




STS-75 Mission Presskit

For Information on the Space Shuttle

Ed Campion       Policy/Management
202/358-1778
  Headquarters,
  Washington, DC

Rob Navias       Mission Operations

  713/483-5111
  Johnson Space Center,Astronauts
  Houston, TX

Bruce Buckingham Launch Processing
  407/867-2468
  Kennedy Space Center, FLKSC Landing Information

June Malone      External Tank/SRBs/SSMEs



  205/544-0034
  Marshall Space Flight Center,
  Huntsville, AL

Cam Marti   DFRC Landing Information
  805/258-3448
  Dryden Flight Research Center,
  Edwards, CA

For Information on STS-75 Experiments & Activities

Jerry Berg       TSS
  205/544-0034
  Marshall Space Flight Center,
  Huntsville, AL

Mike Braukus     USMP
  202/358-1979
  Headquarters,
  Washington, DC




Debbie Rahn      International Cooperation
  202/358-1639
  Headquarters,
  Washington, DC

Jim Cast         CPCG
  202/358-1779
  Headquarters,
  Washington, DC




CONTENTS

GENERAL BACKGROUND
General Release
1
Media Services Information

3
Quick-Look Facts
5
Shuttle Abort Modes
6
Mission Summary Timeline
7
Orbital Events Summary
8
Payload and Vehicle Weights
9
Crew Responsibilities
9

STS-75 PAYLOADS & ACTIVITIES
Science Aboard STS-75

Tethered Satellite System-1R (TSS-1R)
10
Tethered Satellite System-1R Flight Operations

14
United States Microgavity Payload-3 (USMP-3)
18
USMP Science
18
Cargo Bay Experiments
18
Middeck Glovebox Facility (MGBX) Combustion Investigations
22
Commercial Protein Crystal Growth (CPCG)
25

STS-75 CREW BIOGRAPHIES
Andrew Allen, Commander (CDR)
26
Scott Horowitz, Pilot (PLT)
27
Jeff Hoffman, Mission Specialist 1 (MS 1)
28
Maurizio Cheli, Mission Specialist 2 (MS 2)

30
Claude Nicollier, Mission Specialist 3 (MS 3)
31
Franklin Chang-Diaz, Mission Specialist 4 (MS 4)
32
Umberto Guidoni, Payload Specialist 1 (PS 1)
34
Upcoming Shuttle Missions
35
Shuttle Flights As Of January 1996
36



RELEASE:  96-27

REFLIGHT OF TETHERED SATELLITE HIGHLIGHTS STS-75

     NASA's second Shuttle mission of the year and the 75th
in the history of the program will be highlighted by the

flight of the Italian Tethered Satellite System designed to
investigate new sources of spacecraft power and ways to
study Earth's upper atmosphere.  STS-75 also will see
Columbia's seven-person crew work with the United States
Microgravity Payload which continues research efforts into
development of new materials and processes that could lead
to a new generation of computers, electronics and metals.

     The STS-75 crew will be commanded by Andrew Allen, who
will be making his third Shuttle flight.  Scott Horowitz
will serve as pilot and will be making his first space
flight.  Jeff Hoffman will serve as Mission Specialist-1
and will be making his fifth flight.  There will be two
European Space Agency astronauts -- Maurizio Cheli and
Claude Nicollier.  Cheli will be serving as Mission
Specialist 2, making his first flight, and Nicollier,
serving as Mission Specialist-3, will be making his third
flight.  NASA astronaut Franklin Chang-Diaz, serving as
Payload Commander and Mission Specialist-4, will be making
his fifth flight.  Also serving as Payload Specialist-1 for

STS-75 is Umberto Guidoni, from the Italian Space Agency
(ASI).

     Launch of Columbia is currently targeted for February
22, 1996, at approximately 3:18 p.m. EST from Kennedy Space
Center's Launch Complex 39-B.  The STS-75 mission is
scheduled to last 13 days, 16 hours, 14 minutes.  An ontime
launch on February 22 would produce a landing at Kennedy
Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility on March 7 at 7:32
a.m. EST.

        The Tethered Satellite System's flight, designated
TSS-1R ("R" for reflight), will be a scientific adventure
aimed at understanding the possibilities for putting tether
technology to work in space for a variety of applications.
Tethered systems can be used to generate thrust to
compensate for atmospheric drag on orbiting platforms such
as the international Space Station.  Deploying a tether
towards Earth could place movable science platforms in
hard-to-study atmospheric zones.  Tethers also could be

used as antennas to transmit extremely low frequency
signals able to penetrate land and sea water, providing for
communications not possible with standard radio.  Non-
electrical tethers can be used to generate artificial
gravity and to boost payloads to higher orbits.

     Computer-based communications traveling at the speed
of light along the information superhighway have led to a
revolution in the way we conduct business, and our lives.
The third United States Microgravity Payload (USMP-3)
continues a series of missions aimed at understanding the
basic properties of materials in order to produce better
semiconductors for complex computers and other high-tech
electronics.  USMP science also could help produce strong
metal alloys sought by the aircraft and automobile
industries to improve their economic competitiveness.
Millions of dollars are spent each year on ground-based
studies in these areas, but on Earth, gravity overshadows
or distorts many measurable results.  The near-weightless
environment aboard the Space Shuttle unmasks subtle

physical processes, giving researchers a clearer look into
the laws of nature, a perspective that cannot be seen in
laboratories on Earth.

     The STS-75 mission will be the 19th mission for
Columbia and the 75th for the Space Shuttle system.

 - end -

 Media Services Information

NASA Television Transmission

     NASA television is available through the Spacenet-2
satellite system.  Spacenet-2 is located on Transponder 5,
at 69 degrees West longitude, frequency 3880.0 MHz, audio
6.8 MHz.

   The schedule for television transmissions from the
orbiter and for mission briefings will be available during

the mission at Kennedy Space Center, FL; Marshall Space
Flight Center, Huntsville, AL; Dryden Flight Research
Center, Edwards, CA; Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX; and
NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC.  The television schedule
will be updated to reflect changes dictated by mission
operations.

Television schedules also may be obtained by calling
COMSTOR at 713/483-5817.  COMSTOR is a computer data base
service requiring the use of a telephone modem.  A voice
update of the television schedule is provided daily at noon
Eastern time.

Status Reports

     Status reports on countdown and mission progress, on-
orbit activities and landing operations will be produced by
the appropriate NASA newscenter.

Briefings


     A mission press briefing schedule will be issued prior
to launch.  During the mission, status briefings by a
flight director or mission operations representative and
when appropriate, representatives from the payload team,
will occur at least once each day.  The updated NASA
television schedule will indicate when mission briefings
are planned.

Internet Information

     The NASA Headquarters Public Affairs Internet Home
Page provides access to the STS-75 mission press kit and
sr.  The address for the Headquarters Public
Affairs Home Page is:
http://www.nasa.gov/hqpao/hqpao_home.html

     Informational materials, such as status reports and TV
schedules, also are available from an anonymous FTP (File
Transfer Protocol) server at ftp.hq.nasa.gov/pub/pao.

Users should log on with the user name "anonymous" (no
quotes), then enter their E-mail address as the password.
Within the /pub/pao directory there will be a "readme.txt"
file explaining the directory structure.

     Pre-launch status reports from KSC are found under
ftp.hq.nasa.gov/pub/pao/statrpt/ksc, and mission status
reports can be found under
ftp.hq.nasa.gov/pub/pao/statrpt/jsc.  Daily TV schedules
can be found under
ftp.hq.nasa.gov/pub/pao/statrpt/jsc/tvsked.

Access by CompuServe

     Users with CompuServe accounts can access NASA press
releases by typing "GO NASA" (no quotes) and making a
selection from the categories offered.




