                                                                                                             International Power/Video/Radio Standards:
                                                                                                                        By: Colin A. McGregor
                                                                                                                    Copyright: Colin A. McGregor

A while back I worked in the TV department of a large Canadian
retail chain, and on a semi-regular basis I would run into
questions like the following:

                    I want to buy this movie on video tape, and send it to a
                    relative in <<country name>>, will there be a problem?"

                                                                                                                                 or

                    I plan to visit <<country name>>, and I want to use my
                    <<appliance name>>, will there be any problems?"

Except for a few obvious nations such as the U.S.A., the best we
were able to offer is  "I don't know." or "I'm not sure". For the
past while, I have attempted to get the answer to these questions,
and they are surprisingly hard to find.

What follows is the best set of answers I was able to put together.
If you are aware of any problems with this write-up please let me
know either via internet at: colin.mcgregor@canrem.com or via
conventional mail, Colin A. McGregor, 151 Roehampton Ave., Toronto,
Ontario, M4P 1P9, Canada.


Electrical Power Standards:

When travelling abroad there are three questions that have to be
dealt with, the type of plug, the voltage and the frequency (in
hertz or Hz). I will explain and deal with each of these in turn.

Plugs:

When you plug an appliance into the wall, you expect to see at the
end of the appliances power cord two thin flat parallel blades.
Depending on the appliance you may see a thick round pin mid way
between, somewhat out of line of the two flat blades. The wall
outlet will of course be designed to accept this sort of plug. But,
this arrangement is hardly a worldwide standard, there are eight
other plug/socket arrangements in use world wide.

Fortunately, of the problems facing international travellers this
is the least serious. Many stores sell adaptors that snap onto the
end of a Canadian appliance's power cord that will allow them to
plug into almost any of the other standards quite easily. A package
of adaptors that will handle all of the standards is less than $20,
and is small enough to be very easily packed.

Do not assume however that as soon as you can plug the appliance
into a wall outlet that your all set, in fact under some situations
this is a sure way of destroying an appliance, so please keep
reading.

Power:

Worldwide standards for power run from 100 volts (in Japan) to a
high of 250 volts (some parts of South Africa). Canadian appliances
will not have trouble with anything between 110 and 120 volts. Most
Canadian appliances will not have trouble dealing with voltages
between 100 volts and 130 volts. There are a few appliances (such
as some electric razors, some hair dryers, some irons, and a few
computers) that can deal with (or have a switch that allows them to
deal with) 220 and/or 240 volts without trouble. If your not sure
how wide a range your appliance can handle, check with the
manufacturer. 

Keep in mind that SOME countries have different voltages in
different parts of the country (in some cities you can find
different voltages in different parts of the same city!). So do
double check what voltage you are dealing with each time you change
location. An example of this is Italy, northern Italy (like most of
Europe) is 220 volts, southern Italy is 110 to 127 volts, with the
dividing line running through Rome.

If you plug an appliance into a voltage source it was not designed
for the appliance either will not work, or (more likely) be damaged
or destroyed.

Now, if someone really does want to take an appliance abroad that
was not designed to deal with 240 volts then they may still be in
luck. Many stores sell transformers that will transform 240 volts
into 120 volts (and 220 volts into 110 volts (in other words the
transformers drop the voltage in half)). These transformers are
available in two versions, one is for small appliances of up to 50
watts (radios, razors, etc.), the other (using a different internal
design) is for appliances of up to 1500 watts (hairdryers,
hotplates, etc.). Both types of transformer are under $30 each and
are small enough to be easily packed.

Frequency:

In Canada the power coming out of an electrical outlets goes in one
direction, then it stops, goes in the other direction, stops and
then repeats the cycle over and over again. This flipping goes on
60 times per second and is called known as 60 Hertz (Hz) power. In
much of the world the standard is 50 Hz power.

