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+&G&n9&9ptH9&9vt= PP9&6&6` %P9&6&6Z T 
%P|	T:& P 	FVpP 	FV+FF{{<vv~ uZ6`#6^#%P~V P~V"P~VJ]	are requirements for USENET News under
 Linux.  The only requirement of any type is sufficient disk space
 to hold the software itself, the threads database(s), and the
 amount of news you wish to keep on the system.  Figure on a minimum
 of 10 MB of disk space for starters.


2.0 Getting USENET News software 

 All the software referenced in this 'HOWTO' is available on the usual
 Internet anonymous ftp sites.  

 Looking in /news on ftp.uu.net is usually a good way to start.

 The newspak-2.0.tar.z distribution contains config files and readme
 files related to building uucp, news, and mail software under Linux
 from the various freely-available sources.  It can usually be found 
 on sunsite.unc.edu in the directory /pub/Linux/system/Mail.


3.0 News Transport Software

 There are two main sets of news 'transport' software for *nix these
 days, Cnews and INN.  The old 'Bnews' has been declared officially
 dead and unsupported by its authors.

 News 'transport' is defined here to be the software that works behind
 the scenes to post and propagate the news articles as well as making
 the articles available for the newsreaders to access.

 You can set your paths to anything you like, as long as UUCP has the
 absolute path to rnews in the Permissions file and as long as you
 have your newsreaders configured so that they can find 'inews' and
 'mail'.

 Important - you're asking for trouble if you try to intermix Cnews
 and INN.  Pick one or the other.  It's ok to add the NNTP 'Rhnical Maintaining network news. (Moderated)
 news.software.b  Discussion about B-news-compatible software.
 news.software.nn Discussion about the "nn" news reader package.
 news.software.nntp The Network News Transfer Protocol.
 news.software.readers Software used to read network news.
 news.sysadmin  Comments directed to system administrators.
 news.announce.newusers Explanatory postings for new users. (Moderated)
 news.newusers.questions Q & A for users new to the Usenet.

 Books:
 ======

 The following is a non-inclusive set of books that will help...

 'Managing UUCP and USENET' published by O'Reilly+Associates is in
 my opinion the best book out there for figuring out the programs
 and protocols involved in being a USENET site.

 'Unix Communications' published by The Waite Group contains a nice
 description of all the pieces (and more) and how they fit together.

 'Practical Unix Security' published by O'Reilly+Associates has a
 nice discussion of how to secure UUCP in general.

    'The Internet Complete Reference' from Osborne is a fine reference book
    that explains the various services available on Internet and is a great
    "one-stop-shopping" source for information on news, mail, and various
    other Internet resources.

 
0.6 Where *NOT* to look for help

 There is nothing 'special' about configuring and running USENET
 news under Linux (any more).  Accordingly, you almost certainly do
 *NOT* want to be posting generic news-related questions to the
 comp.os.linux.* newsgroups.

 Unless your posting is truly Linux-specific (ie, "please tell me
 what patches are needed to run INN with the bash1.12 in SLS v1.03)
 you should be asking your questions in the newsgroups mentioned above.

 Let me repeat that.

 There is virtually no reason to post anything news-related in the
 comp.os.linux hierarchy any more.  There are existing newsgroups in
 the news.* hierarchy to handle *ALL* your questions.


1.0 Hardware Requirements

 There are no specific hardwy Asked Questions about USENET (in c.o.l.* anyway...)

6.1 Why can't I post to moderated groups ?

 Probably because the newsreader is trying to call /bin/mail to send
 the mail and it doesn't like it.  Replace the /bin/mail in SLS with
 the port of mailx-5.3b.tar.z from the pub/Linux/system/Mail dir on
 sunsite.unc.edu and make it mode 2755 and group mail (like 'elm')
 and you'll be all set.

 Another possibility is that you have a moderated newsgroup set up
 on your local system as not-moderated and somebody upstream is
 quietly deleting the article (some system's software, not a
 person).  Make sure you run a 'checkgroups' every now and then when
 the checkgroups article rolls by in news.admin every few weeks.


6.2 Why do I have problems that appear to be permission-related ?

 Because until very recently, SLS didn't have a 'news' username or
 group in the default passwd/group files.

 All the stuff in /usr/local/lib/news should be news.news except
 /usr/local/lib/news/setnewsids which should be setuid root.

 You can use whatever UID and GID you want for 'news'.


6.3 Why can I post articles locally, but they don't get fed downstream ?

 Probably because you didn't call newsrun from cron.  Maybe because
 you edited your sys file and messed it up.  There are examples of
 each in the SLS /usr/local/lib/news directory.  Maybe because you
 don't have a /usr/spool/news/out.going tree or something.

