SPACE SHUTTLE EARTH OBSERVATIONS PROJECT DIGITAL IMAGES CONTENTS -------- Introduction.........................................................1 Logging on to the system via Internet................................1 Logging on to the system using a modem...............................1 Accessing images via the dollar sign prompt..........................2 Image file format description........................................2 Viewing Targa files with a viewer which does not support Targa.......2 Formulas for determining the image width and height..................2 Determing the file size..............................................2 Notes on using the width and height formulas.........................2 Locations of image files.............................................3 JPEG compression for digital image files.............................3 How to make a JPEG file from a Targa file............................3 Viewing JPEG image files on DOS machines.............................4 Transferring binary files with Kermit................................4 Transferring binary files with FTP...................................4 Viewing images on DOS machines.......................................4 How to make a GIF file from a Targa file on DOS machines.............5 How to make a GIF file from a Targa file on the VAX..................5 STS-45 ESC images....................................................5 STS-45 debrief and press caption images..............................9 STS-42 crew debrief images..........................................16 Images in the default directory.....................................20 STS-32 images.......................................................21 STS-56 images.......................................................24 page 1 INTRODUCTION ------------ Welcome to the Space Shuttle Earth Observation Project's digital image collection. This account makes both hand-held color images of the earth as well as black and white ESC (electronic still camera) images available to the general public via Internet or modem. All earth-looking hand-held photography is examined by cataloguers for the purpose of determining various facts about the pictures such as coordinates, country, prominent features, focal length of the camera lens, quality of exposure, percentage of cloud cover, tilt of the camera, whether photos are contiguous (stereo shots), and direction of the camera. This information is available via Internet at SSEOP.JSC.NASA.GOV or 146.154.11.34 username PHOTOS password PHOTOS or over the phone lines at (713)483-2500. LOGGING ON TO THE SYSTEM VIA INTERNET ------------------------------------- Example of how to log on via Internet: COMMANDS NOTES ----------------------------------- ---------------------------------- You: TELNET SSEOP.JSC.NASA.GOV Or TELNET 146.154.11.34 Computer: Username: You: PHOTOS Case in these responses doesn't matter Computer: Password: You: PHOTOS -------------------------------------------------------------------------- LOGGING ON TO THE SYSTEM USING A MODEM --------------------------------------- Example of how to logon via modem: COMMANDS NOTES ------------------------------- ------------------------------------- You: ATDT 483-2500 Or 1-713-483-2500 if long distance. Computer: CONNECT Hit enter a couple or so times. ENTER NUMBER You: SN_VAX Case doesn't matter. Computer: CALLING 63109 The number varies. CALL COMPLETE Hit enter twice fast, then once. # You: J31X Not echoed, case doesn't matter. Computer: Welcome to the Xyplex Terminal Server. Enter username> You: Anonymous or whatever. Computer: Xyplex> You: C SSEOP The C is for connect. Computer: Xyplex -010 Session 1 to SSEOP established Username: You: PHOTOS Case in these responses doesn't matter Computer: Password: You: PHOTOS -------------------------------------------------------------------------- page 2 Accessing Images via the Dollar Sign Prompt ------------------------------------------- There is another account set up for logging on in order to get images which are not available using the images option of the menu which you receive when logging on with username PHOTOS. This other route involves accessing the computer the same way but typing the username ANONYMOUS and the password GUEST. Access to the same image menu is available this route by typing IMAGE at the $ prompt after logging on. IMAGE FILE FORMAT DESCRIPTION ----------------------------- The images are in Targa format. Targa files consist of an 18 byte header, a variable length image data field, a 495 byte extension area, and a 26 byte footer. The image data field uses the "True-Color" format for the color images and the "Black and White Unmapped" format for the grey-scale (ESC) images; this means that for the color images each pixel gets three bytes, a red, a green, and a blue byte and each pixel's set of three bytes are contiguous. For the grey-scale images each pixel is represented by one byte. These files can be viewing using image viewing software which supports the Targa format. VIEWING TARGA FILES WITH A VIEWER WHICH DOES NOT SUPPORT TARGA FORMAT --------------------------------------------------------------------- If no program which supports Targa format is available, but one which supports raw format is available then it may be possible to view the Targa images using the raw format viewer. Raw format viewers need to know the size of the header (18 bytes) and the width and height of the image. All of the images' which are available on this system have the same width as height, so the following formulas can be used to determine the width and therefore the height also: Formulas for Determing the Image Width and Height ------------------------------------------------- For color (not ESC images): width = square root [(file size - 539) / 3] For ESC images: width = square root (file size - 539) Determining the File Size ------------------------- If using the VAX file size as listed by FTP when typing dir or as listed by VMS when typing dir/size, you will get the number of blocks allocated to the file, not the number of bytes in the file itself. To get the number of bytes in the file for use in the above formulas, multiply the number of blocks by 512. The result will be slightly more bytes than the number of data bytes in the file because VMS can't allocate partial blocks, but it will be close enough to get the image width and height. Notes on Using the Width and Height Formulas -------------------------------------------- In these formulas, if the result is not an integer then trucate it; file transfer protocols often pad extra bytes to fill their last packet. The result should be either 512 or 1024. For the color images, if the viewer allows you to specify whether or not the image is interleaved, then specify that it is. You can tell if an image file is color or ESC by the file name. Color images file names have a mission-roll-frame format whereas ESC file names do not; they have an ESC in the name or a sequence number in the place of the roll and frame. page 3 LOCATIONS OF IMAGE FILES ------------------------ Images can be downloaded from the following locations: DUA2:[STS45.ESC] These are black and white electronic still camera pictures from STS045. DUA2:[STS45.PHOTOS] These are color pictures from STS045. DUA2:[STS42] These are color pictures from STS042. DUA1:[ANONYMOUS] This is the default directory for anonymous users and it contains images from a variety of missions. DUA1:[STS32] These are color pictures from STS032. DUA2:[STS56] These are black and white electronic