Many electric motors use this 60 times a second switch to control
their speed. For many appliances going to 50 Hz not a real problem
(who cares if the motor in their hair dryer or razor is a bit
slower, it will still do the job). Problems do occur with
appliances such as clocks and tape recorders (where running at 5/6
normal speed will make the equipment effectively useless!). SOME
electronic equipment (such as some digital clocks, and some
computers) use the 60 times a second change to govern internal
operations, and will not run or work properly at 50 Hz. As well,
electrical transformers will run somewhat hotter at 50 Hz than at
60 Hz, there are horror stories of people setting up poorly
designed 60 Hz electronic equipment in hot 50 Hz climates and then
finding the transformers melting out of the equipment. To be sure
the equipment will work in a 50 Hz area, check to see if the unit
says something like "50 Hz - 60 Hz", or check with the
manufacturer.

As with voltage you will find a few counties were the frequency
varies depending on where you are in the country. For example
northern Japan (north of Mt. Fuji) is 50 Hz, southern Japan (south
of Mt. Fuji) is 60 Hz.

Unlike voltage there are no simple/cheap ways of getting around
differences in frequency. If you MUST use a 60 Hz only appliance in
a 50 Hz country you have three options, none are pleasant. The
first option is to replace the part(s) that are causing the
problem(s) (motors, transformers, and/or electronic parts), this
requires someone knowledgeable about the appliance, and suitable
parts must be available. Another option is to get a device that
converts 50 Hz power to 60 Hz power, the only commercial units that
do this are large, heavy, and expensive. The third approach is to
generate the power you need from scratch with a portable generator,
an expensive, messy but workable option. In other words, as a rule
it would be cheaper to get a new appliance (or appliances) rather
than attempting to get around frequency problems.

A final note from the strange file is that in some parts of rural
Australia (and in a few other corners of the world) they use direct
current (D.C.) instead of the alternating current used everywhere
else in the world. Direct current is poison as far as almost all
electrical appliances in current use around the world. Almost any
equipment with a motor, and any equipment with a transformer will
either just not work, or be destroyed by being attached to a direct
current power source. The only "typical" equipment that can be
attached to D.C. power without trouble are things like heaters
(that do not have fans), and electric non-florescent lights. The
small number (and it is a very small number) of electrical products
that can run on D.C. power will have a sign on the item that reads
something like "D.C. - A.C.".

Video Standards:

All the world's colour TV standards use the same concept, transmit
the black & white picture and on a separate signal send the
information to colour that black & white picture. The black & white
picture is described with a letter (B, D, G, H, K, L, M, N, and V),
the standard for Canada is the M system. There are three different
systems for adding colour to a TV picture (NTSC, PAL, and SECAM),
the standard in use in Canada is NTSC. In other words if you want
to send (or get) a video tape from someone using "NTSC-M" there
will not be any problem.

Things do get a bit strange around the edges. Consider for a moment
a country like Thailand, they do have TV transmitters that
broadcast using the M system, but the colour signal is encoded
using the PAL system. If you played a PAL-M tape on an NTSC-M VCR
you would get a black and white picture. However, the reverse would
not work, you could not get a useable picture from a NTSC-B video
tape on an NTSC-M VCR.

As well, yes, some counties do have different standards depending
on where you are in the country (and in some countries the
standards overlap). 

If you MUST see a video tape that was recorded in a different
standard there are four options, none of them great.

There are firms that specialize in converting video tapes from one
standard to another. These services are not cheap, but if you only
have a small number of video tapes to convert they are a lot
cheaper than doing the conversion yourself. As well, keep in mind
that these companies can only convert material that you have
copyright on, or are in the public domain (so, you can have them
convert things like your kids birthday party, or your wedding, but
not things like the latest movie). You can find a number of firms
that do conversion in the "Yellow Pages" under "Video-Production".

If you can see yourself getting a lot of video tapes from ONE
country and just need to deal with just one video standard, the
easiest way to deal with things might be just to get a TV and VCR
from that country. This does carry the potential problem of power
differences (noted above). If you can deal with power differences
this is a workable solution, but if anyone at the other end wants
to receive video tapes from you they will need a similar NTSC-M TV
and VCR combination. As well keep in mind that Canadian
distributers of foreign made products are reluctant or will refuse
to service equipment designed for other parts of the world, so if
anything goes wrong you may be faced with shipping the item out of
Canada to be repaired.