 Do not create newsgroups or feeds by editing the active or sys
 files.  Use the utilities in /usr/local/lib/news/bin/maint to do
 it.


6.4 Why doesn't SLS have the 'Performance Release' of C-news?

 Because it's optional.  Because it has problems under Linux in some
 places.  Because the one in SLS is more stable and plenty fast
 enough on any type of reasonable system (IMHO). If you need any
 more convincing, here's a few excerpts from the C-news README.new
 file:

  "This is the 20 Feb 1993 Performance Release of C News, a
  minor update to the 2 May 1992 P.R. that just fixes some
  installation problems and a couple of annoying bugs"...

  "This release is more or less a halfway step to what we've
  been calling the "cleanup release"...

  "People who are happy with the older C News might want to
  wait for the cleanup release, which is still coming
  although behind schedule"...

 Mainly because at the time SLS1.01 came out, the compilers and libs
 didn't like the Performance Release too much.


6.5 Why doesn't SLS have nntp ?

 Because it's supposed to be plug-n-play under Linux and because I
 didn't want to make SLS's news stuff doubly big by having to
 maintain both nntp and non-nntp versions of the newsreaders and
 news transport programs.  Also because it compiles in localized
 information that is not overridable at runtime via a config file.


6.6 Why does doexpire (or relaynews or...) say "severe space shortage" when
 there's lots of room ?

 Because it can't read /etc/mtab.  Make it mode 644.  This happens
 when you unmount a mounted filesystem by root with a umask that
 doesn't permit world-read of files owned by root.


6.7 Why does everything look normal, but posting doesn't happen ?

 Older versions of Linux had a 'broken' sed that C-news was prone
 to blow up.  In particular, if you've installed over an old SLS,
 be sure to check /bin and /usr/bin to be certain you have only
 one copy of sed and that it's a modern one.


6.8  Can I hook the new news overview (NOV) stuff into trn/tin/nn to replace
 the various independent thread databases ?

 Yes.  trn3.3 supports it now.  The next version of tin will.
 
 You can hook it into the Performance Release of Cnews and various
 other readers as well...

    The beta copy of nn6.5 I have here has NOV support and it works just
    dandy under Linux.  I run it here and have nn running without having to
 run nnmaster (!).  Look on uniwa.uwa.edu for a copy of it.


6.9  Why can't we have a binary distribution of NNTP ?

 Because significant local-only information is compiled-in and 
 cannot be determined auto-magically at runtime.


6.10  How do I set up NNTP to allow read/post across the network while *not*
 storing any news articles or databases locally.

 [... mdw@sunsite.unc.edu (Matt Welsh) ...]

 1) Grab the 'reference implementation' of nntp and a copy or rn
  from your local archive site.  If you connect to ftp.uu.net
  you'd grab:

  nntp.1.5.11.tar.Z from ftp.uu.net:/news/nntp
  rn-4.4.pl3.tar.Z from ftp.uu.net:/news/rn

 2) compile nntp as follows:

  copy common/conf.h.dist to common/conf.h. 
  Edit common/conf.h to set certain options: 
  The only ones I set were: 

  DOMAIN: undefine it (i.e. change the line to #undef DOMAIN).
  REALDOMAIN: Define this. It looks up the domain using 
    the libraries. 

  SERVER_FILE: Set this to the name of the file which will
   contain the hostname of the news server (i.e. the
   machine you'll read and post news through). I use
   "/usr/local/lib/news/server".

  PASSFILE: If your news server requires authorization (i.e.
   some kind of username/password) to post, set this to
   the name of the file which contains the username and
   password (described below).  I use
   "/usr/local/lib/news/nntppass".

 I decided to keep all of the other news stuff in /usr/local/lib/news.
 So I set all of the rest of the pathnames in the file (i.e.
 ACTIVE_FILE, NEWSGROUPS_FILE, etc.) to use /usr/local/lib/news.  Many
 of these files are only used by the NNTP server, not the client, but
 to be safe I changed them all to point to the right directory. You can
 of course use the default pathnames; just make sure you create the
 directory accordingly.

 3) Create the user "usenet" if you haven't already. The inews program
 runs as this user. All you need is a userid; you don't need a home
 directory or shell or anything for the user. Just plop the following
 line into your /etc/passwd:

    usenet:*:13:1::/:

 Make sure you set the userid ("13", above) to something unique. The
 group can be anything; I use "daemon" (gid 1).