 STS-75 Quick Look

Launch Date/Site:                   February 22, 1996/KSC
 Launch Pad 39-B
Launch Time:3:18 PM EST
Launch Window:                      2 hours, 30 minutes
Orbiter:                            Columbia (OV-102), 19th flight
Orbit Altitude/Inclination:160 nautical miles/28.45 degrees
Mission Duration:                   13 days, 16 hours, 14 minutes
Landing Date:     March 7, 1996
Landing Time:                       7:32 AM EST
Primary Landing Site:Kennedy Space Center, Florida
Abort Landing Sites:Return to Launch Site - KSC
Transoceanic Abort Sites - Ben Guerir, Morocco
 Moron, Spain
    Abort-Once Around - Edwards AFB, CA

Crew:
Andrew Allen, Commander (CDR)

Scott Horowitz, Pilot (PLT)

Jeff Hoffman, Mission Specialist 1 (MS 1)

Maurizio Cheli, Mission Specialist 2 (MS 2)

Claude Nicollier, Mission Specialist 3 (MS 3)

Franklin Chang-Diaz, Mission Specialist 4 (MS 4)

Umberto Guidoni, Payload Specialist 1 (PS 1)

Shifts:     Red Team:
            Horowitz, Cheli, Guidoni
Blue Team:
            Nicollier, Chang-Diaz
White Team:
     Allen, Hoffman (joins Blue team after TSS)

EVA Crew (if needed):Franklin Chang-Diaz (EV 1),

 Claude Nicollier (EV 2)

Cargo Bay Payloads:                Tethered Satellite System
USMP-3
 OARE

In-Cabin Payloads:                 Middeck Glovebox
Commercial Protein Crystal Growth


          Developmental Test Objectives/Detailed Supplementary Objectives

DTO 301D:    Ascent Structural Capability Evaluation
DTO 307D:    Entry Structural Capability
DTO 312:      External Tank Thermal Protection System Performance
DTO 667:Portable In-Flight Landing Operations Trainer
DTO 805:      Crosswind Landing Performance
DSO 331:Interaction of Shuttle Launch Entry Suits on Egress Locomotion
DSO 487:Immunological Assessment of Crewmembers
DSO 491:      Characterization of Microbial Transfer Among Crewmembers

DSO 492:In-Flight Evaluation of a Portable Clinical Blood Analyzer
DSO 493:Monitoring Latent Virus Reactivation and Shedding in Astronauts
DSO 802:      Educational Activities
DSO 901:Documentary Television
DSO 902:Documentary Motion Picture Photography
DSO 903:Documentary Still Photography


Shuttle Abort Modes

Space Shuttle launch abort philosophy aims toward safe
and intact recovery of the flight crew, orbiter and its
payload.  Abort modes for STS-75 include:

     *   Abort-To-Orbit (ATO) -- Partial loss of main engine thrust late enough

        to permit reaching a minimal 105-nautical mile orbit with the orbital
        maneuvering system engines.

     *  Abort-Once-Around (AOA) -- Earlier main engine shutdown with the

        capability to allow one orbit of the Earth before landing at the
        Kennedy Space Center, FL.

     *  Transoceanic Abort Landing (TAL) -- Loss of one or more main engines
        midway through powered flight would force a landing
        at either Ben   Guerir, Morocco; or Moron, Spain.

*   Return-To-Launch-Site (RTLS) -- Early shutdown of one or more
        engines, and without enough energy to reach a TAL site, would result
in a pitch around and thrust back toward KSC until within gliding
   distance of the Shuttle Landing Facility.


Mission Summary Timeline


Flight Day One:
Flight Day 6:
Launch/Ascent
Middeck Glovebox Setup,

TSS Checkout and Activation
USMP-3 Activation

Flight Day 7-12
USMP-3 Operations
Flight Day 2:
TSS Pre-Deploy Checkout
Flight Day 13:
USMP-3 Operations
USMP-3 Operations

Crew News Conference
Flight Day 3:
TSS Flyaway
Flight Day 14:
USMP-3 Operations
Control System Checkout

Reaction Control System Hot-Fire
Flight Day 4:

USMP-3 Deactivation
TSS Science Operations and Retrieval
Cabin Stow
USMP-3 Operations

15:
Flight Day 5:
Deorbit Prep
TSS Retrieval and Docking Deorbit Burn
TSS Post-Retrieval SafingEntry
USMP-3 OperationsKSC
Landing


 STS-75 Orbital Events Summary
 (Based on a Feb. 22, 1996 Launch)


EVENT                           MET
TIME OF DAY (EST)


Launch                              0/00:00
3:18 PM, Feb. 22

OMS-20/00:42
4:00 PM, Feb. 22

TSS Flyaway 2/00:19
3:37 PM, Feb. 24

TSS On-Station   2/06:00
9:18 PM, Feb. 24

TSS Retrieve-13/03:30
6:48 PM, Feb. 25

TSS Docking 3/22:27
1:45 PM, Feb. 26

Crew News Conference 11/16:00

7:18 AM, March 5

Deorbit Burn  13/15:17
6:35 AM, March 7

KSC Landing   13/16:14
7:32 AM, March 7


Payload and Vehicle Weights

Vehicle/Payload
Pounds

Orbiter (Columbia) empty and 3 SSMEs
160,328

Tethered Satellite System
1,486


TSS Support Equipment
10.653

USMP-3 Experiments and Support Equipment
5,351

Commercial Protein Crystal Growth
57

Middeck Glovebox Experiment
395

Detailed Test/Supplementary Objectives
129

Shuttle System at SRB Ignition
4,523,663

Orbiter Weight at Landing
229,031



Crew Responsibilities


PayloadsPrimeBackup

Tethered Satellite System Hoffman, Guidoni     Chang-Diaz, Nicollier
TSS Science Chang-Diaz Guidoni, Hoffman, Nicollier
USMP-3 Systems CheliChang-Diaz
Middeck Glovebox Horowitz Chang-Diaz
Earth Observations Nicollier Horowitz
EVA (if needed) Chang-Diaz (EV 1)    Nicollier (EV 2)
Intravehicular Crewmember Hoffman
--------
TSS Rendezvous/Proximity Ops Allen, Horowitz, Nicollier


Science Aboard STS-75


Science aboard STS-75 comes in two parts:
developing and understanding the basic dynamic and
electrodynamic processes governing tethered systems.  The
flight also will focus on improving our basic knowledge on
materials under microgravity conditions.

The TSS-1R flight will explore ideas and test
concepts which may be applied to spacecraft of the future.
It also will lead to an increased understanding of physical
processes in the near-Earth space environment.  USMP-3 is a
pathfinder for 21st century technologies needed to spur
development of a new generation of computers, electronics
and metals.

        During the first two days in space, the crew will
activate and perform health checks on the Tethered
Satellite System and the USMP equipment.  On the third
flight day, the astronauts will unreel the Tethered
Satellite spaceward into Earth's electrically charged upper
atmosphere, known as the ionosphere, to begin a series of

studies about how the two interact.  The major portion of
TSS investigations will be conducted on flight days two
through five, although data collection will continue
throughout the mission.

Also on flight day two, crew members will activate
major USMP experiments.  Once microgravity experiments are
running, most will be remotely controlled, a mode of
operation known as telescience.  Flight days five through
12 will be devoted mainly to conducting USMP investigations
while the crew carries out combustion experiments in a
device known as the glovebox, located in the middeck.
During this time, Columbia's position will be adjusted
periodically to give USMP experiments the best possible
conditions based on measurement of microgravity
disturbances by on-board sensors.



Tethered Satellite System Reflight (TSS-1R)


        NASA and ASI long have planned the TSS reflight but
a formal commitment awaited U.S. congressional approval for
NASA to spend funds on the project.  TSS originally was
flown on the Space Shuttle STS-46 mission launched in July
1992.  TSS deployment was curtailed when mechanical
interference in the deployer reel assembly prevented full
deployment of the satellite.  The TSS reflight will focus
on science objectives not accomplished on the STS-46
mission.

        The TSS flight will be a scientific adventure aimed
at understanding the possibilities for putting tether
technology to work in space for many uses.  TSS-1R will
take advantage of the knowledge gained about tether
dynamics during the first TSS mission.  This mission will
gather more crucial information needed to test theories for
a variety of future tether applications.

        For example, by reversing the direction of the

current in the tether, the force caused by its interaction
with Earth's magnetic field could put an object in motion,
serving to boost a spacecraft's orbit without using
precious fuel.  Also, a satellite could be moved up and
down in orbit by releasing a tethered body from a primary
spacecraft to position it into a desired location.
Deploying a tether downwards towards Earth could place
movable science platforms in hard-to-study atmospheric
zones, such as the ozone region over the South Pole.

Tethers also may be used as antennas to transmit
extremely low frequency signals to Earth.  Such low
frequency waves can penetrate land and sea water providing
for communications not possible with standard radio.
Tethers could place instrumented experimental aircraft
models in the region 60 to 90 miles (100 to 150 kilometers)
above Earth to gain a more accurate evaluation than is
possible in wind tunnels, which only partially simulate
flight conditions.  It may one day be possible to create
artificial gravity for long-duration missions, such as the

first human trip to Mars, by using tethered systems.


TSS-1R experiments support seven mission objectives:

     (1) Determine the amount of electrical current
collected and voltage produced by the Tethered Satellite-
Shuttle system as it interacts with Earth's ionospheric
environment of charged gas (plasma) and its magnetic and
electric fields.
(2) Understand how a tethered satellite makes contact
with the ionospheric plasma and how an electrical current
is extracted.
     (3) Demonstrate electrical power generation, as a
product of current and voltage, to determine how such a
system could be used as a space-based power source.
     (4) Verify tether control and dynamics from short (1.2
mile/2 kilometer) to long (12.8 mile/20.7 kilometer)
deployment ranges.
     (5) Demonstrate how neutral gas affects the

satellite's plasma sheath and current collection, possibly
enhancing tether-produced current.
(6) Determine how electrical current is conducted
through the near-Earth plasma by measuring waves broadcast
as the tethered satellite passes over a series of ground-
based receiving stations, as well as how the tether acts as
a low-frequency-band antenna.
     (7) Learn to control tether motion by collecting data
about how current flow produces force.