Another way to get around the standards dilemma is to get a multi-
standard TV and VCR. These machines will at the flick of a switch
go from one video standard to another. They do not convert the
signal, but they do let you play video tapes from anywhere. There
are a few shops in Canada that do handle multi-standard TVs and
VCRs, but as none of these machines are being handles by the
Canadian distributers of these brands, if anything goes wrong with
the equipment, you are dependant on the store that sold you the
machine.

The last option is the best if you need to do a lot of conversion,
get a machine that can convert between standards. The cheapest
machine that I am aware of that can do this is the Panasonic AG-W1
for about $3,500. This machine is available from Panasonic Canada,
and it can be special order through many large department stores.
With two machines like this you can convert from any standard to
any standard. Or, this machine and a standard NTSC-M VCR and you
can convert any video tape to/from NTSC-M. Best of all, since this
machine is handled via Panasonic Canada it has the full factory
warranty, and you can get the machine serviced in Canada.

Two notes for people who would like to take a TV set with them
while traveling. Some countries (the U.K. for example) require that
you pay a yearly licence fee in order to own a TV. If you don't pay
the fee you could (depending on the country) be looking at losing
the T.V., and/or a fine. So, to avoid problems while traveling,
check to see what (if any) licences are required in order to own a
TV.

Another trap for travels relates to frequency assignments. Canada
and Japan are both NTSC-M nations, so you should be able to take
you T.V. from Canada and use it in Japan right? Wrong! The
frequencies assigned to the channels are different between Canada
and Japan. Depending on how far you can adjust the fine tunning on
your T.V. (or how far you T.V.'s automatic fine tune can adjust)
you may be able to get some Japanese stations in Japan, but it is
almost certain that you will not be able to get all of them.

Radio:

Before we leave the subject of international standards all
together, there are two potential traps connected with taking
radios outside North America, traps that can affect even radios
that were just designed for running on batteries. 

The first is channel spacing. In North America AM radio stations
are separated by multiples of 10 kHz, in Europe (and most of the
rest of the world) the standard is 9 kHz. For owners of regular
dial radios, this is not a problem. For owners of AM/FM radios with
a digital display there will probably be a problem. The digital
radios are pre-set to look for radio stations at 540 kHz, then 550
kHz, then 560 kHz, etc. In Europe the sequence goes 558 kHz, 567
kHz, 576 kHz, etc.. A few digital AM/FM radios have a switch
(usually in an inconspicuous spot, like the battery compartment)
allowing you to select between North American and non-North
American channel spacing. If the digital radio does not have this
switch then you may well find yourself unable to tune into any
local radio stations when you go abroad.

The other potential trap only concerns shortwave radio owners
travelling to Germany. German radio regulations forbid anyone from
owning a shortwave radio that can tune in above 26.1 MHz. This is
a possible problem because some of the top line shortwave radios
that we carry (at selected stores) can tune in between 26.1 MHz and
30 MHz. Apparently German customs officials almost never hassle
tourists with portable shortwave radios, but be warned that there
is a potential problem here.

Table Guide:

A quick guide to how the Video/Power chart is set up. When I could
not locate information on a particular country, I left the spot
blank.

Nation: Unfortunately a possible bone of contention, given that
some nations are in land disputes, and have internal disputes of
various types. If you have any questions about the names that I
have used, please contact me via the feedback form at the end of
this book, and if there is a consciences for change here, I will
update future versions of this list.

Voltage/Frequency: As noted earlier, the voltage and frequency in
a number of countries varies depending on where you are.

Plug: My information for this section came from The A.R.R.L.
Operating Manual, editor: Steve Ford WB8IMY. The plugs listed are:

A-                  Canadian/U.S.A. 2 blade plug. Two thin flat parallel blades.
B-                  Canadian/U.S.A. 3 blade plug. Two thin flat parallel blades,
                    with a thick round grounding pin.
C-                  Standard in most of Europe. Two thick round pins.
D-                  Similar to the European standard, but with three thick round
                    pins.
E-                  Similar to the European standard, but with a grounding pin
                    sticking out from the outlet.
F-                  Similar to the European standard but with grounding contacts
                    on the edge of the outlet.
G-                  Standard in the U.K.. Three thick rectangular pins
H-                  Australia/New Zealand 2 blade plug. Two thin flat blades
                    mounted at a 45 degree angle.
I-                  Australia/New Zealand 3 blade plug. Two thin flat blades
                    mounted at a 45 degree angle with the third pin mounted below
                    the widest part of the two pins.
J-                  The reverse of "I". Two flat blades mounted at a 45 degree
                    angle with the third pin mounted below the narrowest point of
                    the two pins.

