                          SUBMITTED BY
                            KEN SOBEL
                      SAFETY ADMINISTRATOR
                       CITY OF LOS ANGELES
                         (213) 485-4691

_________________________________________________________________
The following chapter from the City of Los Angeles Safety Manual is
a draft.  It has been submitted so that others may utilize the
information in helping to meet the requirements of the Written
Injury and Illness Prevention Program required by Senate Bill 198
and the expanded General Industry Safety Order 3203.
_________________________________________________________________

                                                        Chapter 1

RESPONSIBILITY

According to the Mayor's Executive Directive #9, Safety is a line-
management responsibility.  As such, Department heads have the
responsibility of providing a healthful and safe work environment
for their employees.  Additionally, it is the responsibility of all
management and supervisors to familiarize themselves with Cal/OSHA
and to impart pertinent information to their subordinates.


GENERAL INFORMATION

California is one of several states which administers its own
occupational safety and health program according to the provisions
of the Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
(Fed/OSHA).  The Act permits a state to manage its own occupational
safety and health program if it meets certain federal requirements
regarding the program's structure and operations.  Cal/OSHA is
approved by Fed/OSHA and is monitored by and receives part of its
funding from Fed/OSHA.

Cal/OSHA was enacted in 1973 to ensure safe and healthful working
conditions for California workers.  Cal/OSHA regulations cover
virtually all workers in the state, including those employed by
state and local governments.  Cal/OSHA does not cover federal
employees.  Managers and supervisors should have ready access to
the Cal/OSHA Safety Orders applicable to their assignments.

The California Department of Industrial Relations administers the
Cal/OSHA program.  The Division of Occupational Safety and Health
(DOSH), within the Department of Industrial Relations, has the
authority to enforce all laws, standards, and orders protecting
worker safety and health on the job.  Cal/OSHA standards are
contained in the California Code of Regulations (CCR), Title 8,
Industrial Relations.

The Cal/OSHA program consists of four independent, cooperating
units:

    OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS BOARD (STANDARDS
     BOARD):  adopts, amends, or repeals safety and health stan-
     dards and acts on applications for permanent variances.

    DIVISION OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (DOSH):  enforces
     occupational safety and health standards and regulations.

    OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH APPEALS BOARD (APPEALS BOARD): 
     finds on the facts concerning citations, penalties, and
     abatement dates that are in appeal, and resolves issues that
     are in dispute.

    CAL/OSHA CONSULTATION SERVICE:  provides free, on-site
     consultation to employers and advice and information regarding
     occupational safety and health to employers and employee
     groups.  The Consultation Service is not involved in Cal/OSHA
     enforcement activities.

Occupational health resources associated with Cal/OSHA include:

    Hazard Evaluation System and Information Service  (HESIS -
     Department of Health Services, 2151 Berkeley Way, Room 504,
     Berkeley, CA. 94704 - (415) 540-2115). 

     Workers, employers, health professionals, and government
     agencies can contact HESIS for current comprehensive infor-
     mation about the possible occupational health hazards of toxic
     chemicals and other substances used in industry and
     agriculture and methods for using them safely.

    Northern California Occupational Health Center (University of
     California at Berkeley, Occupational Health Services, 169
     Cowell, Berkeley, CA 94720 - (415) 642-1553.

     Southern California Occupational Health Center (University of
     California at Irvine, Irvine California - (714) 856-8640).

     The Northern and Southern California Occupational Health
     Centers offer specialized occupational health training to
     occupational health professionals, operate occupational health
     clinics, and conduct research on the causes and diagnoses of
     job-related illness in order to improve prevention of
     occupational illness and disease.


EMPLOYEE RIGHTS

The Cal/OSHA program contains a number of provisions designed to
protect the rights of employees.  The law gives a worker the right
to:

    Safe and healthful working conditions.

    Receive training in general safe work practices and specific
     training with regard to hazards unique to any job assignment
     (this might include training in:  operation of equipment,
     handling of hazardous substances, safe work practices for a
     specific operation, emergency procedures, and the use of self-
     contained breathing apparatus).

    Request and receive information which the employer has,
     including Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), (see Chapter 15,
     Hazard Communication Program) upon request, and training about
     the potential health hazards of materials and chemicals a
     worker uses or may be exposed to, and to receive training
     regarding hazards.

    Refuse to perform work which would violate the Labor Code or
     an occupational safety and health standard or order where such
     violation would pose a real and apparent hazard to the
     employee's safety or health.

    Observe the employer's monitoring and measurement of harmful
     substances that are subject to Cal/OSHA standards.

    Request an inspection of the worksite by making a complaint
     about an unsafe or unhealthful working condition to the State
     Division of Occupational Safety and Health.  DOSH will keep
     the name of the person who makes a complaint confidential.

    Have an employee representative accompany the employer (or
     employer representative) and the State Division of
     Occupational Safety and Health representative on an
     inspection; and to talk privately with the State Division of
     Occupational Safety and Health representative during an
     inspection.

    See any citation that the employer receives posted (for the
     time specified by law) at or near the place where the
     violation occurred.

    See the Employer's Log of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses
     (see Chapter 8, Cal/OSHA Form 200).

    Request and take part in making changes in occupational safety
     and health standards.

    Take part in appeal procedures and appeal abatement dates.

    Be informed of any variance application and take part in
     permanent variance hearings.

    Be represented at a permit safety conference.

    See and copy records of exposure to toxic substances and
     harmful physical agents and medical records maintained by the
     employer; and the records of exposure to toxic substances and
     harmful physical agents of employees with similar past or
     present jobs or working conditions.  Cal/OSHA Poster S-11,
     ACCESS TO MEDICAL AND EXPOSURE RECORDS, shall be posed so that
     all employees will know their rights concerning access to
     these records.  The Right-To-Know information, per the
     requirements of Cal/OSHA General Industry Safety Order 3204 is
     available at the following locations:

     MEDICAL RECORDS

          Medical Records Section, 1401 W. 6th St. (Medical Records
Supervisor)
          
     RECORDS OF EXPOSURE TO TOXIC SUBSTANCES

          Medical Records Section, 1401 W. 6th St. (Medical Records
Supervisor)
          Industrial Hygiene Office, 1401 W. 6th St. (Senior
Industrial Hygienist)

     MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS

          Industrial Hygiene Office, 1401 W. 6th St. (Senior
Industrial Hygienists)
          Departmental Safety Coordinators

     A copy of General Industry Safety Order 3204 is available upon
     request from your Departmental Safety Coordinator.


Employees who have a question or need help concerning the rights
listed above should contact their supervisor, Departmental Safety
Coordinator, the City's Occupational Safety Office (485-4691, the
Industrial Hygiene Office (485-4633), their union representative,
or the office of the nearest State Division of Occupational Safety
and Health.

An employee may not be fired or punished in any way for complaining
to the State Division of Occupational Safety and Health or for
using any other right listed above.  Employees who believe that
they have been discriminated against for using any of these rights
should contact their union representative or the nearest office of
the State Division of Labor, Standards Enforcement, for assistance.


EMPLOYEE RESPONSIBILITIES

Although the law places primary responsibility for occupational
safety and health on the employer, certain responsibilities are
also placed on employees.  These responsibilities include:

    Obeying all occupational safety and health standards, rules,
     regulations, and orders issued according to the law.