Earth's Charged-Particle Environment and the Tethered Satellite System

   TSS-1R will make use of Earth's magnetic field and
electrically charged atmosphere for a variety of
experiments.  Just as a bar magnet produces invisible lines
of force known as "field lines," so does Earth.  The Sun is
a ball of electrically charged, or ionized, gas known as
plasma.  Plasma from the Sun, the solar wind, continually
rushes past Earth; most is deflected around the planet, but

some penetrates Earth's upper atmosphere, creating electric
fields.  Lightning is a commonly seen form of plasma.  More
than 99 percent of matter in the universe exists in the
plasma state.

        Speeding through the magnetized ionospheric plasma
at almost five miles per second, the Tethered Satellite
should create a variety of very interesting plasma-
electrodynamic phenomena.  These are expected to provide
unique experimental opportunities, including the ability to
collect an electrical charge and drive a large-current
system, generate high voltages (around 5,000 volts) across
the tether, control the satellite's electrical potential
and its plasma sheath (the layer of charged particles
created around the satellite), and generate low-frequency
electrostatic and electromagnetic waves.  While ground-
based scientists are limited to small-scale experiments,
Earth's ionosphere offers TSS-1R scientists a vast
laboratory for space plasma experiments that cannot be
conducted any other way.


        The tether system consists of a five-foot (1.6-
meter) diameter battery-powered satellite secured by a
strong, electrically conducting cord, or tether, to the
satellite support structure attached to the Shuttle
orbiter.  Data-gathering instruments are mounted in the
Shuttle's cargo bay and middeck area, and on the satellite.
During the second day on orbit, the STS-75 crew will reel
the satellite out on its tether -- which looks like a long
white shoelace - to about 12.5 miles (20.7 kilometers) away
from the Shuttle, into the ionosphere.  TSS-1R scientific
instruments will allow scientists to examine the
electrodynamics of the conducting tether system, as well as
clarify the physical processes of the near-Earth space
environment and, by extension, throughout the Solar System.

        The conducting tether's generator mode will produce
electrical current at a high voltage, using the same basic
principle as a standard electrical generator.  A small
portion of the mechanical energy of the Shuttle's more than

17,500-mile-an-hour orbital motion will be converted into
electrical energy as the electrically conducting metal
strands in the tether's core pass through Earth's magnetic
field lines.

        The conductive outer skin of the Tethered Satellite
will collect free electrons from the space plasma, and the
resulting voltage will cause the electrons to flow down the
conductive tether to the Shuttle.  An electron accelerator,
also called an electron gun, will then eject them back into
space.  Scientists expect the electrons to travel through
the ionosphere to complete the loop required to close the
circuit, just as a wire must close the circuit between the
positive and negative poles of a car battery before current
will flow.  They will use a series of interdependent
experiments -- conducted with electron guns and tether
current-control hardware along with a set of diagnostic
instruments -- to assess the nature of the external current
loop within the ionosphere.  This also will shed light on
the processes by which the circuit is completed at the

satellite and the Shuttle.


Scientific Investigations

Of the TSS-1R mission's 12 scientific
investigations, NASA will provide six, ASI will provide
five and the U.S. Air Force Phillips Laboratory will
contribute one.  Seven experiments include equipment that
either stimulates or monitors the tether system and its
environment, two will use ground-based instruments to
measure electromagnetic emissions from the TSS, two will
use satellite and orbiter-mounted instruments to study
tether dynamics and one will provide theoretical support in
the area of electrodynamics.

        Only a complete set of data on plasma and field
conditions can give an accurate understanding of the space
environment and its interaction with the tethered system.
TSS-1R science investigations are complementary - while

some instruments will measure magnetic fields, others will
record particle energies and densities, and still others
will map electric fields.

The Tethered Satellite System Deployer Core
Equipment and Satellite Core Equipment, by Dr. Carlo
Bonifazi of the ASI, Rome, will control the electrical
current flowing through the tether between the satellite
and the Shuttle, as well as make a number of basic
electrical and physical measurements of the system.

        The Research on Orbital Plasma Electrodynamics
experiment, by Dr. Nobie Stone of Marshall, willthe
behavior of charged particles in the ionosphere and ionized
particles around the satellite under a variety of
conditions.  The Research on Electrodynamic Tether Effects
experiment, by  Dr. Marino Dobrowolny of the Italian
National Research Council, Rome, will measure the
electrical potential in the plasma sheath around the
satellite and identify waves excited by the satellite and

tether system.  The goal of the Magnetic Field Experiment
for TSS Missions investigation, by Prof. Franco Mariani of
the Second University of Rome, will be to map the levels
and fluctuations in magnetic fields around the satellite.

        The Shuttle Electrodynamic Tether System
investigation, by Dr. Brian Gilchrist of the University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, will study the ability of the Tethered
Satellite to collect electrons by determining the current
and voltage of the tethered system and measuring the
resistance to current flow in the tether itself.  The
Shuttle Potential and Return Electron Experiment, by Dr.
David Hardy of the U.S. Air Force Phillips Laboratory,
Bedford, MA, will measure the charged particles around the
Shuttle.

        How well the Tethered Satellite -- the longest
antenna ever placed in orbit -- broadcasts radio signals
from space is the main goal of the Investigation of
Electromagnetic Emissions for Electrodynamic Tether, by Dr.

Robert Estes of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory,
Cambridge, MA, and the Observations at the Earth's Surface
of Electromagnetic Emissions, by  Dr. Giorgio Tacconi of
the University of Genoa.  The Tether Optical Phenomena
experiment, by Dr. Stephen Mende of Lockheed Martin's Palo
Alto Research Laboratory, CA, will use a hand-held low-
light-level television camera operated by the crew, to
provide visual data to help scientists answer questions
about tether dynamics and optical effects generated by the
Tethered Satellite.

        The Investigation and Measurement of Dynamic Noise
in the TSS, by Dr. Gordon Gullahorn of the Smithsonian
Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA, and the
Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of TSS Dynamics,
by Prof. Silvio Bergamaschi of the Institute of Applied
Mechanics, Padua University, Italy, will analyze data from
a variety of instruments to examine TSS oscillations over a
wide range of frequencies.  The Theory and Modeling in
Support of Tethered Satellite Applications, by Dr. Adam

Drobot of the Science Applications International Corp.,
McLean, VA, will provide theoretical electrodynamic support
for the mission.


TSS-1R Responsibilities

        TSS-1R mission responsibilities are shared between
the Marshall and Johnson Centers, with ASI support at each
location.  Marshall provides project management, as well as
system development, testing and integration.  Science teams
work under Marshall direction.  Marshall will furnish real-
time engineering support for the TSS-1R system components
and tether dynamics.  All remote commanding of science
instruments aboard the satellite deployer and the Tethered
Satellite will be executed by the Marshall Payload
Operations Control team.  Because of the unique interaction
between the payload and the Shuttle, Mission Control in
Houston is responsible for the crew's deployment and
retrieval of the satellite.  Mission Control also will

manage the satellite in orbit and monitor the state of the
instrument pallet, the deployer and the satellite.  ASI
will provide equipment engineering support during the
mission.


TSS-1R Mission Management

        TSS-1R is directed by Program Manager Tom Stuart,
Office of Space Flight, and Science Payload Program Manager
Mike Calabrese, Office of Space Science, NASA Headquarters,
Washington, DC.  Responsible for project management at
Marshall are Mission Manager Robert McBrayer and Mission
Scientist Dr. Nobie Stone, who also serves as project
scientist and co-chairman of the Investigator Working
Group.  The chief engineer is Tony Lavoie.

       At the Italian Space Agency, Rome, Italy's TSS-1R
contribution is directed by ASI Program Manager Dr. Carlo
Bonifazi, also the ASI Science Program Manager.

Responsible for the Project Management ofatellite and
the Core Equipment are, respectively, Raffaele Battaglia
and Francesco Svelto.
Dr. Marino Dobrowolny is ASI Mission Scientist, with his
assistant Dr. Jean Sabbagh.



Tethered Satellite Flight Operations

        The Tethered Satellite's primary scientific data
will be taken during a planned 22-hour period when the
satellite is extended to the maximum distance from the
Shuttle and throughout the 7- to 10-hour period after the
satellite has been reeled back to within approximately 1.2
miles (3.2 kilometers) of the Shuttle.  Secondary science
measurements will be taken before and during the 5.5-hour
deployment and retrieval operations, and throughout the
period when the satellite is within approximately 1.5 miles
of the Shuttle.


        Most activities not carried out by the crew will be
controlled by command sequences stored in an onboard
computer.  To make the mission more flexible, however,
modifications to these sequences may be uplinked, or
commands may be sent in real-time to the instruments aboard
the Shuttle.  During the mission, teams of scientists will
be stationed in the Science Operations Area at Marshall's
Spacelab Mission Operations Control Center.

