longer has life in it. b)First, scavengers come and eat the meat of the dead organism, then a decomposer carries out chemical decomposition. Large, complex molecules of living things are broken down to smaller, simpler molecules. c)If the corpses were indestructable, our roads and yards would be carpeted with dead bodies. 6)habitat: the environmental space in which an organism lives niche: all the ways in which an organism interacts with its biotic and abiotic environments b)Grass, plants, and a bison occupy different niches in the same habitat. 7The layer of our planet where living things exist and interact. b)lithosphere: solid portion of the Eart (ex. rocks) hydrosphere: the water portion of the Earth (ex. sea) atmosphere: the air surrounding the Earth (ex. air) c)The zones are different sections were many organisms live, but the ecosystem is a unit of the biosphere in which organisms forming a distinct group interact with each other and with their environment. 8)ecosystem: a unit of the biosphere in which organisms forming a distinct group interact with each other and with their environment (ex. pond) b)Because green plants feed the other organisms in one way or another. c)There would be more plants because they are used to feeding the other animals. 5-13-1993 Senses Sight: photoreception - cones and rods - location? - function? Hearing: effects of vibrations in the ear? - choclea? - mechanoreception? Smell: olfaction? - chemoreception? - location of receptors Taste: location of chemoreceptors - catagories or types - how do we taste spicy food Touch: location of receptors (3 different types) - varyibg ability - does one receptor in the skin respond to all types of touch, pressure, and pain? Sight photoreception: direction of light by sensory cells cones: specialized eye cells for bright light and color reception rods: specialized eye cells for vision at low light levels Rods and cones are located on the retina. Hearing The effects of vibrations in the ear is that the vibrations travel through a series of small bones into a coiled, fluid-filled cone. The vibrating fluid moves the hair cells, b\nerve impulses are sent to the brain where they are interpreted as sound. cochlea: a fluid-filled cone that helps detect sound mechanoreception: the ability to detect motion Smell olfaction: the sense of smell chemoreception: the ability to detect chemical stimuli The olfactory receptors are located high in the nasal cavity in a human Taste The receptors are located in taste buds situated in crevices in the tongue, in humans. Human taste receptors are limited to just four categories: sweet, salty, sour, and bitter. You taste spicy foods from the interaction of your sense of smell with these four basic taste. Touch In humans, touch receptors are located in the skin. The three types are Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini corpuscles. There is a variety of touch receptors. They can sense heat, cold, pain, touch, pressure. The ability of touch is different between people. No, different receptors respond to different types of touch, pressure, and pain. Sensory Systems in other Organisms - protists often respond by eating or avoiding like a baby - Euglena have a pigment spot -> sensitive to light - sense organs in organisms can be different from those in humans eg. dogs, bats, dolphins respond to higher sound frequencies eg. birds of prey (ex. hawk) have a better sense of vision eg. insects have a better sense of smell Co-ordinating Responses: Movement and Location 3 steps to sense and response: 1) sensory receptors 2) Organisms must be able to respond ex. move away 3) a co-ordinated system that links sensing and responding -> this is called nervous system 5-14-1993 Nervous System - simplest nervous system is found in an organism called the Hydra, a fresh water jelly fish - when the Hydra is touched, it contracts - sensory cells in the Hydra relay the message to neurons that carry the message to muscle cells - in complex animals, groups of neurons from nerves and sensory cells are grouped together to form sensory organs - the central nervous system consists of a nerve chord and a brain - Ganglia are clumps of nerve cells that co-ordinate nerve signals in different parts of the body Three Typers of Neurons 1) Sensory neurons: carry signals from the sense receptors 2) motor neurons: carry signals to parts of the body (ex. muscle, glands) 3) interneurons: connect sensory neurons to motor neurons When yuour hand touches a hot kettle, heat receptors in your fingertips detect this. -> sends the message to receptors in your arm -> brain and spinal chord's interneurons -> motor neurons -> arm muscles Movement and Locomotion - for protists and animals, responses usually involves some form of movement - all animals are capable of some sort of movement - an animal's movement is controlled by tis nervous system locomotion: movement from one location to another - Most animals have some form of locomotion. Locomotion can be difficult to study because some animals move very quickly Nervous and Locomotory Systems of the Earthworm - earthworms respond to light, touch, moisture, and chemicals - sense receptors are located under the skin - centeral nervouse systems of the earthworm is a double spinal chord - nerve chord is connected to two larger ganglia in the worm's head - this is the brain - there are smaller ganglia for each segmet of the worm's