    Not removing, displacing, damaging, destroying, tampering
     with, or carrying off safety devices, safeguards, notices, or
     warnings.

    Not interfering with the use of safeguards by others.

    Using any equipment (i.e. hard hat, safety belt, lifeline),
     safety device (i.e. machine guard, safety interlock), method,
     or process adopted for employee protection.


EMPLOYER RIGHTS

An employer has the right to:

    Request free education and training services from the Cal/OSHA
     Consultation Staff, including on-site consultation services,
     on matters concerning occupational safety and health.

    Petition the Cal/OSHA Standards Board for changes in standards
     or rules.

    Assist in the development, modification, or revocation of
     standards and rules by participating in advisory committees
     and providing input at public hearings.
     
    Apply for variances from the requirements of standards.

    Participate in the inspection of the establishment.

    Contest any citations, penalties, and abatement (correction)
     requirements through both formal and informal proceedings.

    Require manufacturers to provide a Material Safety Data Sheet
     (MSDS) for any substance listed on the Director of Department
     of Industrial Relations, List of Hazardous Substances (see
     Chapter 15, Hazard Communication Program).


EMPLOYER RESPONSIBILITIES

An employer has the responsibility to:

    Maintain a place of employment that is safe and healthful for
     the employees therein.

    Comply with occupational safety and health standards, rules,
     regulations and orders.  Ideally, this compliance is done
     voluntarily and at the initiative of the employer.

    Inaugurate and maintain an effective Injury and Illness
     Prevention Program.CHAPTER 1 - APPENDIX A
                       DEFINITION OF TERMS


The following pages contain many of the definitions as used in the
Cal/OSHA Safety Orders.


ACCESS
     A means of reaching a work space of a work area.

ACCESSIBLE
     Within reach from a work space or work area.

ACCESSIBLE LOCATION
     A location which can be reached by an employee standing on the
     floor, platform, runway, or other permanent working area.

ACCESSORY
     A secondary part of an assembly or parts which contribute to
     the overall function and usefulness of a machine.

ADEQUATE
     Sufficient to reduce the risk to an acceptable minimum.

ADEQUATE VENTILATION
     Ventilation which, under normal operating conditions, is
     sufficient to keep the concentration of a hazardous gas,
     vapor, mist, fume or dust below the amount which will produce
     harmful effects or below 20 percent* of the lower explosive
     limit, whichever is lower.

     *    Recent federal legislation may require that this figure
          be reduced to 10 percent of the lower explosive limit. 
          If you are ordering new testing equipment or are having
          existing equipment repaired or calibrated, check with the
          Occupational Safety Office before you take any action.

AGRICULTURAL BUILDING
     A building located on agricultural property and used to
     shelter farm implements, hay grain, poultry, livestock, or
     other farm produce, in which there is no human habitation, and
     which is not used by the public.

ANGLE INDICATOR (Boom)
     An accessory which measures and indicates the angle of boom to
     the horizontal.

ANSI
     American National Standards Institute.

APPROVED
     When the term "approved" is used, it refers to products,
     materials, devices, systems, or installations that have been
     approved, listed, labeled, or certified as conforming to
     applicable governmental or other nationally recognized
     standards, or applicable scientific principles.  The term also
     refers to products, materials, devices, systems, or
     installations that have been approved, listed, labeled, or
     certified by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory
     (NRTL).

ASSEMBLY BUILDING
     A building or portion of a building:

          (A)  Used or intended to be used for the gathering
               together of 50 or more persons for such purposes of
               amusement, entertainment, instruction,
               deliberation, worship, drinking, or dining,
               awaiting transportation or education, or;

          (B)  Any building or structure or portion thereof used
               to intended to be used for the showing of motion
               pictures when an admission fee is charged and when
               such buildings or structure is open to the public
               and has a capacity of 10 or more persons.

ATTIC STORY
     Any story immediately below the roof and wholly or partly
     within the roof framing, designed, arranged or built for
     business or storage use.

AUTHORIZED PERSON
     A qualified person delegated to perform specific duties under
     the existing conditions.

AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES
     All self-propelled land conveyances such as automobiles,
     trucks, tractors and mobile cranes.

BALCONY, EXTERIOR EXIT
     A landing or porch projecting from the wall of a building, and
     which serves as a required means of egress.  The long side
     shall be at least 50 percent open, and the open area above the
     guardrail shall be so distributed as to prevent the
     accumulation of smoke or toxic gases.

BASEMENT
     That portion of a building between floor and ceiling, which is
     partly below and partly above grade but so located that the
     vertical distance from grade to the floor below is less than
     the vertical distance from grade to ceiling.  (See "Story.")

BOILER, HIGH PRESSURE
     A boiler furnishing steam at pressures in excess of 15 pounds
     per square inch or hot water at temperatures in excess of 250
     F., or at pressures in excess of 160 pounds per square inch.

BOILER, LOW PRESSURE HOT WATER
     A boiler furnishing hot water at pressures not exceeding 160
     pounds per square inch, or at temperatures of 250 F. or
     below.

BOILER, LOW PRESSURE STEAM
     A boiler furnishing steam at or below 15 pounds per square
     inch.

BOILER ROOM
     Any room containing a steam or hot water boiler.

BOND
     An electrical connection from one conductive element to
     another for the purpose of minimizing potential differences or
     providing suitable conductivity for fault current or for
     mitigation of leakage current and electrolytic action.

BONDING
     The permanent joining of metallic parts to form an
     electrically conductive path which will assure electrical
     continuity and the capacity to conduct safely any current
     likely to be imposed. 

BOOM
     A member section of a crane or derrick, the lower end of which
     is affixed to a mast, base, carriage, or support, and the
     upper end supports a hook or other end attachment.  The length
     of the boom shall be taken as the straight line distance
     between the axis of the foot pin and the axis of the end
     sheave pin.

BRAKE
     A device used for retarding or stopping motion by friction or
     power means.

BRAKE (Electric)
     An electric motor acting as a brake by regenerative, counter-
     torque, or dynamic means.

BRAKE (Electrically Operated)
     A friction brake actuated or controlled by electric means.

BRANCH CIRCUIT
     The circuit conductors between the final overcurrent device
     protecting the circuit and the outlet(s).  

BRIDGE
     That part of a crane consisting of girders, trucks, endties,
     footwalks and drive mechanism which carries the trolley or
     trolleys.

BUFFER
     A cushioning device at the ends of a trolley, bridge, or other
     moving part of a crane operating on rails to minimize shock in
     the event of a collision. 

BUILDING
     A structure which stands alone or which is cut off from
     adjoining structures by fire walls with all openings therein
     protected by approved fire doors.

BUILDING STANDARD
     Any adopted state administrative regulation or statute
     pertaining to the construction, alteration, modification or
     improvement of a building.

BULL FLOAT
     A tool used to spread out and smooth a concrete surface.

BULL WIRE
     A cable used at the base turntable of stiffleg derricks for
     rotational purposes.

BULLDOZER
     A tractor having a blade in front for moving earth or other
     materials.