The responsibility for flying the Tethered Satellite,
controlling the stability of the satellite, tether and
Columbia, lies with the flight controllers in Mission
Control at the Johnson Space Center in Houston.  The
primary flight control positions that will contribute to
the flight of the Tethered Satellite System are the
Rendezvous Guidance and Procedures (RGPO, commonly called
Rendezvous) area and the Payloads area.

     Rendezvous officers will oversee the dynamic phases of

the deployment and retrieval of the satellite and are
responsible for determining the correct course of action to
manage any tether dynamics.  To compute corrective actions,
the Rendezvous officers will combine data from their
workstations with inputs from several investigative teams.
The Payloads area will oversee control of the satellite
systems, the operation of the tether deployer and all other
TSS systems.  Payloads also serves as the liaison between
Mission Control and the science investigators at Marshall,
where all real-time commands for science operations will
originate.  Columbia's crew will control the deployer reel
and the satellite thrusters from onboard the Shuttle.


Deploy Operations

     The satellite will be deployed from Columbia when the
cargo bay is facing away from Earth, with the tail slanted
upward and nose pitched down.  A 39-foot long boom, with
the satellite at its end, is raised out of the cargo bay to

provide clearance between the satellite and Shuttle during
the deploy and retrieval operations.  The orbital dynamics
will result in the Tethered Satellite initially being
deployed upward but at an angle of about 40 degrees behind
Columbia's path.

     As an electric motor at the end of the boom pulls
tether off of the reel and a nitrogen gas thruster on the
satellite pushes the satellite away from Columbia, the
satellite will begin its journey.  The deploy will begin
very slowly, with the satellite eventually moving away from
Columbia at about one-half mile per hour.

The initial movement of the satellite away from the
boom will be at less than two-hundredths of one mile per
hour.  The speed of deploy will continue to increase,
peaking after one and a half hours from the initial
movement to about one mile per hour.  At this point, when
the satellite is slightly less than one mile from Columbia,
rate of deployment will be slowed briefly, a maneuver

that will reduce the 40-degree angle of the satellite to
Shuttle to five degrees and will put the satellite
almost directly overhead of Columbia, by the time about
three miles of tether has been unwound.

When the satellite is almost 2,000 feet, or 600
meters, from Columbia, it will be allowed to begin a very
slow rotation.  Once the satellite reaches about 3.7 miles
from the Shuttle, about two and a half hours after
start of deployment, the rotation rate will be increased by
the satellite's attitude control system thrusters to a one-
quarter-of-a-revolution-per-minute spin.  The slight spin
is needed for science operations with the satellite.  After
this, the speed of deployment will again be increased
gradually, climbing to a peak separation from Columbia of
almost 5 mph about four hours into the deployment, when the
satellite is about nine miles away.  From this point, the
speed with which the tether is fed out will gradually
decrease through the rest of the procedure, coming to a
stop almost five and a half hours after the initial

movement, when the satellite is a little more than 12.8
miles, or 20.7 kilometers, from Columbia.

     Just prior to the satellite's arrival at its most
distant point, the quarter-revolution spin will be stopped
briefly to measure tether dynamics.  Then, a seven-tenths-
of-a-revolution-per-minute spin will be imparted.  At full
deploy, the tension on the tether, or the pull from the
satellite, is predicted to be equivalent to about 12 pounds
of force.

     The tether is 13.7 miles, or 22 kilometers, long,
allowing an extra mile, or1.3 kilometers, of spare tether
that is not planned to be unwound during the mission.


Dynamics Functional Objectives

     During the deploy of TSS, several tests will be
conducted to explore control and dynamics of a tethered

satellite.  Models of deployment have shown that the longer
the tether becomes, the more stable the system will be.
The dynamics and control tests that will be conducted
during deploy also will aid in preparing for retrieval of
the satellite and will serve to verify the ability to
control the satellite during that operation.

     During retrieval, it is expected that the stability of
the system will decrease as the tether is shortened,
opposite the way stability increased as the tether was
lengthened during deploy.  The dynamics tests involve
maintaining a constant tension on the tether and correcting
any of several possible disturbances to it.

     The possible disturbances include:  a bobbing motion,
also called a plumb bob, where the satellite bounces
slightly on the tether, causing it to alternately slacken
and tighten; an oscillation of the tether, called a
libration, resulting in a pendulum-like movement of tether
and satellite; a pendulous motion of the satellite, rolling

and pitching motion of the satellite at the end of the
tether; and a lateral string mode disturbance, a motion
where the satellite and Shuttle are stable, but the tether
is moving back and forth in a "skip rope" motion.

     All of these disturbances may occur naturally and are
not unexpected.  Some disturbances will be intentionally
induced.  The first test objective will be performed when
atellite is 250 yards from Columbia, and will involve
small firings of the satellite's steering jets to test the
response of the satellite's automatic rate damping system.

     Other methods of controlling the satellite and tether
motion can be performed by the crew when needed.  Those
methods include using visual contact with the satellite or
telemetry information from it to manually stabilize TSS
from aboard the Shuttle by remotely firing the satellite's
attitude thrusters.

     Another test will be performed when the satellite is

about 2.5 miles from Columbia.  Columbia's autopilot will
be adjusted to allow the Shuttle to drift by as much as 10
degrees in any direction before steering jets automatically
fire to maintain Columbia's orientation.  The 10-degree
deadband will be used to judge any disturbances that may be
imparted to the satellite if a looser attitude control is
maintained by Columbia.  The standard deadband, or degree
of allowable drift, set in the Shuttle's digital autopilot
for Tethered Satellite operations is two degrees of drift.
Tests using the wider deadband will allow the crew and
flight controllers to monitor the amount of motion the
satellite and tether impart to Columbia.

     When the satellite is fully deployed and on station at
12.8 miles, Columbia will perform jet firings to judge
disturbances imparted to the tether and satellite at that
distance.  The satellite is planned to remain at that
distance, called On Station-1 (OST-1), for about 22 hours.
Damping of any motion which is expected to occur in the
tether and satellite while at 12.8 miles and during the

early portion of retrieval will be accomplished using
electrical current flow through the tether.  During the
later stages of retrieval, damping will be accomplished
using a combination of the Shuttle's steering jets, a
built-in damping system at the end of the deploy boom and
the satellite's steering jets.


Retrieval Operations

     Retrieval operations of the satellite will occur more
slowly than deployment.  The rate of retrieval of the
tether, the closing rate between Columbia and the
satellite, will build after five hours since its initial
movement to a peak rate of about three miles per hour.  At
that point, when the satellite is about four and a half
miles from Columbia, the rate of retrieval will gradually
decrease, coming to a halt about five and a half hours
after the start of retrieval operations when the satellite
is approximately 1.5 miles from Columbia.  The satellite

will remain at 1.5 miles from Columbia for seven to nine
hours of science operations before the final retrieval
begins.

     The final phase of retrieval is expected to take about
two hours.  A peak closing rate of closing between Columbia
and the satellite of about 1.5 miles per hour will be
attained just after the final retrieval begins, and the
closing rate will gradually decrease through the remainder
of the operation.  The closing rate at the time the
satellite is docked to the cradle at the end of the
deployer boom is planned to be less than one-tenth of one
mile per hour.



United States Microgravity Payload-3 (USMP-3)


USMP-3 Science


     Once on orbit, crew members will activate the USMP-3
experiment hardware, while science teams in the Science
Operations Area of Marshall's Spacelab Mission Operations
Control watch preliminary data, awaiting their turn as
primary payload following TSS operations.  Science teams
will monitor and adjust experiments as necessary, based on
data downlinked from Columbia.


Cargo Bay Experiments

Advanced Automated Directional Solidification Furnace
(AADSF)
 Principal Investigator:  Dr. Archibald L. Fripp, NASA
Langley Research Center, Langley, VA

     Objective.  The speed and the amount of information
that can be stored and sent by computers and high-tech
electronics, using sophisticated semiconductor materials,

may be increased by better control of how the
semiconductor's structure forms.  Millions of dollars are
invested each year in ground-based research to reach this
goal.  The Advanced Automated Directional Solidification
Furnace (AADSF) will fly again on USMP-3 to expand upon
findings from USMP-2 to help researchers develop processes
and materials that perform better and cost less to produce.

     A semiconductor's usefulness is determined by how
atoms are ordered within the crystals underlying three-
dimensional structure.  These materials, when produced
under the influence of gravity, often suffer structural
damage that limits the crystal's usefulness.  A warm fluid
is less dense than a cooler sample of the same fluid, and
on Earth, gravity causes the cooler, denser material to
sink while the warmer fluid rises.  Flows caused by this
process, known as buoyancy-induced convection, as well as
another undesirable phenomenon  sedimentation  are
greatly reduced in the Shuttle's orbiting microgravity
laboratory.  The effects of gravity on the orbiting

spacecraft are roughly a million times less than
experienced on the ground.

     Procedure.  During USMP-3, the AADSF will be used to
grow a crystal of lead-tin-telluride (PbSnTe), a material
used to make infrared radiation detectors and lasers.  This
will be done by the technique known as directional
solidification.  This method involves cooling a molten
material, causing a solid to form at one end of the sample.
The solidification region grows at the point where the
solid and liquid meet, known as the solid/liquid interface.
This interface is moved from one end of the sample to the
other at a controlled rate, resulting in a high degree of
crystalline perfection.