body 5-18-1993 Nervous and Locomotory systems of the Earthworm - continued - Part II - the ganglia enables the earthworm to move each segment independantly - earthworm also has 2 sets of muscles -one perpindicular to the other -1) longitudinal muscles: when contracted, the worm becomes shorter and fatter -2) circular muscles: when contracted, the worm becomes thinner and longer - when the worm is moving forward, you can see a wave of motion passing along the body of the worm 5-19-1993 Locomotion in other Organisms - different types of locomtion: running, swimming, gliding, jumping, hopping, crawling or pseudopodia (false feet) amoeba - animals have different body parts that aid in locomotion -eg. spider monkey - tail, knagaroo - hind legs, bat - wings Sensory Systems of Other Organisms Protists: have chemoreceptors in cell membrane - these receptors can also detect the presence of other organisms Euglena: have a pigment spot: sensitive to light - Euglena can't see, but it will move towards the light - when there is enough light, the Euglena will perform photosynthesis - different organisms possess sense organs that are more sensitive than those of humans eg. dogs and bats can detect sounds of higher frequencies birds of prey have a more sensitive sense of vision insects have a more sensitive sense of smell Photosynthesis sunlight + H2O + CO2 -> glucose + O2 energy + H2O + CO2 <- glucose + O2 Altering and Adapting to the External Environment - adaptions: features and behaviours that enable an organism to suit or fit its environment eg. muskoxen of the Canadian arctic: form protective circle, strong grinding teeth, long digestive tube, thick hairy coat - the environment can alter an organism, and the organism can also alter the environment Exchanging Materials with the Environment - living organisms absorb oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide - land dwellers and aquatic organisms will exchange gasses with their surroundings - land vertebrates have lungs: open sacs inside the body, connected to the outside by a tube - aquatic vertebrate exchange gasses through their gills - as water flows over the gills, dissolved oxygen diffuses into the orJR`k%-<Dcj(/kprx/8 OZ'1<U6A >GMX !P!W!!!!!V"["# # ##@#E####    ]##X%]%_%h%~%%%&')'(( *N*W+e+4/K/0022T5Z5566 666Y8g8u8v8|8}8888888888888P:R:;;S;W;{;;;$H^HvHHHHHHHHIII^IbImIIIII"J&J6JOJQJJJJJJKKKK   \J,`;#<c~(:-5 0 Q o - V ; Y s $ & d q  Z  =FDMwy'v8-<4!T!T!T!T!J[<Zkc/O ` !,!>!P!|!!!!!!"3"V""""## #@#####$(%X%_%~%%%&`&& '"'$'+''G(((((2)p)z)))* *P*p***++W+g++!T!T!T!T!T[+++5,Z,,,--V----.%.`.b.../2/4/M////0D00000061d1111 2L2N222223!3`3m33344P4}4444#5T5\5^5`5b5d555636o6666<7U7777'8W8Y8i8888(9G999:,:.:0:3:5:::<:>:!T!Ta>:@:B:D:F:H:J:L:N:P:R:T:V:::;;U;{;;;^HHHI!I`ImIIIII$JOJJJJJ1KqKKKK9LRLLLL MMMMM"MMMFPP carbon dioxide + water + energy - oxygen is supplied by green plants undergoing photosynthesis carbon dioxide + water + light -> sugar + oxygen Exchanging Other Materials: Elimination and Excretion - gases are not the only things exchanged with the environment - animals also release liquid and solid wastes into the environment - these are acted upon by micro-organisms such as bacteria that recycle these waste products by using the materials for their own lif process - if too man animals congregate in one spot, their waste production may exceed the recycling capacity of the decomposers - in Peru and California, bird droppings are harvested pg.168 #1-5) 1)gas exchange: inside the animal's body, oxygen fromthe external environment is exchanged for the waste gas, carbon dioxide 2)gills - fish lungs - human trachea - grasshopper b)fish - under waterKK6L;LLLLLL MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMPQQ R9RERGR_RRRSS SSXS\SSSTTBTJTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT ULUPUiUjUlUUUVMVQVbVeVVWW7W8W|W~WWWWWWWWWWWW   [ human - everywere on land grasshopper - in grassy fields and lawns 3)The amount of oxygen required by an organism is determined by its size, if its asleep or not, and if its warm or cold blooded. 4)Respiration removes oxygen molecules from the air and replaces them with carbon dioxide molecules or vice versa. b)They are cellular respiration and photosynthesis. c)This is because one uses liquid and solid waste materials in the form of urine, feces, and sweat. They are released by excretion and elimination. 5-20-1993 Altering the Environment - every organism alters its environment simply by living in it - the impact of human activities on the environment is sometimes beneficial, but often has unforeseen circumstances - ther has been an increase in atmospheric pollution, largely due to the burining of fossil fuels - fossil fuels increase the amount of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide, and crabon monoxide in the atmosphere - the amount of carbon dioxide present has increased by more than 30% in the past 100 years. This has produced the Greenhouse Effect. - Acid rain is caused by the mixing of sulfur and nitrogen oxides with water vapours. Greenhouse Effect - carbon from fossil fuels and the tropical rainforest combine with oxygen to produce CO2 - the danger results from global warming of the atmosphere - this may affect the ecosystems, and destroy some species which can't adapt to warmer conditions - Also, iceburgs in the Arctic and Antarctic may melt causing costal flooding - Since sunlight warms the Earth's surface more than the