BUMPER
     A device which stops the moving part at the limit of travel of
     a trolley, bridge, or crane operating on rails and prevents
     further operation beyond that point.

CCR
     California Code of Regulations (formerly the California
     Administrative Code).

CAB
     An enclosure for housing the operator and the hoisting
     mechanism, power plant, or other equipment controlling a crane
     or boom-type excavator.

CABLEWAY
     A power operated system for moving loads in which the loads
     are conveyed on an overhead cable, track or carriage. 

CAGE
     An open structure for housing the operator and/or the
     equipment controlling crane or hoist.

CARRYALL
     A self-loading and unloading vehicle pulled by a tractor or
     powered attachment, and used for movement and placing of earth
     or other materials.

CATWALK (Maintenance Runway)
     Narrow elevated level or inclined walkway not intended as a
     routine passageway, but normally used as access for special
     purposes such as light maintenance, adjustment, inspection, or
     observation.

CELLAR
     That portion of a building between floor and ceiling which is
     wholly or partly below grade and so located that the vertical
     distance from grade to the floor below is equal to or greater
     than the vertical distance from grade to ceiling.  (See
     "Story.")

CERTIFIED AGENT
     The manufacturer, or other qualified person acceptable to the
     Cal/OSHA Division of Occupation Safety and Health, or a person
     who is currently registered as a professional civil,
     mechanical, or structural engineer by the State of California
     and is knowledgeable in the structure and use of the
     equipment.

CIRCUIT BREAKER
     A device designed to open and close a circuit by nonautomatic
     means and to open the circuit automatically on a predetermined
     overcurrent without injury to itself when properly applied
     within its rating.

CLOSED CONTAINER
     A container as herein defined, so sealed by means of a lid or
     other device that neither liquid nor vapor will escape from it
     at ordinary temperatures.

COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID
     A liquid having a flash point at or above 100 F. (37.8 C). 
     Combustible liquids shall be subdivided as follows:

          (A)  Class II liquids shall include those having flash
               points at or above 100 F. (37.8 C) and below 140
               F. (60 C).

          (B)  Class IIIA liquids shall include those having flash
               points at or above 140 F. (60 C) and below 200
               F.  (93.4 C)

          (C)  Class IIIB liquids shall include those having flash
               points at or above 200 F. (93.4 C).

CONDUCTOR
     (A)  Bare.  A conductor having no covering or electrical
          insulation whatsoever.  (See "Conductor, Covered.")

     (B)  Covered.  A conductor encased within material of
          composition or thickness that is not recognized by the
          Electrical Safety Orders as electrical insulation.  (See
          "Conductor, Bare.")

     (C)  Insulated.  A conductor encased within material of
          composition and thickness that is recognized by the
          Electrical Safety Orders as electrical insulation.

CONTAMINANT
     A harmful, irritating or nuisance material that is foreign to
     the environment.

CONTINUOUS DUTY
     See under "Duty."

CONTINUOUS LOAD
     A load where the maximum current is expected to continue for
     three hours or more. 

CONTROLLER
     A device or group of devices that serves to govern, in some
     predetermined manner, the electric power delivered to the
     apparatus to which it is connected.  

COURT
     An open, uncovered and unoccupied space, unobstructed to the
     sky, bounded on three or more sides by exterior building
     walls.

COURT (enclosed)
     A court bounded on all sides by the exterior walls of a
     building exterior walls and lot lines on which walls are
     allowable.

CUTOUT BOX
     An enclosure designed for surface mounting and having swinging
     doors or covers secured directly to and telescoping with the
     walls of the box proper.  (See "Cabinet.")

CRANE
     A machine for lifting or lowering a load and moving it
     horizontally in which the hoisting mechanism is an integral
     part of the machine.  It may be driven manually or by power
     and may be fixed or a mobile machine, but does not include
     stackers, lift trucks, power shovels, backhoes, or excavators.
 
DEAD-FRONT
     (As applied to switches, circuit breakers, switchboards,
     control panels, and panelboards).  So designed, constructed,
     and installed that no energized parts are exposed on the
     front.

DEAD LOAD
     The dead load of a building shall include the weight of the
     walls, permanent partitions, framing, floors, roofs, and all
     other permanent stationary construction entering into and
     becoming a part of a building.

DEVICE
     A unit of an electrical system which is intended to carry but
     not utilize electric energy.

DISCONNECTING MEANS
     A device, or group of devices, or other means by which the
     conductors of a circuit can be disconnected from their source
     of supply.

DIVISION
     The Division of Occupational Safety and Health.

DOCKBOARD (Dock Plate)
     A portable or fixed device for spanning the gap or
     compensating for differences in level between loading
     platforms and carriers.

DOORS
     (A)  Automatic-Closing Doors are those which are normally open
          but will close at the time of fire.  A door may be made
          automatic closing by the installation of a closing device
          and a separate, labeled, fail-safe door-holder/release
          device or a hold-open mechanism which may be an integral
          part of the basic closing device, provided the hold-open
          mechanism is released by one or a combination of
          automatic fire detectors acceptable to the authority
          having jurisdiction.

     (B)  Power-Operated Fire Doors are those which are normally
          opened and closed by power.  They shall be equipped with
          a releasing device which will automatically disconnect
          the power operator at the time of fire, allowing a self-
          closing or automatic device to close the door
          irrespective of power failure or manual operation.

     (C)  Self-Closing Doors are those which, when opened, return
          to the closed position.  The door shall swing easily and
          freely and shall be equipped with a closing device to
          cause the door to close and latch each time it is opened. 
          The closing mechanism shall not have a hold-open feature.

DUSTPROOF
     So constructed or protected that dust will not interfere with
     its successful operation.

DUST-TIGHT
     So constructed that dust will not enter the enclosing case.

DUTY
     (A)  Continuous Duty.  Operation at a substantially constant
          load for an indefinitely long time.

     (B)  Intermittent Duty.  Operation for alternate intervals of
          (1) load and no load; or (2) load and rest; or (3) load,
          no load and rest. 

     (C)  Periodic Duty.  Intermittent operation in which the load
          conditions are regularly recurrent.

     (D)  Short Time Duty.  Operation at a substantially constant
          load for a short and definitely specified time.

     (E)  Varying Duty.  Operation at loads, and for intervals of
          time, both of which may be subject to wide variation.

DYNAMIC LOADING
     Loads introduced into the machine or its components by forces
     in motion.

ELEVATOR, CONSTRUCTION
     Any means used to hoist persons or material of any kind on a
     building under the course of construction, when operated
     within guides, by any power other than muscular power.  

EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN
     A plan for a workplace, or parts thereof, describing what
     procedures the employer and employees must take to ensure
     employee safety from fire or other emergencies.

EMERGENCY ESCAPE ROUTE
     The route that employees are directed to follow in the event
     they are required to evacuate the workplace or seek a
     designated refuge area.

EMPLOYER
     (A)  The State and every State agency.

     (B)  Each county, city district, and all public and quasi-
          public corporations and public agencies therein.

     (C)  Every person including any public service corporation
          which has any natural person in service.

     (D)  The legal representative of any deceased employer.

EMPLOYMENT, PLACE OF
     (A)  Place of employment means any place, and the premises
          appurtenant thereto, where employment is carried on,
          except a place the safety jurisdiction over which is
          vested by law in any state or federal agency other than
          the division.