     The facility has multiple temperature zones, ranging
from extremely hot  above the melting point of the
material (about 1600 degrees Fahrenheit/870 Celsius)  to
cooler zones below the melting point (about 650 degrees
Fahrenheit/340 Celsius).  Once a region of the crystal is

melted, the sample is slowly moved and directional
solidification takes place.

The solid/liquid interface is where the flows in the
molten material influence the final composition and
structure of the crystal sample.  After the mission,
scientists will analyze the solidified sample to determine
the density of defects and the distribution of elements in
the crystal.

Critical Fluid Light Scattering Experiment (Zeno)
 Principal Investigator:  Dr. Robert Gammon, Institute for
Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland,
College Park, MD

Objective.  The Zeno investigation, named for the
Greek philosopher, will explore an unusual state of matter
by measuring the density of the element xenon at its
critical point, a unique set of conditions when it is
literally on the edge of simultaneously being in a gaseous

phase and a liquid phase.  More precisely, the material
rapidly changes back and forth from one state to the other
so that one is unable to determine the state of a given
volume of material.

     Scientists are interested in what happens at the
critical point because these phase change phenomena are
common to many different materials.  Understanding how
matter behaves at the critical point can provide insight
into a variety of physics problems, ranging from state
changes in fluids (gas to liquid) to alterations in the
magnetic properties of solids.  This knowledge will be
valuable in a wide variety of fields, including liquid
crystals, superconductors and even matter fluctuations in
the early formation of the universe.

     Procedure.  Aboard the Shuttle, Zeno will measure
properties of xenon a hundred times closer to its critical
point than is possible on Earth.  USMP-3 will use a refined
procedure for approaching the critical point temperature

more slowly, gradually scanning from one temperature to the
next, taking advantage of the Zeno instrument's sensitivity
to minute variations in fluid density that arise in
microgravity.  This will be done by shining laser light on
a xenon sample and analyzing the resulting light
scattering.  At controlled temperatures extremely near the
temperature, the fluid will be a billion times
more compressible than water but will have similar density.
It will change from a vapor clear as glass to a milky white
fluid with a large capacity for absorbing heat, but will
transport heat very slowly.  Accurate measurements of a
fluid's physical properties when very close to the critical
point cannot be made on Earth because gravity causes the
fluid to layer, with respect to density, (vapor on top,
liquid below) severely at the temperatures of most
significance.  The orbital environment will permit
measurements to be made within a few millionths of a degree
of the critical temperature.

     The Zeno instrument is contained within two flight

modules to isolate electrical noise sources and thermal
loads from the most sensitive optical and electronic
subsystems in the light-scattering instrument.  A
precision, high-pressure sample cell will hold the xenon
sample with a 100-micron-thick fluid layer for the light-
 experiment.  This cell and a compact, high-
performance thermostat are the key elements in making
precision measurements.  The main components of the light-
scattering system are housed on an optics bench.

Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment (IDGE)
 Principal Investigator:  Dr. Martin Glicksman, Rennselaer
Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY

     Objective.  Metals manufacturing for many industrial
and consumer products involves the process of
solidification.  Industrial materials research
traditionally has tried many different things instead of
developing a clear understanding of the fundamental
processes involved.  Microgravity research such as this

will lead to manufacturing improvements in metals and
alloys that display dendrite formation.

     As most molten materials solidify, they form tiny pine
tree-shaped crystals called dendrites, from the ancient
Greek for "tree."  The size, shape and direction of these
crystals dictate the final properties of the resulting
solid material, such as its hardness, its ability to bend
without breaking and its electrical properties.  On USMP-2,
dendrite researchers were able to observe dendrites in the
absence of convection at extremely small temperature
differences below the freezing point, a phenomenon never
seen on Earth.  During USMP-3, the experiment will continue
to build upon that foundation.

     Procedure.  The Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment
apparatus consists of a thermostat that contains the
dendrite growth chamber.  The growth chamber will be filled
with ultra pure succinonitrile (SCN), a substance that
mimics the behavior of metals, but is transparent, thus

allowing the dendrites to be easily photographed.  Dendrite
growth begins by cooling a tube, known as a stinger, which
is filled with the liquid and extends into the growth
chamber.  This causes the SCN to solidify, with a
solidification front moving down the tube to the tip of the
stinger and emerging into the SCN volume as an individual
dendrite.

     Two television cameras will allow scientists to watch
for dendrites to emerge.  The images of dendrites growing
in space will be viewed in near-real-time by scientists on
the ground.  When the experiment computer detects
dendrites, it will trigger two 35-millimeter cameras to
photograph the samples.  Researchers will compare
photographs of the space-grown dendrites to evaluate growth
rate and dendrite shape.



Materials for the Study of Interesting Phenomena of

Solidification on Earth and in Orbit (MEPHISTO)
 Principal Investigator:  Dr. J.J. Favier, Center for
Nuclear Study, Grenoble, France

     Objective.  The investigation known as MEPHISTO is a
cooperative program between NASA, the French Space Agency
and the French Atomic Energy Commission, with the goal of
understanding how gravity-driven convection affects the
production of metals, alloys and electronic materials.
MEPHISTO flew on both previous USMP missions.  Analyses of
samples produced on orbit are being conducted by science
and technical teams to improve processes for making
products ranging from alloys for airplane turbine blades to
electronic materials.  This third flight of MEPHISTO will
continue the investigation into how material solidifies in
microgravity.  Ultimately, the MEPHISTO experiments may
bring dramatic improvements in materials production.

Researchers want to know what happens at the boundary
between solid and liquid  the solid/liquid interface 

during solidification of a molten material, to better
control this process on Earth.  Temperature differences at
this boundary can cause fluid movements that affect the
structure and properties of the solidified product through
convection and sedimentation.  In microgravity,
sedimentation and buoyancy-induced convection are greatl
reduced, so researchers can explore underlying processes
that normally are masked by gravity.

     Procedure.  The MEPHISTO furnace aboard USMP-3 will
repeatedly process three samples of a tin-bismuth alloy
using directional solidification, a common method for
growing crystalline materials such as metals and
semiconductors.  As the solidified region grows, the
boundary between the solid and liquid material will move
from one end of the sample toward the other.  Electrical
measurements will gauge temperature variations in the
solidification front.  These temperature variations are
indicative of the stability of the interface which is ve
important in controlling the properties of the material in

its solid state.  The shape of the front will be marked in
the growing crystal by subjecting the sample to electric-
current pulses.

     Researchers will compare results produced on orbit
with those produced on the ground to better understand and
expand theories of materials, materials processing and the
potential that the microgravity environment offers for
research in areas with down-to-Earth applications.


Measuring the Microgravity Environment of the Orbiting Shuttle

Space Acceleration Measurement Systems (SAMS)
 Project Scientist:  Richard DeLombard, NASA Lewis
Research Center, Cleveland, OH

     Objective.  When the Space Shuttle is in orbit, the
effects of gravity are reduced by close to one million
times.  However, disturbances happen when crew members move

about and equipment is operated, as well as when the
Shuttle maneuvers by firing thrusters and even when it
experiences subtle atmospheric drag.  USMP-3 scientists
will depend on measurements of minute changes in the
orbital environment to tweak their experiments and improve
scientific data collection, as well as to determine how
such vibrations or accelerations influence experiment
results.  Future mission designs also will benefit from
Space Acceleration Measurement System data.

Procedure.  The system accurately measures the orbital
environment via five sensors, called "accelerometers,"
placed throughout the Shuttle.  Microgravity profiles are
transmitted to the ground through the Shuttle's
communications system.  These data also are recorded on
optical disks for post-flight analysis.

Orbital Acceleration Research Experiment (OARE)
 Project Scientist:  Richard DeLombard, NASA Lewis
Research Center, Cleveland, OH


     Objective.  In the past, the Orbital Acceleration
Research Experiment has helped scientists obtain data to
make the best possible use of the low-gravity environment.
While the orbiting Shuttle offers a remarkably stable rid
for space-based experiments, it does experience some low-
level disturbances from the Shuttles orientation,
atmospheric drag and venting of liquids or gases, among
others.  USMP-3 experiments will use this acceleration data
to complement the data provided by the Space Acceleration
Measurement System and improve research results.

     Procedure.  The heart of the OARE instrument is a
miniature electrostatic accelerometer that accurately
measures low-frequency on-orbit acceleration disturbances.
The Shuttle's flight attitude can be changed to satisfy the
needs of any particular experiment based on information
measured, processed, stored and downlinked in near real-
time.