still camera pictures from STS056. JPEG COMPRESSION FOR DIGITAL IMAGE FILES ---------------------------------------- Conversion of Targa image files to JPEG format is available. JPEG files are about 90% less the size of Targa files making transfer time and storage space savings big motivations for using JPEG especially to modem users. A typical Targa image file is 786,944 bytes where the corresponding JPEG file is 24,174 bytes. Note that the VAX stores the JPEG files in more blocks than the length of the file compares with; the result is that using dir/ size and multiplying the blocks by 512 will show how many bytes the file is stored on the VAX but not how may bytes will be transferred when downloaded. The downloaded file will be much smaller. JPEG files have some lossyness to them but it is practically unnoticable to the eye. How to Make a JPEG File from a Targa File ----------------------------------------- To make a JPEG file for downloading use CJPEG. Here is a example: COMPUTER -> $ YOU -> cjpeg /T sts008-46-0924.tga 08046924.jpg wait ... COMPUTER -> $ Where sts008-46-0924.tga is the Targa file and 08046924.jpg is a name you pick for the JPEG file. The wait can be up to about 12 minutes for the big files and about 5 minutes for the smaller ones. page 4 Viewing JPEG Images on DOS Machines ----------------------------------- There is a freeware viewer available for viewing JPEG images on DOS machines with an 80286 or better and a VGA. This can be downloaded from DUA1:[ANONYMOUS] (the ANONYMOUS account) and the file name is DVPEG1I.EXE. It is a self-unarcing file. TRANSFERRING BINARY FILES WITH KERMIT ------------------------------------- When transferring binary files (e.g. image files and executable programs) using Kermit from the $ prompt be sure to tell Kermit on the VAX to use binary mode because the default is not binary mode. To do this type SET FILE TYPE BINARY at the KERMIT-32> prompt before issuing the SEND command. e.g. COMPUTER -> $ YOU -> KERMIT COMPUTER -> KERMIT-32> YOU -> SET FILE TYPE BINARY COMPUTER -> KERMIT-32> YOU -> SEND VPIC43.EXE Then you activate the Kermit receive command on your local computer. TRANSFERRING BINARY FILES WITH FTP (File Transfer Protocol) ----------------------------------------------------------- FTP to sseop.jsc.nasa.gov. Then login using ANONYMOUS as the username and your IP address as the password. Then type BINARY. After this you can use CD to change to the desired directory if the files you want aren't in the current directory. Then use GET to get one file (do not type the <>) or MGET to get multiple files in one shot. The file mask is a partial file name with asterisks for multiple character wildcards e.g. MGET STS035*.TGA will download all the files starting with the characters STS035 and having a TGA extension. VIEWING IMAGES ON DOS MACHINES ------------------------------ There are now four shareware programs for viewing image files on DOS machines available for downloading. All are in self-extracting executable files (files which when run create the files which embody the program and its support files). Two of them, VPIC and CSHOW (VPIC43.EXE and CSHOWCMP.EXE), do very well at displaying GIF files but not so well at displaying TGA files. CSHOW has a very nice user interface with mouse support. One of the four viewers, VIEWTGA (VIEWTGAC.EXE), has no user interface other than DOS, but displays TGA files better than VPIC or CSHOW. page 5 The other of the image viewing programs works only with JPG (J-PEG) files, but it does very well at providing good image quality. The JPEG viewer is called DVPEG and is in the file DVPEG1I.EXE. There is a program for converting TGA files to J-PEG also available for downloading called CJPEG in the file JPEG3.EXE. JPEG3.EXE also includes a