     (B)  Employment includes the carrying on of any trade,
          enterprise, project, industry, business, occupation or
          work, including all excavation, demolition, and
          construction work, or any process of operation in any way
          related thereto, in which any person is engaged or
          permitted to work for hire except household domestic
          service.

ENCLOSURE
     The case or housing of apparatus, or the fence or wall
     surrounding an installation to prevent personnel from
     accidentally contacting energized parts, or to protect the
     equipment from physical damage.

ENERGIZED PARTS  (Live Parts)
     Parts which are of a potential different from that of the
     earth, or some conducting body which serves in place of the
     earth.

EQUIPMENT
     A general term including material, fittings, devices,
     appliances, fixtures, apparatus, and the like used as a part
     of, or in connection with, an electrical installation.

EQUIVALENT
     An alternate design, feature, device, or protective action
     which provides an equal degree of safety.

EXCAVATION, TRENCHES, EARTHWORK
     (A)  Excavation.  A man-made cavity or depression in the
          earth's surface, including its sides, walls or faces
          formed by earth removal and producing unsupported earth
          conditions by reason of the excavation.  If installed
          forms or similar structures reduce the depth to width
          relationship, an excavation may become a trench.

     (B)  Hard Compact.  All earth material not classified as
          running or unstable.

     (C)  Running.  Earth material whose angle of repose is
          approximately zero, as in the case of soil in a nearly
          liquid state, or dry, unpacked sand which flows freely
          under slight pressure.

     (D)  Shaft.  An excavation under earth's surface whose depth,
          either horizontal or vertical, is much greater than its
          cross-sectional dimensions such as those formed to serve
          as wells, cesspools, certain foundation footings, and
          under streets, railroads, buildings, etc.  

     (E)  Shore.  A supporting member that resists a compressive
          force imposed by a load. 

     (F)  Shoring System.  A temporary structure for the support of
          earth surfaces formed as a result of excavation work.  

     (G)  Sides, Walls, and Faces.  The vertical or inclined earth
          surfaces formed as a result of excavation work.  

     (H)  Sloping of Earth.  The angle with the horizontal in which
          a particular earth material will stand indefinitely
          without movement.

     (I)  Spoil.  The earth material that is removed in the
          formation of an excavation.

     (J)  Stringers.  The horizontal members of the shoring system.
          whose sides bear against the uprights or earth.  

     (K)  Trench.  Shall mean an excavation in which the depth
          exceeds the average width of its cross section. 
          Excavations that are more than 15 feet wide at the
          bottom, shafts, tunnels, and mine excavations are not
          trenches.

     (L)  Unstable.  Earth material other than running that,
          because of its nature or the influence of related
          conditions, cannot be depended upon to remain in place
          without extra support, such as would be furnished by a
          system of shoring.

     (M)  Uprights.  The vertical members of the shoring system.

     (N)  Waler.  A structural member in a horizontal or nearly
          horizontal position used for stiffening or securing other
          components of concrete forms, excavation sheeting, or
          similar temporary structures.

EXIT
     A continuous and unobstructed means of egress to a public way,
     and shall include intervening doors, doorways, corridors,
     exterior exit balconies, ramps, stairways, smokeproof
     enclosures, horizontal exits, exit passageways, exit courts,
     and yards.

EXIT PASSAGEWAY
     An enclosed means of egress connecting a required exit or exit
     court with a public way.  

EXPLOSION-PROOF APPARATUS
     Apparatus enclosed in a case that is capable of withstanding
     an explosion of a specified gas or vapor which may occur
     within it and of preventing the ignition of a specified gas or
     vapor surrounding the enclosure by sparks, flashes, or
     explosion of the gas or vapor within, and which operates at
     such an external temperature that a surrounding flammable
     atmosphere will not be ignited thereby.

EXPLOSIVES
     (A)  Blasting Cap.  A shell closed at one end and containing
          a charge of detonating compound which is ignited from a
          spark.  It is used for detonating explosives.

     (B)  Explosive.  Any mixture or chemical compound which is
          capable of producing an explosion by its own energy. 
          This includes black powder, dynamite, nitroglycerine
          compounds, fulminate, nitro carbo nitrates, or explosive
          substances having explosive power equal to or greater
          than black powder.

     (C)  Powder.  Any explosive other than the detonating agent.

     (D)  Primary Blasting.  The blasting operation by which rock
          or other material that has not previously been disturbed
          by similar operation is broken into fragments.

EXPOSED  (as applied to live parts)
     Capable of being inadvertently touched or approached nearer
     than a safe distance by a person.  It is applied to parts not
     suitably guarded, isolated, or insulated.  (See "Accessible"
     and "Concealed".)

EXPOSED  (as applied to wiring methods)
     On or attached to the surface or behind panels designed to
     allow access.  [See "Accessible - (As applied to wiring
     methods)"]

EXTERNALLY OPERABLE
     Capable of being operated without exposing the operator to
     contact with live parts.  

FALSEWORK AND SHORING FOR CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
     Temporary formwork and vertical shoring, etc., to support
     concrete and placing operations for supported slabs of
     concrete structures.

FEEDER
     All circuit conductors between the service equipment, or the
     generator switchboard of an isolated plant, and the final
     branch circuit overcurrent device.

FIRE EXTINGUISHERS, PORTABLE
     (A)  Portable fire extinguishers are classified for use on
          certain classes of fires and rated for relative
          extinguishing effectiveness at a temperature of plus 70
          degrees Fahrenheit by nationally recognized testing
          laboratories.  This is based upon the classification of
          fires and the fire-extinguishment potentials as
          determined by fire tests.

     (B)  The classification and rating system described in this
          standard is that used by Underwriters' Laboratories,
          Inc., and Underwriters' Laboratories of Canada and is
          based on extinguishing pre-planned fires of determined
          size and description as follows:

            (i)     Class A Rating.  Wood and excelsior.

           (ii)     Class B. Rating.  Two-inch depth n-heptane
                    fires in square pans.

          (iii)     Class C Rating.  No fire test.  Agent must be
                    a nonconductor of electricity.

           (iv)     Class D Rating.  Special tests on specific
                    combustible metal fires.

FIRE WALL
     A fire wall may be broadly defined as a wall erected to
     prevent the spread of fire.  To be effective, fire walls must
     have sufficient fire resistance to withstand the effects of
     the most severe fire that may be expected to occur in the
     building and must provide a complete barrier to the spread of
     fire.  Any openings in a fire wall must be suitably protected.
     

FIRES
     (A)  Class A.  Fires in ordinary combustible materials, such
          as wood, cloth, paper, rubber and many plastics.

     (B)  Class B.  Fires in flammable liquids, gases, and greases.

     (C)  Class C.  Fires which involve energized electrical
          equipment where the electrical nonconductivity of the
          extinguishing media is of importance.  (When electrical
          equipment is de-energized, extinguishers for Class A or
          B fires may be used safely.)

     (D)  Class D.  Fires in combustible metals, such as magnesium,
          titanium, zirconium, sodium and potassium.