Video: My source for this column came from World Radio TV Handbook,
1992 Edition, editor: Andrew G. Sennitt. This book lists what
type(s) of TV transmitters are set up in a given country. The book
does not list what sort(s) of VCRs are in use in a given country.
This could be a problem in border areas, if the person you are
sending videos to is watching TV from the other side of the border.
As well, you will see some countries do not have any TV
transmitters (best guess here would be to see what the neighbouring
country(s) use).

References:

World Radio TV Handbook, 1992 Edition, editor: Andrew G. Sennitt,
1992, Billboard Publications, New York, NY.

The A.R.R.L. Operating Manual, Fourth Edition, editor: Steve Ford
WB8IMY, 1991, The American Radio Relay League, Inc.,Newington, CT.,
ISBN: 0-87259-032-1

Pan Am's World Guide, Editor: Maureen A. Hickey, 1982, McGraw Hill,
New York, NY, ISBN: 0-07-048433-3                                                                                                                    International Standards List:

Nation:                                                                         Voltage/Frequency:                                                              Plug:                                   Video:
Afghanistan                                                                     220v/50Hz                                                                       D                                       PAL/SECAM-B
Albania                                                                                                                                                                             PAL-B&G
Algeria                                                                         220v/50 Hz (110-115v)                                       C & D                                   PAL-B
Andorra                                                                         125v/50 Hz                                                                                          
Angola                                                                          220v/50Hz                                                                       C                                       PAL-I
Antigua & Barbuda                                                                                   220v/60Hz (120v/60Hz)                                                                               NTSC-M
Argentina                                                                                           220v/60Hz                                                                       C & G                                   PAL-N
Aruba                                                                           110-130v/50Hz (60Hz)                                                                                NTSC-M
Australia                                                                                           240v/50Hz (DC)                                              I                                       PAL-B
Austria                                                                         220v/50Hz                                                                       F                                       PAL-B&G
Azores (Portugal)                                                                                   220v/50Hz                                                                       C & D                                   PAL-B
Bahamas                                                                         120v/60Hz                                                                       A & B                                   NTSC-M
Bahrain                                                                         230v/50Hz                                                                       D & G                                   
Balearic Islands (Spain)                                                        110-120v/50Hz                                                                                       
Bangladesh                                                                      220v/50Hz                                                                       C & D                                   PAL-B
Barbados                                                                                            110v/50Hz                                                                       A & B                                   NTSC-M
Belgium                                                                         220v/50Hz (130v)                                            C & E                                   PAL-B&H
Belize                                                                          110v/60Hz                                                                       A & B                                   NTSC-M
Benin                                                                           220v/50Hz                                                                       D                                       SECAM-K
Bermuda                                                                         115v/60Hz                                                                       A, B, G, & I                            NTSC-M
Bhutan                                                                                                                                                                              
Bolivia                                                                         220v/50Hz (110v)                                            A, B, C, & F                            NTSC-M&N
Botswana                                                                                            220v/50Hz                                                                       D & G                                   SECAM-K
Brazil                                                                          110v/60Hz (220-127v)                                        A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J                                         PAL-M
Brunei Darussalam                                                                                   110,127,220v/50,60Hz                                                                                PAL-B
Bulgaria                                                                                            220v/50Hz                                                                       C & F                                   SECAM-D&K
Burkina Faso                                                                    220v/50Hz                                                                       C                                       SECAM-K
Burma - See: Myanmar                                                                                                                                                                
Burundi                                                                         220v/50Hz                                                                       C, E, & F                                                   SECAM-K
Cambodia (ex: Kampuchea)                                                        120,208,220v/50Hz                                                                                                       SECAM-M
Cameroon                                                                                            110-220v/50Hz                                               C & E                                   PAL-B
Canada                                                                          115v/60Hz                                                                       A & B                                   NTSC-M
Canary Islands (Spain)                                                          125v/50Hz (220v)                                            C & E                                   PAL-B&G
Cape Verde                                                                      220v/50Hz                                                                       C & F                                   
Central African Republic                                                        220v/50Hz                                                                       C                                       
Chad                                                                            220v/50Hz                                                                       D, E, & F                                                   SECAM-D
Channel Islands (U.K.)                                                          240v/50Hz                                                                       C & G                                   
Chile                                                                           220v/50Hz                                                                       C                                       NTSC-M
China, People's Republic of                                                                         220v/50Hz                                                                       C & J                                   PAL-D
Chistmas Island (Austrailia)                                                                        220v/50Hz                                                                                                               