program, DJPEG, which will convert J-PEG files into other formats such as GIF, TGA, and PPM/PGM. How to Make a GIF File from a Targa File on DOS Machines -------------------------------------------------------- Since our images are in TGA (Targa) format it would be desirable to be able to convert TGA files to GIF format when using VPIC or CSHOW. This is now possible with a new shareware program available for downloading called DTGA. DTGA is in the file DTGACOMP.EXE in the [ANONYMOUS] directory of the DUA1 drive (this is where all of the above mentioned programs are). It is a self-unarcing program written to run on DOS machines. VPIC and CSHOW do much better with image files converted from TGA to GIF than with the original TGA files. How to Make a GIF File from a Targa File on the VAX --------------------------------------------------- There is software on the VAX for converting JPEG files to GIF format. Since there is also software for converting Targa files to JPEG format, the two programs can be used in tandem to produce a GIF file for an image. See the instructions under "How to Make a JPEG file from a Targa file" in this document for finding out how to create the JPEG file. Then, after the JPEG file is created, use the program DJPEG to make a GIF file. Here is an example: COMPUTER -> $ YOU -> djpeg /g 08046924.jpg 08046924.gif wait ... COMPUTER -> $ where the first file name specified, 08046924.jpg, is the JPEG file to be converted and the second file name specified is the GIF file to be created. The /g is necessary to tell djpeg that GIF format is desired. Other output formats are /p for PPM format and /r for RLE format. STS-45 IMAGES IN DUA2:[STS45.ESC] --------------------------------- The following are images from the electronic still camera used on the last Space Shuttle Flight (STS-45) in late March. In addition we have digitized a few of the best photographs obtained using the Hasselblad and Linhoff film cameras. The images listed in the following table are located on the Space Shuttle Earth Observations Data Base and are available for ftp downloading using on the node SSEOP.JSC.NASA.GOV under account ANONYMOUS, password GUEST. These images are located on DUA2:[STS45.PHOTOS] and DUA2:[STS45.ESC]. The following files are 1024 rows by 1024 pixels (columns) with 8 bits/pixel giving 256 shades of gray. The file names indicate the sequence number. page 6 Center Point or *nadir point Image Date Time Alt Orb Lat Lon Description -------- -------- -------- --- --- ----- ------ ------------------------- ESC01002 03-25-92 4:24:28 159 11 27.0 53.0 Persian Gulf, IRAN ESC01003 03-25-92 6:09:48 159 12 52.5 106.0 Lake Baikal, Russia ESC01004 03-25-92 6:10:16 159 12 52.5 106.0 Lake Baikal, Russia ESC01005 03-26-92 13:54:48 159 33 40.2 27.5 Mt. Armuteuk, NE Turkey ESC01009 03-26-92 13:58:26 160 33 30.8 34.0 Mt. Geb Halal,Sinai,Egypt ESC01010 03-26-92 13:58:50 160 33 31.2 34.3 Egypt/Israel/Gaza Strip ESC01011 03-26-92 13:59:20 160 33 28.0 36.0 NW Saudi Arabia ESC01012 03-26-92 13:59:44 160 33 28.2 36.8 Tabuk, Saudi Arabia ESC01013 03-26-92 14:00:06 160 33 25.5 36.9 Hanak, Saudi Arabia ESC01014 03-26-92 14:00:40 160 33 25.0 39.6 Near Medina, Saudi Arabia ESC01015 03-26-92 14:01:12 160 33 22.1 41.5 Near As Suo, Saudi Arabia ESC01016 03-26-92 14:02:12 161 33 20.5 42.7 Near Bishah, Saudi Arabia ESC01017 03-26-92 14:02:52 161 33 17.5 44.5 Near Najran, Saudi Arabia ESC01018 03-26-92 14:03:28 161 33 16.0 45.0 NE of Sana, Yemen ESC01019 03-26-92 14:03:52 161 33 14.2 46.6 Near Habban, S. Yemen ESC01020 03-26-92 14:04:14 161 33 15.2 48.3 Wadi Daw-ar', Yemen ESC01021 03-26-92 14:04:50 161 33 16.0 49.0 Near Sayan, Yemen ESC01022 03-26-92 14:05:16 161 33 10.7 50.2 Buuraha Cal, Somalia ESC01023 03-26-92 14:05:38 161 33 10.4 50.6 Wadi Dhuudo, Somalia