FLAMMABLE LIQUID
     A liquid having a flash point below 100 F. (37.8 C.) and
     having a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 pounds per square
     inch (absolute) at 100 F. (37.8 C.) and shall be known as a
     Class I liquid.  Class I liquids shall be subdivided as
     follows:

          (A)  Class IA shall include those having flash points
               below 73 F. (22.8 C.) and having a boiling point
               below 100 F. (37.8 C.).

          (B)  Class IB shall include those having flash points
               below 73 F. (22.8 C.) and having a boiling point
               at or above 100 F. (37.8 C.)

          (C)  Class IC shall include those having flash points at
               or above 73 F. (22.8 C.) and below 100 F. (37.8
               C.)

FITTING
     An accessory such as a locknut, bushing, or other part of a
     wiring system that is intended primarily to perform a
     mechanical rather than an electrical function.

FLOOR AREA
     The area included within the surrounding exterior walls of a
     building or portion thereof, exclusive of vent shafts and
     courts.  The floor area of a building, or portion thereof, not
     provided with surrounding exterior walls shall be the usable
     area under the horizontal projection of the roof or floor
     above.  

FLOOR HOLE
     Any opening in a floor or platform which is smaller than a
     floor opening.

FLOOR OPENING
     An opening in any floor or platform, 12 inches or more in the
     least horizontal dimension.  It includes stairway floor
     openings, ladderway floor openings, hatchways, and chute floor
     openings.

FREQUENT
     For the purpose of these orders frequent shall mean more than
     twelve times each year unless specifically stated otherwise in
     individual orders.  

GARAGE
     A building or portion of a building in which one or more self-
     propelled vehicles carrying volatile flammable liquid for fuel
     or power are kept for use, sale, storage, rental, repair,
     exhibition, or demonstrating purposes, and all that portion of
     a building which is on or below the floor or floors in which
     such vehicles are kept and which is not separated therefrom by
     suitable cutoffs.

GRADE  (Adjacent Ground Elevation)
     The lowest point of elevation of the finished surface of the
     ground, paving or sidewalk, within the area between the
     building and the property line, or when the property line is
     more than 5 feet from the building, between the building and
     a line 5 feet from the building.

GROUND
     A conducting connection, whether intentional or accidental,
     between an electrical circuit or equipment and the earth, or
     to some conducting body that serves in place of the earth.

GROUNDED
     Connected to earth or to some conducting body that serves in
     place of the earth.

GROUNDED, EFFECTIVELY
     Intentionally connected to earth through a ground connection
     or connections of sufficiently low impedance and having
     sufficient current-carrying capacity to prevent the build-up
     of voltages which may result in undue hazard to connected
     equipment or persons.

GROUNDED CONDUCTOR
     A system or circuit conductor that is intentionally grounded.

GROUNDING CONDUCTOR
     A conductor used to connect equipment or the grounded circuit
     of a wiring system to a grounding electrode or electrodes. 

GUARDRAIL
     A vertical barrier erected along the open edges of a floor
     opening, wall opening, ramp, platform, runway, or other
     elevated area to prevent falls of persons.

GUARDED
     Covered, shielded, fenced, enclosed, or otherwise protected by
     means of suitable covers, casings, barriers, rails, screens,
     mats, or platforms to remove the likelihood of approach or
     contact by persons or objects to a point of danger.

GUY
     A line that steadies a mast or structure by pulling against an
     off-center load. 

HANDRAIL
     A single bar or pipe supported on brackets from a wall or
     stairway partition to furnish persons with a handhold.

HAULAGE VEHICLE
     A self-propelled vehicle, including its trailer, used to
     transport materials on construction projects.  The term
     "haulage vehicle" includes trucks, truck and trailer
     combinations, and all other similar equipment used for
     haulage.

HAZARD, EXTRA
     Areas where the amount of combustibles or flammable liquids
     present is such that fires of severe magnitude may be
     expected.  These may include woodworking, auto repair,
     aircraft servicing, warehouses with high-piled (over 15 feet
     in solid piles, over 12 feet in piles that contain horizontal
     channels) combustibles and processes such as flammable liquid
     handling painting, dipping, etc. 

HAZARD, HIGH
     Areas where the contents are classified as liable to burn with
     extreme rapidity or from which poisonous fumes or explosions
     are to be feared in the event of fire.

HAZARD, LIGHT
     Areas where the amount of combustibles or flammable liquids
     present is such that fires of small size may be expected. 
     These may include offices, schoolrooms, churches, assembly
     halls, telephone exchanges, etc.

HAZARD, LOW
     Areas where the contents are classified as being of such low
     combustibility that no self propagating fire therein can
     occur, and that consequently, the only probable danger
     requiring the use of emergency exits will be from panic,
     fumes, or smoke, or fire from some external source.

HAZARD, ORDINARY
     Where the amount of combustibles or flammable liquids present
     is such that fires of moderate size may be expected.  These
     may include mercantile storage and display, auto showrooms,
     parking garages, light manufacturing, warehouses not
     classified as extra hazard, school shop areas, etc.

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE
     One which by reason of being explosive, flammable, toxic,
     poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritant, or otherwise
     harmful is likely to cause injury.

HIGH VOLTAGE
     Sustained voltage of more than 600 volts.

HOIST
     An apparatus for raising or lowering a load by the application
     of a pulling force, but does not include a car or platform
     riding in guides. 

HOISTING MACHINE
     A power operated machine used for lifting or lowering a load,
     utilizing a drum and a wire rope, excluding elevators.  This
     shall include but not be limited to a crane, derrick and
     cableway.

HORIZONTAL EXIT
     A way of passage from one building to an area of refuge in
     another building on approximately the same level, or a way of
     passage through or around a wall or partition to an area of
     refuge on approximately the same level in the same building,
     which affords safety from fire or smoke from the area of
     escape and areas communicating therewith.

INACCESSIBLE LOCATION
     A location to which access is provided only by portable
     ladders or other portable temporary means.

INDUSTRIAL STAIRS
     A series of steps leading from one level or floor to another,
     or leading to platforms, pits, boiler rooms, crossovers, or
     around machinery, tanks, and other equipment that are used
     more or less continuously or routinely by employees, or only
     occasionally by specific individuals.  A series of steps and
     landings having three or more risers constitutes an industrial
     stair or stairway.

INTERLOCK
     An electrical, mechanical, or key-locked device intended to
     prevent an undesired sequence of operations.

ISOLATED
     Not readily accessible to persons unless special means for
     access are used.  

INSTALLATION
     An entire plant with all its accessories or any machine, tool,
     equipment, process, apparatus, subject or item covered under
     the General Industry Safety Orders.

INSTITUTIONAL OCCUPANCY
     The occupancy or use of a building or structure or any portion
     thereof by persons harbored or detained to receive medical,
     charitable or other care or treatment, or by persons
     involuntarily detained.

LABELED
     Equipment or materials having a label, symbol, or other
     identifying mark of a nationally recognized testing
     laboratory, inspection agency, or other organization concerned
     with product evaluation that maintains periodic inspection of
     production of labeled equipment or materials an by whose
     labeling is indicated compliance with nationally recognized
     standards or tests to determine suitable usage in a specified
     manner.