Cocos Islands (Austrailia)                                                                                                                                                                              
Colombia                                                                                            110v/60Hz (150v)                                            A & C                                   NTSC-M
Comoros                                                                         220v/50Hz                                                                                                               
Comm. of Independent States (ex USSR)                                                               220v/50Hz (127v)                                            C & I                                   SECAM-D&K
Congo                                                                           220v/50Hz                                                                       C                                       SECAM-D
Cook Islands                                                                    220v/50Hz                                                                                                               PAL-B
Costa Rica                                                                      110v/60Hz                                                                       A,D,I, & J                              NTSC-M
Cuba                                                                            110v/60Hz                                                                                                               NTSC-M
Cyprus                                                                          240v/50Hz                                                                       G                                       SECAM-B&GNation:                                                                         Voltage:                                                                        Plug:                                   Video:
Czechoslovakia                                                                  220v/50Hz                                                                       E                                       SECAM-D&K
Denmark                                                                         220v/50Hz                                                                       C                                       PAL-B
Diego Garcia (U.K.)                                                                                 110v/60Hz                                                                                                               NTSC-M
Djibouti                                                                                            220v/50Hz                                                                       C & E                                   SECAM-V
Dominca, Commonwealth of                                                        220-240v/50Hz                                               G                                       NTSC-M
Dominican Republic                                                                                  110v/60Hz                                                                       A & J                                   NTSC-M
Easter Island (Chile)                                                                                                                                                               
Ecuador                                                                         110v/60Hz                                                                       A & C                                   NTSC-M
Egypt                                                                           220v/50Hz (110-120v)                                        C                                       SECAM-B
El Salvadore                                                                    110v/50Hz                                                                       A,B,G,I, & J                            NTSC-M
Equatorial Guinea                                                                                   220v/50Hz                                                                       C                                       SECAM-B
Estonia                                                                                                                                                                             SECAM-D&K
Ethiopia                                                                                            220v/60Hz                                                                       C, D, & F                                                   PAL-B
Falkland Islands (U.K.)                                                                                                                                                             PAL-I
Faroe Islands (Denmark)                                                         220v/50Hz                                                                       C                                       PAL-B&G
Fiji                                                                            240v/50Hz                                                                       I                                       NTSC-M
Finland                                                                         220v/60Hz                                                                       C & F                                   PAL-B&G
France                                                                          220v/50Hz                                                                       C                                       SECAM-L
Gabon                                                                           220v/50Hz                                                                       C & E                                   SECAM-K
Galapagos Islands (Ecuador)                                                                                                                                                                             NTSC-M
Gambia                                                                          230v/50Hz                                                                       G                                       
Germany                                                                         220v/50Hz                                                                       F & C                                   PAL-B/SECAM-G
Ghana                                                                           240v/50Hz                                                                       C, D, & G                                                   PAL-B
Gibraltar (U.K.)                                                                240-250v/50Hz                                               C & G                                   PAL-B&G
Gilbert Is. - See: Kiribati                                                                                                                                                                             
Greece                                                                          220v/50Hz                                                                       C, D, & F                                                   SECAM-B&G
Greenland (Denmark)                                                                                 220v/50Hz (110v/50Hz)                                       C                                       PAL-B (NTSC-M)
Grenada                                                                         230v/50Hz                                                                       C, D, & G                                                   NTSC-M
Guadeloupe                                                                      220v/50Hz                                                                       C, D, & E                                                   SECAM-K
Guam (U.S.A.)                                                                   120v/60Hz                                                                       A & B                                   NTSC-M
Guatemala                                                                                           110v/60Hz                                                                       A & I                                   NTSC-M
Guiana (France)                                                                 220v/50Hz (110v)                                                                                    SECAM-K
Guinea                                                                          220v/50Hz                                                                       C & E                                   PAL-K
Guinea-Bissau                                                                   220v/50Hz                                                                       C, D, & F                                                   
Guyana                                                                          110v/60Hz                                                                       A, B, C, D, & G                         NTSC-M