 4) Create the SERVER_FILE, above. For example, my news server is
 "wonton.tc.cornell.edu", so I created the file
 /usr/local/lib/news/server which contained one line:
   wonton.tc.cornell.edu

 5) Create the PASSFILE. This file contains lines of the form
  <server name> <username> <password>

 Let's say that your news server (the one in SERVER_FILE, above) is
 "shoop.vpizza.com", and to post on that machine you need to be
 authorized as the user "news" with a password of "floof". Thus, in the
 PASSFILE (I use /usr/local/lib/news/nntppass), you need the line
  shoop.vpizza.com news floof

 6) Make this file secure! The inews program runs as the user "usenet",
 so make this news directory owned by that user and the nntppass file
 as well.

 chown usenet /usr/local/lib/news 
 chmod 755 /usr/local/lib/news 
 chown usenet /usr/local/lib/news/nntppass 
 chmod 600 /usr/local/lib/news/nntppass 

 So nobody else can read this file. No, the passwords in it are not
 encrypted.

 7) Go back to the nntp.1.5.11 source directory; issue "make client".
 At this point you'll build the NNTP version of inews, which is the
 only software used by the NNTP client.

 When I built inews, there was a bug in the library which caused the
 function uname() in uname.c to call itself eternally. This should be
 gone now; however, if inews seems to hang and your system starts
 slowing down *a lot* you should rename the function "uname()" in
 uname.c to something like "my_uname()", and change the calls to it (in
 inews.c) to call my_uname() instead. Mail me if you run into this
 problem. 
  [...VDS note - this means mail to Matt...not me :-) ...]

 8) Issue "make install_client". This will install the inews stuff.
 Also make the link /usr/local/lib/news/inews -> /usr/local/bin/inews

 Now you should be able to happily post (by hand). Try something like
 the following:

  $ inews -h << EOF
  Newsgroups: misc.test
  From: me@foo.bar.com
  Subject: Testing
  Reply-To: my-real-address@wherever.edu

  This is a test.
  EOF

 If this works, inews should post the article. You'll know because
 test-responders on misc.test will reply to the address on the Reply-To
 line, above. Please don't do test postings on real groups, like c.o.l.
 :)


6.11 How do I build 'rrn' as a nntp-based newsreader/poster ?

 [... mdw@sunsite.unc.edu (Matt Welsh) ...]

 1. cd to the rn source directory and do "./Configure". For almost all
 the questions, take the defaults (it's very smart).  Make sure you
 have a link to "cpp" (usually in /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-linux/2.3.3) in
 /lib, so rn can find it.

 - Don't panic if it says you're on a NeXT or a USG system. Just go
 with the flow...

 - Answer "y" to "Do you expect to run these scripts and binaries on
 multiple machines?"

 - For your domain name: if your system is, say, "foo.bar.com", answer
 with just "bar.com" (the domain, not the entire hostname).

 - Answer "usenet" for the name of the user which is the news admin.

 - For "Where is your news library?" use the directory where the above
 NNTP files are kept: I use /usr/local/lib/news.

 - Man page source is in /usr/man/man1.

 - Answer "y" to "Does your /etc/passwd file keep full names in
 Berkeley/V7 format?"

 - Answer "gcc" to the name of the compiler which forces resolution.

 - Answer "y" to "Do you want to build the NNTP version of rn (rrn)?"

 - For the name of the news server file: use the same name you used
 when building inews, above (for me, /usr/local/lib/news/server).

 Don't run makedepend yet! Go to the next step:

 2) Edit config.h. Change the "#define ROOTID ..." line to
  #define ROOTID 0
 if it isn't already. 

 3) In rrn-4.4.pl3, there is a small bug with SIGEMT: it doesn't exist
 on Linux. rn used SIGEMT to check if a process is still running;
 however, under POSIX.1 we can instead just send the process a 
 signal 0.

 Edit init.c. On line 243, note the following:
  if (kill(processnum, SIGEMT)) {
 Change this to
  if (kill(processnum, 0)) {

 You may wish to #ifdef it out instead; it's up to you. Don't just define
 SIGEMT to be zero; this will break the sigignore() call in final.c.

 4) Issue "makedepend > makedepend.out". 

 5) Issue "make". Rn should compile happily.

 6) Issue "make install". 

 You're all set. Keep in mind that rn does in fact eat a lot of memory
 (as does any newsreader), handling the newsgroups file. So when you 
 first run rn, it might be a little slow building your .newsrc and
 checking for new groups. If you're impatient, copy a .newsrc from
 somewhere else and use that.