LADDERS
     (A)  Ladder.  A device other than a ramp or stairway, designed
          for use in ascending or descending at an angle with the
          horizontal.  A ladder is intended to be stationary while
          in service and consists of two side pieces called
          siderails, joined at short intervals by crosspieces
          called steps, rungs or cleats.

     (B)  Ladder, Extension.  A ladder consisting of two or more
          sections, with guides or brackets so arranged that the
          ladder may be adjusted to different lengths by sliding
          and locking the movable section or sections.

     (C)  Ladder, Fixed.  A ladder permanently fastened to a
          structure.

     (D)  Ladder, Portable.  A ladder, not permanently fixed in
          place, which may be used at various locations.

     (E)  Ladder, Stepladder.  A ladder having treads and so
          constructed as to be self-supporting.

     (F)  Ladder, Steps.  Either rung, treads, or cleats.

     (G)  Ladder, Trestle or "A".  A ladder consisting of two
          special single ladders hinged together at the top to form
          equal angles with the surface on which they stand.

     (H)  Ladder, Extension Trestle.  A ladder consisting of an "A"
          or trestle ladder with an additional single ladder, which
          is supported in a vertical position by the "A" ladder.

LANDING
     An extended step or platform breaking a continuous run of
     steps or ramps.

LAY
     That distance measured along a rope in which one strand makes
     a complete revolution around the rope axis.

LIFELINE
     A rope, suitable for supporting a worker if one end is
     fastened to a safety belt and the other end is secured to a
     substantial object or a safety line.  Lifelines are sometimes
     called lanyards.

LIFT-SLAB
     An operation whereby a concrete slab is lifted into an
     elevated position by means of jacks located above the slab on
     columns or other supporting members.

LIGHTING OUTLET
     An outlet intended for the direct connection of a lampholder,
     a lighting fixture, or a pendant cord terminating in a
     lampholder.

LIMIT SWITCH
     A device designed to cut off the power automatically at or
     near the limit of travel of a crane, trolley, hoist, or
     similar mechanism.

LIQUID
     As applied to flammable and combustible liquids means any
     material which has a fluidity greater than that of 300
     penetration asphalt when tested in accordance with ASTM Test
     for Penetration for Bituminous Materials D-5-7.1.

LISTED
     Equipment or materials included in a list published by a
     nationally recognized testing laboratory, inspection agency,
     or other organization concerned with product evaluation that
     maintains periodic inspection of production of listed
     equipment or materials, and whose listing states either that
     the equipment or material meets nationally recognized
     standards or has been tested and found suitable for use in a
     specified manner.

     The means for identifying listed equipment may vary for each
     testing laboratory, inspection agency, or other organization
     concerned with product evaluation, some of which do not
     recognize equipment as listed unless it is also labeled.  The
     authority having jurisdiction should utilize the system
     employed by the listing organization to identify a listed
     product.

LIVE LOAD
     The live load includes all loads except dead and lateral
     loads.

LOAD RATING
     The lifting capacity established by the certified agent for
     various angles and positions.

LOADING DEVICE
     A mobile mechanical-powered machine of the skip loader type
     used for picking up materials and loading or dumping them into
     haulage vehicles, bins, or hoppers, excluding boom-type
     excavators and endless belt or chain conveyor.

LOADING RAMP
     A readily moveable or portable surface of fixed or adjustable
     slope designed to facilitate transfer of cargo or materials
     handling equipment to bridge the space between a vehicle and
     a receiving level or area.

LOCATION
     (A)  Damp Location.  Partially protected locations under
          canopies, marquees, roofed open porches, and like
          locations, and interior locations subject to moderate
          degrees of moisture, such as some basements, some barns,
          and some cold storage warehouses.

     (B)  Dry Location.  A location not normally subject to
          dampness or wetness.  A location classified as dry may be
          temporarily subject to dampness or wetness, as in the
          case of a building under construction.

     (C)  Wet Location.  Installations underground or in concrete
          slabs or masonry in direct contact with the earth, and
          locations subject to saturation with water or other
          liquids, such as vehicle washing areas, and locations
          exposed to weather and unprotected.

MATERIAL HOIST
     A hoist for raising and lowering materials only, with the
     hoisting of persons being prohibited. 

          (A)  Cage.  The load-carrying unit, consisting of a
               platform and enclosure, and including a top as well
               as walls.  

          (B)  Load.  The total superimposed weight on the hoist
               platform or bucket.

          (C)  Platform.  The load-carrying unit, including the
               frame, which directly supports the load. 

          (D)  Rated Load.  The maximum load for which the
               material hoist is designed and built by the
               manufacturer and which is shown on the equipment
               nameplate(s).  

          (E)  Rated Speed.  The speed at which the platform,
               cage, or bucket is designed to operate in the up
               direction with a rated load in or on the load-
               carrying unit.

          (F)  Rope.  Refers to wire rope only.

          (G)  Tower.  The primary structure which forms the
               hoistway for travel of the platform, cage, or
               bucket, and which provides the support for the rope
               beams, guide rails, and other appurtenant parts
               necessary for the operation of such units.

MEANS FOR LOCKING IN THE OPEN POSITION
     For the purpose of the Electrical Safety Orders, "locking"
     shall mean the use of lockable devices, such as padlocks,
     combination locks or other positive methods or procedures
     which will effectively prevent unexpected or inadvertent
     energizing of a designated circuit, equipment or appliance.  

MERCANTILE OCCUPANCY
     The occupancy or use of a building or structure or any portion
     thereof for the displaying, selling or buying of goods, wares,
     or merchandise.

METAL-ENCLOSED
     Metal-enclosed, as an adjective, refers to electrical
     apparatus surrounded by a metal case or housing.

MEZZANINE OR MEZZANINE FLOOR
     An intermediate floor placed in any story or room.  When the
     total area of any such "Mezzanine Floor" exceeds 33 1/3
     percent of the total floor area in that room, it shall be
     considered as constituting an additional "Story."  The clear
     height above or below a "Mezzanine Floor" construction shall
     be not less than 7 feet.

MIDRAIL
     A rail approximately midway between the top rail and platform,
     that is secured to the uprights erected along the exposed
     sides and ends of platforms. 

NEW INSTALLATION
     (A)  An installation made after the General Industry Safety
          Orders became effective.

     (B)  An existing fixed installation materially altered or
          otherwise materially changed after the date the General
          Industry Safety Orders became effective.  Materially
          altered or materially changed as used above does not mean
          the replacement of parts, maintenance, or the
          installation of devices designed to decrease the hazard
          of installation.

NONCOMBUSTIBLE

     (A)  Materials no part of which will ignite and burn when
          subjected to fire.

     (B)  Materials having a structural base of noncombustible
          material, as defined in (A), with a surface not over 1/8
          inch thick which has a flame-spread rating not higher
          than 50.

     (C)  Materials, other than as described in (A) and (B), having
          a surface flame-spread rating not higher than 25 without
          evidence of continued progressive combustion and of such
          composition that surfaces that would be exposed by
          cutting through the material in any way would not have a
          flame-spread rating higher than 25 without evidence of
          continued progressive combustion.