Hati                                                                            110v/50Hz                                                                       A, B, I, & J                            NTSC-M
Honduras                                                                                            110v/60Hz (220v)                                            A & B                                   NTSC-M
Hong Kong (U.K.)                                                                200v-220v/50Hz                                              D                                       PAL-I
Hungary                                                                         220v/50Hz                                                                       C                                       SECAM-D&K
Iceland                                                                         220v/50Hz                                                                       C & F                                   PAL-B&G
India                                                                           220v/50Hz                                                                       C & D                                   PAL-B
Indonesia                                                                                           220v/50Hz                                                                       C, E, & F                                                   PAL-B
Iran                                                                            220v/50Hz                                                                                                               SECAM-B
Iraq                                                                            220v/50Hz                                                                       C, D, & G                                                   SECAM-B
Ireland                                                                         220v/50Hz                                                                       F & G                                   PAL-I
Isle of Man (U.K.)                                                                                  240v/50Hz                                                                       C & G                                   
Israel                                                                          220v/50Hz                                                                       C, D, & J                                                   PAL-B&G
Italy                                                                           220v/50Hz (110-127v)                                        C & F                                   PAL-B&G
Ivory Coast                                                                     220v/50Hz                                                                       C                                       SECAM-K
Jamaica                                                                         110v/50Hz                                                                       A & B                                   NTSC-M
Japan                                                                           100v/50Hz (60Hz)                                            A                                       NTSC-MNation:                                                                         Voltage:                                                                        Plug:                                   Video:
Jordan                                                                          220v/50Hz                                                                       C, F, & G                                                   PAL-B&G
Kampuchea - See: Cambodia                                                                                                                                                                               
Kenya                                                                           220v/50Hz                                                                       D & G                                   PAL-B
Kiribati (ex: Gilbert Is.)                                                                          240v/50Hz                                                                                                               
Korea, North                                                                                                                                                                        PAL-D&K
Korea, South                                                                    110v/60Hz                                                                       A & F                                   NTSC-M
Kuwait                                                                          240v/50Hz                                                                       C, D, & G                                                   PAL-B&G
Laos                                                                            127v/50Hz                                                                       A & C                                   PAL-M
Latvia                                                                                                                                                                              SECAM-D&K
Lebanon                                                                         190v/50Hz (110v)                                            C                                       SECAM-B&G
Lesotho                                                                         240v/50Hz                                                                       C                                       PAL-I
Liberia                                                                         120v/60Hz                                                                       A & G                                   PAL-B
Libya                                                                           127-130v/50Hz                                               D                                       PAL-B
Licechtenstein                                                                  220v/50Hz                                                                                                               
Lithuania                                                                                                                                                                                               SECAM-D&K
Lord Howe Island (Austrailia)                                                                       240v/?Hz                                                                                                                
Luxembourg                                                                      220v/50Hz (110v)                                            C & F                                   PAL/SECAM-B,L&G
Macau (Portugal)                                                                110v/50Hz                                                                       C & D                                   PAL-I
Madagascar                                                                      127v/50Hz (220v)                                            C & E                                   SECAM-K
Madeira (Portugal)                                                                                  220v/50Hz                                                                       C & D                                   SECAM-K
Malawi                                                                          230v/50Hz                                                                       G                                       
Malaysia                                                                                            220v/50Hz                                                                       G                                       PAL-B
Maldives                                                                                            230v/50Hz                                                                       D                                       PAL-B
Mali                                                                            220v/50Hz                                                                       C & E                                   SECAM-K
Malta                                                                           240v/50Hz                                                                       G                                       PAL-B
Marshall Islands                                                                110v/60Hz                                                                                                               
Martinique                                                                      240v/50Hz                                                                       C, D, & E                                                   PAL-B
Mauritania                                                                      200v/50Hz                                                                       C                                       SECAM-B
Mauritius                                                                                           240v/50Hz                                                                                                               SECAM-B