Middeck Glovebox Facility (MGBX) Combustion Investigations
 MGBX Project Scientist:  Dr. Donald Reiss, NASA Marshall
Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL

     Three combustion investigations will be conducted in
the Middeck Glovebox Facility.  The glovebox facility is a
contained space where potentially hazardous materials can
be handled and crew members can perform operations that are
impractical in the open cabin environment.  This glovebox
was developed to provide such capabilities in the Shuttle
middeck and for future use on the international Space
Station.  The facility provides power, air and particle
filtration, light, data collection, real-time monitoring,
and sensors for gas, temperature, air pressure and
humidity.  For each experiment, a crew member will remove
the experiment kit from stowage and place it through the
glovebox door, then tightly seal the opening.  Using gloves
that project into the facility, a crew member will set up
the experiment and conduct it in this safe enclosure.

Forced-Flow Flamespreading Test (FFFT)
 Investigator:  Kurt R. Sacksteder, NASA Lewis Research
Center, Cleveland, OH

Objective.  On Earth, gravity causes air motion known
as buoyant convection  the rising of hot air and falling
of cool air.  Scientists who study combustion want to know
the details of how air motion affects flame spreading, to
be able to better control fires that may occur on orbit.
When a fire starts on Earth, flames spread due to the
movement of air around and through the flames.  Air motion
provides oxygen for the chemical reactions in the flame,
removes combustion products (some toxic), and controls how
the heat released in the flame is distributed.

     Procedure.  A crew member willsmall solid fuel
samples (flat paper and cellulose cylinders) into the test
module; seal the module in the Middeck Glovebox; establish
air flow; heat, then ignite the fuel sample; and record the
results on video and film for later study.  Gas samples

access to the sample holder to change out samples of
ashless filter paper.  A high-intensity lamp will be
focused on the sample to preheat and then ignite it.  The
crew member will use a small control box attached to the
outside of the glovebox to perform the experiment.  During
operations, Dr. Kashiwagi's team will monitor the
experiment.  Between tests, downlinked data will be
analyzed to recommend conditions for subsequent tests.

Comparative Soot Diagnostics (CSD)
 Investigator:  Dr. David L. Urban, NASA Lewis Research
Center, Cleveland, OH

     Objective.  An understanding of soot processes in
flames produced in microgravity will contribute to our
ability to predict fire behavior on Earth.  However, no
soot measurements have been made of quasi-steady,
microgravity flames.  The Comparative Soot Diagnostics
experiment will provide the first such measurements and
will provide data useful for understanding soot processes

on Earth.  Since fire detector systems currently flown on
the Shuttle and scheduled for use on the international
Space Station have not been tested for quasi-steady, low-
gravity sources of minute particles, this data will be
studied for its applicability to the design and operation
of future spacecraft smoke detection systems.

     Procedure.  The experiment will examine particle
formation from a variety of sources, including a candle and
four overheated materials  paper, silicone rubber, and
wires coated with Teflon and Kapton.  These materials
are found in crew cabins, and silicone rubber is an
industrial product.  The apparatus consists of two modules,
one installed inside the glovebox and the other attached to
the outside of the glovebox.  After running a self-
diagnostic procedure on the smoke detectors in the internal
module, the crew member performing this experiment will
activate a video camera and turn on an igniter.  A probe
will sample the soot when flames are well developed.




Commercial Protein Crystal Growth (CPCG)

        STS-75 includes a flight of the Commercial Protein
Crystal Growth systems identified as CPCG-09.  This payload
will process nine different proteins seeking the
development of new therapeutic treatments for infections,
human cancers, diseases caused from hormone disorders, and
Chagas disease.

        Columbia will carry into space the first joint
U.S.-Latin American experiment in protein crystal growth.
The project, conceived in March 1993, brings together a
small team of investigators from Costa Rica, Chile and the
United States.  It involves the crystallization in
microgravity of ultrapure samples of Tripanothione
Reductase, a DNA-grown protein expressing key features of
the Tripanosoma Cruzi, the parasite that causes Chagas
Disease.  The experiment will seek to determine the

structure of this protein through crystallographic studies
of the crystals obtained in space.  The high resolution
resulting from the space grown crystals could pave the way
for the development of effective pharmaceuticals to combat
this debilitating disease and lead, some day, to an
effective vaccine.

        The CPCG-09 payload was developed by the CMC, which
was formed in 1985 as a NASA Center for the Commercial
Development of Space.  The CMC's objective is to form
partnerships with industrial groups and other government
agencies who are pursuing commercial applications of
macromolecular crystallography relating to structure-based
drug design.  This is a drug discovery methodology based on
inhibiting or enhancing the biological activity of
macromolecules, or proteins, responsible for various
diseases.  Protein crystallography, using X-ray
diffraction, is the lead technique whereby the three-
dimensional molecular structure of a protein disease target
is established.  Protein structural information leads to

the discovery and synthesis of complementary compounds that
can become potent drugs specifically directed against the
disease target.  Structure-based drug design is a
productive and cost-effective targeted drug development
strategy.

CPCG-09 will be the CMC's 29th space flight, and
will use the CMC's newly developed Commercial Vapor
Diffusion Apparatus (CVDA).  Analysis of the results of
previous CMC missions has shown that techniques have
produced proteins crystals of significantly higher quality
than ever grown on Earth before.  The CMC has developed
over ten pieces of flight hardware specifically for the
support of microgravity investigations in protein crystal
growth.  These systems use vapor diffusion, temperature
induction, and batch mixing techniques and certain pieces
of hardware have been augmented with instrumentation for
localized temperature, light scattering, and video
monitoring.  The newest addition to the crystal growth
hardware inventory, the Commercial Vapor Diffusion

Apparatus (CVDA), was designed, developed, and manufactured
by the CMC.  The CVDA can accommodate 128 protein samples.
The flight of CPCG-09 is sponsored by the Space Processing
Division of the Office of Space Access and Technology, as
part of NASA's commercial development of space program.






STS-75 CREW BIOGRAPHIES

NAME: Andrew M. Allen (Lieutenant Colonel, USMC)
       NASA Astronaut

BIRTHPLACE AND DATE:  Born August 4, 1955, in Philadelphia,
PA.  His father, Charles A. Allen, resides in Richboro, PA.
His mother, Loretta T. Allen, is deceased.


EDUCATION:  Graduated from Archbishop Wood High School,
Warminster, PA, in 1973; received a bachelor of science
degree in mechanical engineering from Villanova University
in 1977.

CHILDREN:  Jessica Marie, July 19, 1985; Meredith Frances,
January 9, 1990.

SPECIAL HONORS:  Recipient of the Defense Superior Service
Medal, the Single Mission Air Medal, the NASA Exceptional
Service Medal, the NASA Space Flight Medal, and an honorary
Doctorate of Public Service from Bucks County Community
College (PA) in 1993.

EXPERIENCE:  Allen was a member of the Navy ROTC unit and
received his commission in the United States Marine Corps
at Villanova University in 1977.  Following graduation from
flight school, he flew F-4 Phantoms from 1980 to 1983 with
VMFA-312 at Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) Beaufort, SC,
and was assigned as the Aircraft Maintenance Officer.  He

was selected by Headquarters Marine Corps for fleet
introduction of the F/A-18 Hornet, and was assigned to
VMFA-531 in MCAS El Toro, California, from 1983 to 1986.
During his stay in VMFA-531,he was assigned as the squadron
Operations Officer, and also attended and graduated from
the Marine Weapons & Tactics Instructor Course, and the
Naval Fighter Weapons School (Top Gun). A 1987 graduate of
the United States Navy Test Pilot School at Patuxent River,
MD, he was a test pilot under instruction when advised of
his selection to the astronaut program.

       He has logged over 4,500 flight hours in more than
30 different aircraft.

NASA EXPERIENCE:  Selected by NASA in June 1987, Allen
became an astronaut in August 1988. His technical
assignments have included: Astronaut Office representative
for all Space Shuttle issues related to landing sites,
landing and deceleration hardware, including improvements
to nosewheel steering, brakes and tires, and drag chute

design; Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL),
which oversees, checks, and verifies all Shuttle flight
control software and avionics programs; served as Technical
Assistant to the Flight Crew Operations Director who is
responsible for and manages all flight crew operations and
support; was the lead of the Astronaut Support Personnel
team which oversee Shuttle test, checkout, and preparation
at Kennedy Space Center; served as Special Assistant to the
Director of the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas; was
lead of a Functional Workforce Review at the Kennedy Space
Center, Florida, to determine minimal workforce and
management structure requirements which allow maximum
budget reductions while safely continuing Shuttle Flight
Operations. A veteran of two space flights, Allen has
logged over 526 hours in space. He was the pilot on STS-46
in 1992, and STS-62 in 1994. Allen is assigned to command
the STS-75 mission, a 13-day flight scheduled for launch in
early 1996.