     No material is classed as noncombustible which is subject to
     increase in combustibility or flame-spread rating beyond the
     limits established in any one of the three groups listed above
     through the effects of age, moisture, or other atmospheric
     conditions.  The flamespread rating used in the definition of
     "non-combustible" refers to ratings obtained in tests
     conducted according to NFPA No. 255, Method of Test Surface
     Burning Characteristics of Building Materials.

OCCUPANCY
     The purpose for which a building is used or intended to be
     used.  The term shall also include the building or room
     housing such use.  Change of occupancy is not intended to
     include change of tenants or proprietors.

OFFICE OCCUPANCY
     The occupancy or use of a building or structure or any portion
     thereof for the transaction of business, or the rendering or
     receiving of professional services.

OCCUPANT LOAD
     The total number of persons that may occupy a building or
     portion thereof at any one time.

OPEN RISER
     The air space between the treads of stairways without upright
     members (risers).

OPEN WIRING
     Uninsulated conductors or insulated conductors without
     grounded metallic sheaths or shields installed above ground,
     but not inside apparatus or wiring enclosures.

OUTLET
     A point on the wiring system at which current is taken to
     supply utilization equipment.

PANIC HARDWARE
     A bar which extends not less than one-half the width of each
     door leaf, not less than 30 nor more than 44 inches above the
     floor, which will unlatch the door when a force to the bar not
     to exceed 15 pounds is applied in the direction of exit
     travel.

PERSONAL SAFETY DEVICES AND SAFEGUARDS
     Protection where modified by the words head, eye, body, hand,
     and foot, as required by the Orders, means the safeguarding
     obtained by means of safety devices and safeguards of the
     proper type for the exposure, and of such design, strength,
     and quality as to eliminate, preclude, or mitigate the hazard. 
     

PERSONAL HOIST
     A mechanism for use in connection with the construction,
     alteration, maintenance, or demolition of a building
     structure, or other work.  It is used for hoisting and
     lowering workers or materials, or both, is equipped with a car
     that moves on guide members during its vertical movement, and
     includes its hoistway.  

PLATFORM
     An elevated working level for persons.  Storage platforms,
     balconies and open-sided floors are considered platforms for
     the purpose of the General Industry Safety Orders.

POWER OUTLET
     An enclosed assembly which may include receptacles, circuit
     breakers, fuseholders, fused switches, buses and watt-hour
     meter mounting means; intended to supply and control power to
     mobile homes, recreational vehicles or boats, or to serve as
     a means for distributing power required to operate mobile or
     temporarily installed equipment.

PRIVATE STAIRWAY
     A stairway serving one tenant only.

PUBLIC WAY
     Any parcel of land, unobstructed from the ground to the sky,
     more than 10 feet in width, appropriated to the free passage
     of the general public.

PULL BOX
     A box with a blank cover into which workmen may reach, but not
     enter, which is inserted in one or more runs of raceway to
     facilitate pulling, joining, supporting, or inspecting
     conductors.  The term "pull box" includes but is not limited
     to: junction boxes, splice boxes, conductor support boxes,
     inspection boxes, and handholes.

QUALIFIED PERSON, ATTENDANT OR OPERATOR
     A person designated by the employer who by reason of his
     training and experience has demonstrated his ability to safely
     perform his duties and, where required, is properly licensed
     in accordance with federal, state, or local laws and
     regulations.

RACEWAY
     Any channel for holding wires, cables, or busbars that is
     designed expressly for, and used solely for, this purpose.

RADIUS  (load)
     The horizontal distance from the center of rotation of a crane
     or derrick to the center of the freely suspended hook or load.
     

RAILING
     A barrier consisting of a top rail and midrail secured to
     uprights and erected along the exposed sides and ends of
     platforms. 

RAINPROOF
     So constructed, protected, or treated as to prevent rain from
     interfering with successful operation of the apparatus.  

RAINTIGHT
     So constructed or protected that exposure to a beating rain
     will not result in the entrance of water.  

RAMP
     Inclined passageway connecting two levels and usually used for
     pedestrian traffic; does not include catwalks or stairs.

RAMP, INDUSTRIAL
     Permanently installed inclined passageway connecting two
     levels and designed primarily for industrial trucks; does not
     include portable ramps, dockboards, dock levelers, or
     catwalks.

READILY AVAILABLE
     Means in a location with no obstacles to prevent immediate
     acquisition for use.

RECEPTACLE
     A receptacle is a contact device installed at the outlet for
     the connection of a single attachment plug.  A single
     receptacle is a single contact device with no other contact
     device on the same yoke.  A multiple receptacle is a single
     device containing two or more receptacles.

RECEPTACLE OUTLET
     An outlet where one or more receptacles are installed. 

REEVING
     A rope system in which the rope travels around drums and
     sheaves.

REMOTE-CONTROL CIRCUIT
     Any electric circuit that controls any other circuit through
     a relay or an equivalent device. 

REQUIRED EXIT
     A means of egress required by the General Industry Safety
     Orders.

RISE
     The vertical distance from the top of a tread to the top of
     the next higher tread.

RISER
     The upright member of a step situated at the back of a lower
     tread and near the leading edge of the next higher tread.

ROOFING (OR BEARER) BRACKET
     A bracket used in slope roof construction, having provisions
     for fastening over the ridge and secured to some suitable
     object.

ROPE
     Refers to wire rope unless otherwise specified.

ROPS
     ROPS means roll-over protective structure.

RUNWAY
     An elevated passageway.  Runways are sometimes referred to as
     catwalks, footwalks, elevated walkways, oilers platforms or
     maintenance runways.

S.A.E.
     Society of Automotive Engineers.

SAFETY BELT OR HARNESS
     A device used specifically for securing a workman from the
     hazard of falls from elevated work areas.

SAFETY FACTOR
     Ration of the ultimate breaking strength of a member or piece
     of material or equipment to the actual working stress or safe
     load when in use. 

SAFETY LINE
     One that is provided to protect a worker from falls caused by
     failure of scaffolds, working platforms, or loss of balance,
     and shall extend to within 4 feet of the ground or other
     stable surface.

SCAFFOLDS AND STAGING
     (A)  Scaffold.  Any temporary elevated structure used for the
          support of a platform.

     Note:     The term "scaffold" is used with inclusion of the
               platform and all supporting members when reference
               is made to loading factors.

     (B)  Scaffold, Heavy Trades.  A heavily constructed scaffold
          built to withstand the weight of workmen and the storage
          of materials, such as bricks, mortar, concrete blocks,
          etc.  It is intended for use on work where heavy material
          will accumulate on the scaffold.  The load, including
          workmen to be placed thereon, is limited by the Orders to
          a maximum of 75 pounds per square foot of scaffold
          platform.

     (C)  Scaffold, Light Trades.  A wooden scaffold used by
          plasterers, carpenters, sheetmetal workers, or other
          trades not using heavy tools or storing heavy material on
          the scaffold.  The load, including workmen to be placed
          thereon, is limited by the Orders to a maximum of 25
          pounds per square foot of scaffold platform.

     (D)  Scaffold, Light Duty.  A metal scaffold designed and
          constructed to carry a working load not to exceed 25
          pounds per square foot.

SERVICE
     The conductors and equipment for delivering energy from the
     electricity supply system to the wiring system of the premises
     served.  