Mayotte (France)                                                                ?v/50Hz                                                                                             SECAM-B
Mexico                                                                          127v/60Hz                                                                       A                                       SECAM-K
Micronesia                                                                      110v/60Hz                                                                                                               NTSC-M
Monaco                                                                          220v/60Hz                                                                       C, D, E, & F                            NTSC-M
Mongolia                                                                                            220v/50Hz                                                                                                               SECAM&PAL-L&G
Monserrat                                                                                           220-230v/60Hz                                               A, B & G                                                    SECAM-D
Morocco                                                                         110-120v/60Hz                                               C, D, E, & F                            NTSC-M
Mozambique                                                                      110-120v/50Hz                                               C & F                                   SECAM-B
Myanmar (ex: Burma)                                                                                 230v/50Hz                                                                       D & G                                   PAL-B
Namibia                                                                         220v/50Hz                                                                       D                                       PAL-I
Nauru                                                                           220v/50Hz                                                                                                               PAL-I
Nepal                                                                           220v/50Hz                                                                       D                                       
Netherlands                                                                     220v/50Hz                                                                       C & F                                   PAL-B
Netherlands Antilles                                                            127,220v/50,60Hz                                            A, B, C, D, & F                         NTSC-M
New Caledonia (France)                                                          220v/50Hz                                                                                                               SECAM-K
New Hebrides - See: Vanuatu                                                                                                                                                                             
New Zealand                                                                     230v/50Hz                                                                       I                                       PAL-B
Nicaragua                                                                                           230v/50Hz                                                                       A                                       NTSC-M
Niger                                                                           220v/50Hz                                                                       C                                       SECAM-K
Nigeria                                                                         220v/50Hz                                                                       D & G                                   PAL-B&G
Niue Island (N.Z. Dependency)                                                                       220v/50Hz                                                                                                               
Norway                                                                          220v/50Hz                                                                       C & F                                   PAL-B&GNation:                                                                         Voltage:                                                    Plug:                                   Video:
Oman                                                                            220v/50Hz                                                                       D & G                                   PAL-B&G
Pakistan                                                                                            220-240v/50Hz                                               C & D                                   PAL-B
Palau                                                                           220v/60Hz                                                                                                               NTSC-M
Panama                                                                          110v/60Hz                                                                       A & B                                   NTSC-M
Papua New Guina                                                                 240v/50Hz                                                                       H & I                                   PAL-B&G
Paraguay                                                                                            220v/50Hz                                                                       C                                       PAL-N
Peru                                                                            220v/60Hz                                                                       A                                       NTSC-M
Philippines                                                                     220v/60Hz                                                                       A,B,C,D, & J                            NTSC-M
Poland                                                                          220v/50Hz                                                                       C, E, & F                                                   SECAM-D&K
Polynesia (France)                                                                                  220v/50Hz                                                                                                               SECAM-K
Portugal                                                                                            210-220v/50Hz (110v)                                        C & D                                   PAL-B&G
Puerto Rico (U.S.A.)                                                            115v/60Hz                                                                       A & B                                   NTSC-M
Qatar                                                                           240v/50Hz                                                                       D & G                                   PAL-B
Reunion                                                                         220v/50Hz                                                                                                               SECAM-K
Romania                                                                         220v/50Hz                                                                       C & F                                   PAL-D&K
Rwanda                                                                          220v/50Hz                                                                       D & G                                   
Saint Kitts-Nevis                                                                                   230v/60Hz                                                                       D & G                                   NTSC-M
Saint Lucia                                                                     230v/50Hz                                                                       G                                       NTSC-M
Saint Vincent & the Grenadines                                                  230v/50Hz                                                                       G                                       NTSC-M
Samoa, Americam                                                                 120v/60Hz (230v)                                            A, B, F, & I                            NTSC-M
San Marino                                                                                                                                                                          
San Tome and Principe                                                           220v/50Hz                                                                                                               
Saudi Arabia                                                                    127-220v/60Hz (50Hz)                                        A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J                                         SECAM&PAL-B&G