atmosphere, the surface transfers heat to the atmosphere. This heat is absorbed by gasses such as CO2 in the atmospher. As the amount of the atmospheric CO2 rises, the amount of heat increases, therby warming the atmosphere. How Humans Alter the Environment - humans can develop specialized dwelling (eg. igloos). clothes (eg. astronauts), and heating and cooling methods that enable them to survive in several different environments - humans can replace fields and forests with highways and cities - however, waste accumulation is a problem - how to dispose of garbage and nonbiodegradeable materials How the Environment Alters Humans - there are several differences that make some body features better suited for a particular environment - people with a lot of skin pigment, and therefore darker skin, are protected from sunburns, and this is an advantage in hot areas - at higher altitudes, the environment oxygen levels are lower, and therefore, people with a higher density of oxygen carrying red blood cells are at an advantage, therefore, people living in higher altitudes tend to develop more red blood cells pg.184 #1-6) 1)They work as a group, they defend better as a group, and each member of the group has aspecific job. 2)inherited variability: this means that you have inherited certain traits from your ancestors, but not everyone in your family has them 3)They can inherit structural and behavioural adaption. b)duck: migration (behavioural), oily back (structural), fly in flocks (behavioural) polar bear: whit (structural), much fat (structural), paded feet (structural) camel: humps (structural), large feet (structural), low body fat (structural) 4)It needs other termites to help it feed, breed, and defend itself. 5)caribou: hibernate? geese: fly south for the winter maple trees: start storing food in its branches and not feeding its leaves 6) The knowledge an organism has can help it to live longer and beeter and to adapt better. 5-21-1993 - physiological adaptions are adjustments to environmental change involving a change in body chemistry - however, there are limits to how quickly the human body can alter in response to changes in the external environment - for example, people could never adopt to oxygen levels above 6000m Adapting to Environmental Change - when an organism becomes so specialized, and accustomed to a particular environment factor such as food, or climate then, change in this environmental factor may result in death of that species - insects are most adaptable organisms - some insects (cockroach) have survived almost 300mil. years unaltered - several facotrs responisble for insects power of survival 1)most insects undergo dramatic metamorphoses, as a result,ence"notes onWWXX@XCXXX YAYVYYYYYY1Z5ZXnXXXY YCYYYY3Zj@j|jjjj kIkjkkkl$ldlulllm!T!T!T!T[ juvenille and adult form eat different food, and survive in different conditions. If one food supply or environment was affected, it wouldn't destroy the entire population 2) insects also reproduce in very large numbers 3) short lifespan, therefore, many generations are produced in a short time, and mutations are quickly passed to the next generation. - if an individual possesses a characteristic that gives it an advantage in the environment, any offspring that inherit that characteristic may have a better chance of survival. After a few generations, the inherited characteristic could be more widespread in the population - peppered moth provides an example of process of adoption - before 1845, most peppered moths hadlight colored wings with d dark markings - however, with industrialization and pollution, city dwellings became darkened from soot and smoke. The bark on trees also became darker. - now light color moth were at a disadvantage and its population deminished - pretty soon, dark color moths outnumbered light ones - a structural adoption is an inner physical feature that increases an organism's chance of survival eg. curved talons of on a hawk 5-25-1993 - behavioural adaptions: certain actions that increase an organism's chance of survival - hibernation: state of deepsleep in which an organism can remain without food for weeks or months - before hibernating, the animal eats a lot to accumulate extra fat reserves - during hibernation, the breathing and heart rates slow down significantly - in spring, the hibernating animal wakes up - migration: animals moving to a different location due to an environmental/seasonal change - estivation: some desert animals become dormant in summer when water is scarce eg. desert frogs, snakes, lizards Adapting Through Social Structure - social living arrangements make it easier for an animal to find a mate, find food, and avoid danger eg. bee colony - consists of a queen bee, infertile female worker bees that hunt for food, feed the young, and protect the colony. There are also male bees called drones that solely act as breeder, and they do not work at all. No individual bee can survive on its own because its structural and behavioural adaptions are so specialized. Adaptationnecessitiesstimulusrespondtemperaturephotoropismgeotropismorganismadrenalinepg.perpetratoradaptationaccustomedbioticnon livingbIh"h-h1hEhMhmhqh iiiii i^ibiiiiiiiiiijDjWjzj~jjjjjjj k kk$kCkGkLkjklkwkkkkll$lblfllllllmmmDmHmWmmmmmmmm nnnnocoeogoiokomonopoqo{ooooooooo   ^mFmYm~mmmmn neoiokomopo1EKUR Y[z]*  3 B B  rB Ub" 2 k E 8>'# !" 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