SERVICE CONDUCTORS
     The supply conductors that extend from the street main or from
     transformers to the service equipment of the premises
     supplied.  

SERVICE DROP
     The overhead service conductors from the last pole or other
     aerial support to and including the splices, if any,
     connecting to the service-entrance conductors at the building
     or other structure.  

SHALL
     A mandatory requirement.

SHEET PILE
     A pile, or sheeting, that may form one of a continuous
     interlocking line, or a row of timber, concrete, or steel
     piles, driven in close contact to provide a tight wall to
     resist the lateral pressure of water, adjacent earth, or other
     materials.

SHEAR POINT
     The immediate area where two or more machine elements pass in
     close contact, creating a shearing action hazardous to
     employees.  The elements may be in any form of motion, or one
     may be at rest.

SHIP STAIR  (Ship's Ladder)
     A fixed ladder within the pitch range of 50 to 75 degrees with
     the horizontal, equipped with treads and stair rails.

SHORE
     A supporting member that resists a compressive force imposed
     by a load.

SIDE PULL OR SIDE LOADING
     A load applied at any angle to the vertical plane of the boom.

SHOULD
     A recommendation.

SKIP
     A container with sides in which materials are hoisted.

SKIRT GUARD
     In relation to vertical closing shear hazards - a vertical
     member which prohibits entry of human body parts within the
     vertical plane of the shear zone.

STAIR RAILING
     A vertical barrier constructed along the open side or sides of
     stairways and as intermediate stair rails where required on
     wide stairways.

STAIRS, STAIRWAYS
     A series of steps and landings having 2 or more risers leading
     from one level or floor to another. 

STANDARD
     Standard as referred to ladders, ROPS, railings, etc., means
     as described elsewhere in the Construction Safety Orders,
     ultimately based upon standards established by ANSI, SAE,
     engineers competent in specialized field,s equipment
     manufacturers and other duly recognized authorities.

STORAGE ACCESS AISLE
     An aisle, from which pedestrian traffic is excluded during
     truck operation, designed for the passage of a single
     industrial truck.

STORY
     That portion of a building included between the upper surface
     of any floor and the upper surface of the floor next above,
     except that the topmost story shall be that portion of a
     building included between the upper surface of the topmost
     floor and the ceiling or roof above.  If the finished floor
     level directly above a basement, cellar or unused underfloor
     space is more than 50 percent of the total perimeter or is
     more than 12 feet above grade as defined herein at any point,
     such basement, cellar or unused underfloor space shall be
     considered as a story.

STRUCTURE
     That which is built or constructed, an edifice or building of
     any kind, or any piece of work artificially built up or
     composed of parts joined together in some definite manner.

SUITABLE
     Capable of performing with safety the particular function
     specified in the Electrical Safety Orders and the General
     Industry Safety Orders.

SWITCHBOARD
     A large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which
     are mounted, on the face or back or both, switches,
     overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and usually
     instruments.  Switchboards are generally accessible from the
     rear as well as from the front and are not intended to be
     installed in cabinets.

SWITCHES

     (A)  General-Use Switch.  A switch intended for use in general
          distribution and branch circuits.  It is rated in
          amperes, and it is capable of interrupting its rated
          current at its rated voltage.  

     (B)  General-Use Snap Switch.  A form of general-use switch so
          constructed that it can be installed in flush device
          boxes or on outlet box covers, or otherwise used in
          conjunction with wiring systems recognized by the
          Electrical Safety Orders.

     (C)  Isolating Switch.  A switch intended for isolating an
          electric circuit from the source of power.  It has an
          interrupting rating, and it is intended to be operated
          only after the circuit has been opened by some other means.

     (D)  Motor Circuit Switch.  A switch, rated in horsepower,
          capable of interrupting the maximum operating overload
          current of a motor of the same horsepower rating as the
          switch at the rated voltage.

THERMALLY PROTECTED  (as applied to motors)
     The words "Thermally Protected" appearing on the nameplate of
     a motor or motor-compressor indicate that the motor is
     provided with a thermal protector. 

TOEBOARD
     A vertical barrier erected along the open edges of floor
     openings or floor holes, platforms, and runways.

TOE PLATE  (deflector type)
     In relation to vertical closing shear hazards - a smooth metal
     plate not less than 8 inches wide and not less than 11 gauge
     thickness, attached flush with the vertical edge of the upper
     member of the shear, slanted downward and inward at an angle
     of approximately 30 degrees from the vertical.

TRAFFIC AISLE
     An aisle used by industrial vehicles and pedestrians during
     normal operations.

TREAD
     The horizontal member of a step.

TREAD DEPTH
     The horizontal distance from front to back of tread including
     nosing when used.  

TREAD RUN
     The horizontal distance from the leading edge of a tread to
     the leading edge of an adjacent tread.

VOLATILE FLAMMABLE LIQUID
     A flammable liquid having a flash point below 100 F. (38 C.)
     or whose temperature is above its flash point.  

VOLTAGE  (of a circuit)
     The greatest root-mean-square (effective) difference of
     potential between any two conductors of the circuit concerned. 
     Some systems, such as 3-phase, 4-wire, single-phase 3-wire,
     and 3-wire direct-current may have various circuits of various
     voltages.  
WALL OPENING
     An opening in a wall or partition not provided with glazed
     sash, having a height of at least 30 inches and a width of at
     least 18 inches, through which a person might fall to a level
     30 inches or more below.

WATER HEATER
     An appliance intended to provide hot water for domestic
     purposes and complying with all of the following:

          (A)  The heater does not have more than 120-gallon
               capacity.

          (B)  The heater is used only for heating service water.

          (C)  The operating control on all automatically
               controlled heaters is installed by the manufacturer
               and is of a type that cannot be regulated to
               increase the water temperature at the top of the
               heater to more than 200 F.

          (D)  A non-adjustable control is installed on all
               automatically controlled heaters by the
               manufacturer and set to shut off the heat input
               when the temperature at the top of the heater is
               210 F. or less.  This control and the necessary
               fuel valve, switch, etc., shall be separate from
               the operating mechanisms required in (C) above.

          (E)  The heater is protected against over-pressure with
               an ASME or AGA rated relief valve set to open at
               not more than the maximum allowable working
               pressure of the heater and having a relieving
               capacity in BTU/hr or least equal to the burner
               output.

WATERTIGHT
     So constructed that moisture will not enter the enclosure.  

WEATHERPROOF
     So constructed or protected that exposure to the weather will
     not interfere with successful operation.  Rainproof,
     raintight, or watertight equipment can fulfill the
     requirements for weatherproof, where varying weather
     conditions other than wetness, such as snow, ice, dust, or
     temperature extremes, are not a factor.  

WORKING LEVEL OR WORKING AREA
     A platform, walkway, runway, floor or similar area fixed with
     reference to the hazard and used by employees in the course of
     their employment.  This does not include ladders or portable
     or temporary means used for access, repair or maintenance,
     provided such means are removed immediately upon completion of
     the work.

YARD
     An open, unoccupied space, other than a court, unobstructed
     from the ground to the sky.

YARD HOLE
     An opening in a yard or pavement smaller than a yard opening.

YARD OPENING
     An opening in a yard or pavement, 12 inches or more in the
     least horizontal dimension.