NAME: Scott J. "Doc" Horowitz, Ph.D. (Lieutenant Colonel,USAF

SPECIAL HONORS:  USAF Test Pilot School Class 90A
Distinguished Graduate (1990); Combat Readiness Medal
(1989); Air Force Commendation Medals (1987, 1989); F-15
Pilot, 22TFS, Hughes Trophy (1988); F-15 Pilot, 22TFS,
CINCUSAFE Trophy; Mission Ready in the F-15 Eagle at
Bitburg Air Base (1987); Systems Command Quarterly
Scientific & Engineering Technical Achievement Award
(1986); Master T-38 Instructor Pilot (1986); Daedalean
(1986); 82nd Flying Training Wing Rated Officer of the
Quarter (1986); Outstanding Young Men In America (1985);
Outstanding T-38 Instructor Pilot (1985); Outstanding
Doctoral Research Award for 1981-82 (1982); Sigma Xi
Scientific Research Society (1980); Tau Beta Pi Engineering
Honor Society (1978); 1st Place ASME Design Competition.

EXPERIENCE:  Following graduation from Georgia Tech in
1982, Scott worked as an associate scientist for the
Lockheed-Georgia Company, Marietta, GA, where he performed
background studies and analyses for experiments related to
aerospace technology to validate advanced scientific

concepts.  In 1983, he graduated from Undergraduate Pilot
Training at Williams Air Force Base, AZ. From 1984 to 1987,
he flew as a T-38 instructor pilot and performed research
and development for the Human Resources Laboratory at
Williams Air Force Base.  The following two years were
spent as an operational F-15 Eagle Fighter Pilot in the
22nd Tactical Fighter Squadron stationed at Bitburg Air
Base in Germany.  In 1990, Scott attended the United States
Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, CA,
and was subsequently assigned as a test pilot flying A-7s
and T-38s for the 6512th Test Squadron at Edwards.
Additionally, from 1985 to 1989, Scott served as an adjunct
professor at Embry Riddle University where he conducted
graduate level courses in aircraft design, aircraft
propulsion and rocket propulsion. In 1991, as a professor
for California State University, Fresno, he conducted
graduate level courses in mechanical engineering including
advanced stability and control.

NASA EXPERIENCE:  Selected by NASA in March 1992, Scott

reported to the Johnson Space Center in August 1992.  He
completed one year of training and is qualified for
selection as a pilot on Space Shuttle flight crews. Scott
is currently working technical issues for the Operations
Development Branch of the Astronaut Office.


NAME: Jeffrey A. Hoffman (Ph.D.)
       NASA Astronaut

BIRTHPLACE AND DATE:  Born November 2, 1944, in Brooklyn,
New York, but considers Scarsdale, New York, to be his
hometown. His parents, Dr. and Mrs. Burton P. Hoffman, are
residents of White Plains, New York.

EDUCATION:  Graduated from Scarsdale High School,
Scarsdale, New York, in 1962; received a bachelor of arts
degree in astronomy (graduated summa cum laude) from
Amherst College in 1966, a doctor of philosophy in
astrophysics from Harvard University in 1971, and a masters

degree in materials science from Rice University in 1988.

MARITAL STATUS:  Married to the former Barbara Catherine
Attridge of Greenwich, London, England. Her father, Mr.
Frederick J. C. Attridge, resides in Kidbrooke, London,
England.

CHILDREN:  Samuel L., May 3, 1975; Orin P. F., April 30,
1979.

SPECIAL HONORS:  Awarded the Amherst College 1963 Porter
Prize in Astronomy, 1964 Second Walker Prize in
Mathematics, 1965 John Summer Runnells Scholarship Prize,
and 1966 Stanley V. and Charles B. Travis Prize and Woods
Prize for Scholarship. Elected to Phi Beta Kappa in 1965
and Sigma Xi in 1966. Also received a Woodrow Wilson
Foundation Pre-Doctoral Fellowship, 1966-67; a National
Science Foundation Pre-Doctoral Fellowship, 1966-71; a
National Academy of Sciences Post-Doctoral Visiting
Fellowship, 1971-72; a Harvard University Sheldon

International Fellowship, 1972-73; and a NATO Post-Doctoral
Fellowship, 1973-74. Dr. Hoffman was awarded NASA Space
Flight Medals in 1985, 1991, 1992 and 1994, NASA
Exceptional Service Medals in 1988 and 1992, and the NASA
Distinguished Service Medal in 1994.

EXPERIENCE:  Dr. Hoffman's original research interests were
in high-energy astrophysics, specifically cosmic gamma ray
and x-ray astronomy. His doctoral work at Harvard was the
design, construction, testing, and flight of a balloon-
borne, low-energy, gamma ray telescope.

       From 1972 to 1975, during 3 years of post-doctoral
work at Leicester University, he worked on three rocket
payloads, two for the observation of lunar occultations of
x-ray sources and one for an observation of the Crab Nebula
with a solid state detector and concentrating x-ray mirror.
He designed and supervised the construction and testing of
the lunar occultation payloads and designed test equipment
for use in an x-ray beam facility which he used to measure

the scattering and reflectivity properties of the
concentrating mirror. During his last year at Leicester, he
was project scientist for the medium-energy x-ray
experiment on the European Space Agency's EXOSAT satellite
and played a leading role in the proposal and design
studies for this project.

       He worked in the Center for Space Research at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1975 to
1978 as project scientist in charge of the orbiting HEAO-1
A4 hard x-ray and gamma ray experiment, launched in August
1977. His involvement included pre-launch design of the
data analysis system, supervising its operation post-
launch, and directing the MIT team undertaking the
scientific analysis of flight data being returned. He was
also involved extensively in analysis of x-ray data from
the SAS-3 satellite being operated by MIT, performing
research on the study of x-ray bursts. Dr.Hoffman has
authored or co-authored more than 20 papers on this subject
since bursts were first discovered in 1976.


NASA EXPERIENCE:  Selected by NASA in January 1978, Dr.
Hoffman became an astronaut in August 1979.  During
preparations for the Shuttle Orbital Flight Tests, Dr.
Hoffman worked in the Flight Simulation Laboratory at
Downey, California, testing guidance, navigation and flight
control systems. He has worked with the orbital maneuvering
and reaction control systems, with Shuttle navigation, with
crew training, and with the development of satellite
deployment procedures. Dr. Hoffman served as a support crew
member for STS-5 and as a CAPCOM (spacecraft communicator)
for STS-8. Dr. Hoffman has been the Astronaut Office
Payload Safety Representative. He has also worked on EVA,
including the development of a high-pressure spacesuit for
use on the Space Station. Dr. Hoffman is a member of the
Astronaut Office Science Support Group.

       Dr. Hoffman made his first space flight as a mission
specialist on STS 51-D, April 12-19, 1985, on the Shuttle
Discovery. On this mission, he made the first STS

contingency space walk, in an attempted rescue of a
malfunctioning satellite.

       Dr. Hoffman made his second space flight as a
mission specialist on STS-35, December 2-10, 1990, on the
Shuttle Columbia. This Spacelab mission featured the ASTRO-
1 ultraviolet astronomy laboratory, a project on which Dr.
Hoffman had worked since 1982.

       Dr. Hoffman made his third space flight as payload
commander and mission specialist on STS-46, July 31-August
8, 1992, on the Shuttle Atlantis. On this mission, the crew
deployed the European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA), an ESA-
sponsored free-flying science platform, and carried out the
first test flight of the Tethered Satellite System (TSS),
a joint project between NASA and the Italian Space Agency.
Dr. Hoffman had worked on the Tethered Satellite project
since 1987.

       Dr. Hoffman made his fourth flight as an EVA crew

member on STS-61, December 2-13, 1993, on the Shuttle
Endeavour. During this flight, the Hubble Space Telescope
(HST) was captured, serviced, and restored to full capacity
through a record five space walks by
       four astronauts.

       With the completion of his fourth space flight,
s logged more than 834 hours and 15 million miles
in space.


NAME: Maurizio Cheli
       ESA Astronaut

BIRTHPLACE AND DATE:  Born May 4, 1959, in Modena, Italy.
His parents, Araldo and Eulalia Cheli, reside in Zocca
(Modena), Italy.

EDUCATION:  Graduated from the Italian Air Force Academy in
1982.  Studied geophysics at University of Rome in 1989.6

He received a master of science in Aerospace Engineering
from the University of Houston.

MARITAL STATUS:  Married to the former Marianne Merchez.
Her parents, Marcel and Annie Merchez, reside in Brussels,
Belgium.

SPECIAL HONORS:  Top graduate, Italian Air Force War
College (1987); top graduate, Empire Test Pilot School,
Boscombe Down, United Kingdom (1988).

EXPERIENCE:  After graduation from the Italian Air Force
Academy, Cheli underwent pilot training at Vance Air Force
Base, Oklahoma, in 1982-1983. Following fighter lead-in
training at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico and initial
training in the F-104G in Italy, he joined the 28th
Sqaudron, 3rd Recce Wing in 1984.  In 1987, he attended the
Italian Air Force War College and in 1988 he graduated from
the Empire Test Pilot's School, Boscombe Down, United
Kingdom. While assigned to the Italian Air Force Flight

Test Center in Pratica di Mare, Rome, he served as a
Tornado and B-707 Tanker project pilot on a variety of test
programs. His flight experience includes over 3,000 flying
hours in over 50 different types of fixed wing aircraft and
helicopters. In June 1992, he was selected by the European
Space Agency for astronaut training.