Senegal                                                                         220v/50Hz (110v)                                            C & F                                   SECAM-K
Seychelles                                                                      240v/50Hz                                                                       D & G                                   PAL-B
Sierra Leone                                                                    230v/50Hz                                                                       D & G                                   PAL-B
Singapore                                                                                           230v/50Hz                                                                       D & G                                   PAL-B
Solomon Islands                                                                 240v/50Hz                                                                                                               
Somalia                                                                         230v/50Hz                                                                       C & D                                   PAL-B
South Africa                                                                    220-230v/50Hz (250v)                                        D                                       PAL-I
Spain                                                                           110-120v/50Hz (220v)                                        C & E                                   PAL-B&G
Sri Lanka                                                                                           230-240v/50Hz                                               D                                       PAL-B
St. Pierre & Miquelon (France)                                                  220v/50Hz                                                                                                               SECAM-K
Sudan                                                                           240v/50Hz                                                                       C, F, & G                                                   PAL-B
Suriname                                                                                            110-220v/50Hz                                               C & F                                   PAL-B
Swaziland                                                                       110-115v/60Hz                                               D                                       NTSC-M
Sweden                                                                          220v/50Hz                                                                       C & F                                   PAL-B&G
Switzerland                                                                     220v/50Hz                                                                       C & F                                   PAL-B&G
Syria                                                                           200v/50Hz (115v)                                            C                                       PAL-B&G
Tahiti                                                                          127v/60Hz                                                                       A                                       SECAM-B & PAL-G
Taiwan                                                                          110v/60Hz                                                                       A,B,H,I, & J                            NTSC-M
Tanzania                                                                                            240v/50Hz (60Hz)                                            D & G                                   PAL-B
Thailand                                                                                            220v/50Hz                                                                       A & C                                   PAL-B&M
Togo                                                                            204v/50Hz                                                                       C & E                                   SECAM-K
Tonga                                                                           240v/50Hz                                                                       C & E                                   
Trinidad and Tobago                                                                                 110v/60Hz                                                                       A, B, D, G, & I                         NTSC-M
Tunisia                                                                         220v/50Hz (110-115v)                                        C                                       SECAM-B&G
Turky                                                                           220v/50Hz (110v)                                            C                                       PAL-B
Tuvalu                                                                                                                                                                              
U.S.S.R. (see Commonwealth of...)                                                                                                                                                   
Uganda                                                                          240v/50Hz                                                                       G                                       PAL-BNation:                                                                         Voltage:                                                                        Plug:                                   Video:
United Arab Emirates                                                            220v/50Hz                                                                       D & G                                   PAL-B&G
United Kingdom                                                                  220v/50Hz                                                                       C & G                                   PAL-I
United States of America                                                        115v/60Hz                                                                       A & B                                   NTSC-M
Uraguay                                                                         220v/50Hz                                                                       C & I                                   PAL-N
Vanuatu (ex: New Hebrides)                                                                          220-240v/? Hz                                                                                       
Vatican City                                                                                                                                                                        
Venezuela                                                                                           110v/60Hz                                                                       I & J                                   NTSC-M
Vietnam                                                                                                                                                                             NTSC/SECAM-M
Virgin Islands (U.K.)                                                           115-210v/60Hz                                                                                       NTSC-M
Virgin Islands (U.S.A.)                                                         120v/60Hz                                                                       A & B                                   NTSC-M
Wake Island (U.S.A.)                                                            110v/60Hz                                                                                                               
Western Somoa                                                                   240v/50Hz                                                                                                               
Yeman                                                                           230v/50Hz                                                                       A, C, & D                                                   NTSC/PAL-B
Yugoslavia                                                                      220v/50Hz                                                                       C & F                                   PAL-B&H
Zaire                                                                           220v/50Hz                                                                       E                                       SECAM-K
Zambia                                                                          220v/50Hz                                                                       G                                       PAL-B
Zimbabwe                                                                                            230v/50Hz                                                                       D & G                                   PAL-B
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