       Cheli holds a commission as Lieutenant Colonel in
the Italian Air Force.

NASA EXPERIENCE:  Cheli reported to the Johnson Space
Center in August 1992 and completed one year of training in
August 1993. He is qualified for assignment as a mission
specialist on future Space Shuttle flight crews. His
technical assignments to date include: flight software
verification in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory
(SAIL); remote manipulator system/robotics; crew equipment.


NAME: Claude Nicollier

       ESA Astronaut

BIRTHPLACE AND DATE:  Born September 2, 1944, in Vevey,
Switzerland. His father, Mr. Georges Nicollier, resides in
La Tour de Peilz, Switzerland.

EDUCATION:  Graduated from Gymnase de Lausanne (high
school), Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1962; received a
bachelor of science in physics from the University of
Lausanne in 1970 and a master of science degree in
astrophysics from the University of Geneva in 1975. Also
graduated as a Swiss Air Force pilot in 1966, an airline
pilot in 1974, and a test pilot in 1988.

MARITAL STATUS:  Married to the former Susana Perez of
Monterrey, Mexico. Her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Jose L. Perez,
reside in Guadalajara, Mexico.

CHILDREN:  Maya, July 19, 1974; and Marina, June 15, 1978.


Space Agency's (ESA) Space Science Department at Noordwijk,
Netherlands, where he worked as a research scientist in
various airborne infrared astronomy programs. In July 1978
he was selected by ESA as a member of the first group of
European astronauts. Under agreement between ESA and NASA
he joined the NASA astronaut candidates selected in May
1980 for astronaut training as a mission specialist.

       His technical assignments in the Astronaut Office
have included flight software verification in the Shuttle
Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL), participation in
the development of retrieval techniques for the Tethered
Satellite System (TSS), Remote Manipulator System(RMS), and
International Space Station (ISS) robotics support. During
1988 he attended the Empire Test Pilot School in Boscombe
Down, England, from where he graduated as a test pilot in
December 1988.

       Claude holds a commission as captain in the Swiss
Air Force and, during leave periods in Switzerland,

maintains proficiency in the Northrop F-5E aircraft. He has
logged 5,300 hours flying time--including 3,700 hours in
jet aircraft.

       A veteran of two space flights, Claude has logged
more than 451 hours in space. He flew on STS-46 in 1992,
and STS-61 in 1993.


NAME: Franklin R. Chang-Daz (Ph.D.)
       NASA Astronaut

BIRTHPLACE AND DATE:  Born April 5, 1950, in San Jos,
Costa Rica, to the late Mr. Ramn A. Chang-Morales and Mrs.
Mara Eugenia Daz De Chang.  His mother resides in Costa
Rica.

EDUCATION:  Graduated from Colegio De La Salle in San Jos,
Costa Rica, in November 1967, and from Hartford High School
in Hartford, CT, in 1969; received a bachelor of science

degree in mechanical engineering from the University of
Connecticut in 1973 and a doctorate in applied plasma
physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT) in 1977.

MARITAL STATUS:  Married to the former Peggy Marguerite
Doncaster of Alexandria, LA.

CHILDREN:  Jean E., December 22, 1973; Sonia R., March 31,
1978; Lidia A., March 1, 1988; and Miranda K., July 9,
1995.

SPECIAL HONORS:  Recipient of the University of
Connecticut's Outstanding Alumni Award (1980); NASA Space
Flight Medal (1986); the Liberty Medal from President
Ronald Reagan at the Statue of Liberty Centennial
Celebration in New York City (1986); the Medal of
Excellence from the Congressional Hispanic Caucus (1987);
NASA Exceptional Service Medals (1988, 1990, 1993);
American Astronautical Society Flight Achievement Award

(1989); NASA Space Flight Medals (1986, 1989, 1992, 1994).
Outstanding Technical Contribution Award, Hispanic Engineer
National Achievement Awards Conference (1993).  Awarded the
Cross of the Venezuelan Air Force by President Jaime
Lusinchi during the 68th Anniversary of the Venezuelan Air
Force in Caracas, Venezuela (1988). Recipient of three
Honoris Causa Doctorates:  Doctor of Science from the
Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica; Doctor of Science from
the University of Connecticut and Doctor of Law from Babson
College.  Also Honorary faculty from the College of
Engineering of the University of Costa Rica. Honorary
Citizenship from the government of Costa Rica (April 1995).
This is the highest honor Costa Rica confers to a foreign
citizen, making him the first such honoree who was actually
born there.

EXPERIENCE:  While attending the University of Connecticut,
he also worked as a research assistant in the Physics
Department and participated in the design and construction
of high energy atomic collision experiments. Following

graduation in 1973, he entered graduate school at MIT,
becoming heavily involved in the United States' controlled
fusion program and doing intensive research in the design
and operation of fusion reactors. He obtained his doctorate
in the field of applied plasma physics and fusion
technology and, in that same year, joined the technical
staff of the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory. His work at
Draper was geared strongly toward the design and
integration of control systems for fusion reactor concepts
and experimental devices, in both inertial and magnetic
confinement fusion. In 1979, he developed a novel concept
to guide and target fuel pellets in an inertial fusion
reactor chamber. More recently he has been engaged in the
design of a new concept in rocket propulsion based on
magnetically confined high temperature plasmas. As a
visiting scientist with the M.I.T. Plasma Fusion Center
from October 1983 to December 1993, he led the plasma
propulsion program there to develop this technology for
future human missions to Mars. In December 1993, Dr. Chang-
Daz was appointed Director of the Advanced Space

Propulsion Laboratory at the Johnson Space Center where he
continues his research on plasma rockets. He is an Adjunct
Professor of Physics at the University of Houston and has
presented numerous papers at technical conferences and in
scientific journals.

       In addition to his main fields of science and
engineering, he worked for 2-1/2 years as a house manager
in an experimental community residence for de-
institutionalizing chronic mental patients, and was heavily
involved as an instructor/advisor with a rehabilitation
program for hispanic drug abusers in Massachusetts.

NASA EXPERIENCE:  Selected by NASA in May 1980, Dr. Chang-
Daz became an astronaut in August 1981.  While undergoing
astronaut training he was also involved in flight software
checkout at the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory
(SAIL), and participated in the early Space Station design
studies. In late 1982 he was designated as support crew for
the first Spacelab mission and, in November 1983, served as




NAME: Umberto Guidoni (Ph.D.)
       Italian Space Agency (ASI) Astronaut, (Payload
Specialist)

BIRTHPLACE AND DATE:  Born August 18, 1954, in Rome, Italy.
His parents, Mr. Pietro Guidoni and Giuseppina Cocco-
Guidoni, reside in Rome, Italy.

EDUCATION:  Graduated from Classic Liceum "Gaio Lucilio" in
Rome, Italy, in 1973; received his BS degree in physics and
Ph.D. in Astrophysics (Summa Cum Laude) from University of
Rome in 1978.

MARITAL STATUS:  Married to Mariarita Bartolacci of Milan,
Italy.

CHILDREN:  Luca, February 21, 1992.


ORGANIZATION:  Member of the Italian Space Society (ISS).

MILITARY STATUS:  Reserve Officer of the Italian Air Force.

EXPERIENCE:  In 1983, as a staff scientist in the Solar
Energy Division of the National Committee for Renewable
Energy (ENEA), he was responsible for developing new
techniques to characterize solar panels.

In 1984, he became a permanent researcher of the
Space Physics Institute (IFSI-CNR) and was involved as co-
investigator in the Research on Electrodynamic Tether
Effects (RETE) experiment, one of the payloads selected for
the Tethered Satellite System (TSS-1). From 1985 to 1988 he
designed the Ground Support Equipment (GSE) and supervised
the design and testing of the Data Processing Unit (DPU)
for the RETE experiment. He also collaborated to the
realization of a plasma chamber at IFSI, for laboratory
simulations of electrodynamic tether phenomena and for

characterization of plasma contactors in ionospheric
environment. In 1988, Dr. Guidoni was appointed Project
Scientist of RETE.  In this capacity he was responsible for
the integration of the experiment with the Tethered
Satellite System.

       In 1989, he was selected by the Italian Space Agency
(ASI) to be one of the two Italian scientists to be trained
as payload specialists for the TSS-1 mission and joined ASI
as a member of the Astronaut Office. In 1991 he was
relocated to the NASA Johnson Space Center to follow the
training for STS-46/TSS-1 flight.

       In 1992, completing his training as Alternate
Payload Specialist (APS), Dr. Guidoni supported the STS-
46/TSS-1 mission by assisting the Science Team for on-orbit
operations at the Payload Operations Control Center (POCC)
at the Johnson Space Centerfor the duration of the mission.

       Dr. Guidoni is currently assigned as payload

specialist on the STS-75, Tethered Satellite System
Reflight (TSS-1R) mission, scheduled for launch in February
of 1996 aboard Space Shuttle Columbia.


