ESC01025 03-26-92 15:11:26 158 34 53.0 -82.0 Akimiski Is. James Bay ESC01026 03-26-92 15:11:52 158 34 53.8* -79.3 Ice flow, James Bay ESC01027 03-26-92 15:12:12 158 34 54.3* -77.3 Ice flow, James Bay ESC01028 03-26-92 15:12:42 158 34 55.0* -74.2 Ice flow, James Bay ESC01029 03-26-92 15:13:04 158 34 55.5* -71.9 Ice flow, James Bay ESC01030 03-26-92 15:14:20 158 34 56.6* -63.4 Clouds, high oblique ESC01031 03-26-92 15:15:16 158 34 57.1* -57.0 Labrador Sea ESC01032 03-26-92 21:29:28 159 38 34.3* -83.2 City in SE U.S. ESC01035 03-26-92 21:31:20 160 38 28.5 -80.5 Cape Canaveral, Florida ESC01036 03-26-92 21:32:04 160 38 26.5 -77.1 Great Abaco Is., Bahamas ESC01037 03-26-92 21:32:30 160 38 25.0 -76.4 Eleuthera ESC02006 03-27-92 14:13:00 161 49 6.3 42.3 Wabe Shebele Wenz, Ethiopia ESC02007 03-27-92 18:20:00 157 52 54.2 -120.1 Prince Rupert, B.C. ESC02008 03-27-92 18:20:32 157 52 56.4 -125.0 Williston Lake, B.C. ESC02011 03-27-92 18:22:08 157 52 57.1*-110.2 Northern Saskatchewan ESC02012 03-27-92 18:22:36 157 52 57.1*-106.9 Northern Saskatchewan ESC02013 03-27-92 18:22:58 157 52 57.1*-104.3 Northern Saskatchewan ESC02014 03-27-92 18:24:48 157 52 57.3 -92.0 Hudson Bay, Canada ESC02015 03-27-92 18:25:48 157 52 52.8 -81.8 James Bay, Canada ESC02016 03-27-92 18:26:40 158 52 52.6 -81.6 James Bay, Canada ESC02017 03-27-92 18:27:20 158 52 52.6 -81.6 James Bay, Canada ESC02019 03-27-92 20:19:42 161 53 -12.0 -39.0 Near Salvador, Brazil ESC02020 03-27-92 21:23:22 157 54 56.5 -155.7 Tugidak Is. Alaska ESC02021 03-27-92 21:24:14 157 54 57.7 -154.0 Uyak Bay,Kodiak Is.AK ESC02022 03-27-92 21:27:20 158 54 54.2 131.7 Rose Point,Graham Is,BC ESC02023 03-27-92 21:31:36 158 54 45.7 -105.3 Powder River, Wyoming ESC02024 03-28-92 23:14:14 159 71 27.2*-114.3 ESC02025 03-28-92 23:14:58 160 71 24.8*-112.5 ESC02026 03-28-92 23:15:42 160 71 23.0 -109.9 Cabo San Lucas, Mexico page 7 ESC02027 03-29-92 08:22:00 160 77 60.0 117.7 Labuk Bay, Borneo ESC02031 03-29-92 08:31:38 161 77 -23.0 140.0 Hamilton river bed, Queensland, Australia ESC02033 03-29-92 12:47:08 159 80 28.0 35.8 Wadi in Al Hajaz,SaudiArabia ESC02034 03-29-92 12:47:36 159 80 28.0 40.0 An Nafud Sand Sea,SaudiArabia ESC02035 03-29-92 12:48:02 160 80 25.8 40.0 Jiral Al Abyad Lava field, Saudi Arabia ESC02036 03-29-92 12:48:30 160 80 24.0 41.6 Near Wadi Agia,Saudi Arabia ESC02038 03-29-92 12:49:48 160 80 20.0 45.0 Near As Sulay, SaudiArabia ESC02039 03-29-92 12:50:18 160 80 18.0 45.0 Near Na Jran, Saudi Arabia ESC02040 03-29-92 12:51:40 160 80 14.5 48.0 Wadi Najr, South Yemen ESC03001 03-29-92 13:53:34 157 81 38.5 -106.0 Salida, Colorado ESC03002 03-29-92 13:54:08 157 81 42.5 -104.5 Eastern Wyoming ESC03003 03-29-92 13:54:34 157 81 43.2 -101.5 Patricia, South Dakota ESC03004 03-29-92 13:55:10 157 81 44.5 -100.5 Lake Francis Case, Randall Dam, S. Dakota ESC03005 03-29-92 13:56:12 157 81 47.5 -96.0 Mahnomen, Minnesota ESC03006 03-29-92 13:56:32 157 81 47.5 -92.5 Mesabi Range,Virginia,MN ESC03007 03-29-92 13:56:58 157 81 49.1 -90.5 Cabin, Ontario, Canada ESC03008 03-29-92 13:57:40 156 81 50.9 -84.6 Albany River, Ontario ESC03009 03-29-92 13:58:36 156 81 50.3 81.1 Moose River, Ontario ESC03010 03-29-92 14:25:02 161 81 4.1 31.8 White Nile River, Sudan ESC03011 03-29-92 14:26:02 161 81 2.6 36.5 Lake Turkana ESC03013 03-29-92 14:27:32 161 81 -4.6 35.6 ESC03014 03-29-92 15:30:04 156 82 54.2* -99.3 NW of Lake Winnipeg ESC03019 03-29-92 15:33:34 157 82 57.1* -76.0 Eastern Hudson Bay ESC03020 03-30-92 06:37:48 157 92 57.1* 58.7 ESC03021 03-30-92 06:39:34 157 92 55.0 73.4 Omsk, Russia ESC03022 03-30-92 06:40:32 156 92 55.4 78.3 Kubyshev, Russia ESC03027 03-30-92 06:48:40 159 92 37.0* 114.9 South of Bejing, China ESC03028 03-30-92 06:54:26 160 92 19.0* 129.8 Thunderstorms over East China Sea ESC03031 03-30-92 12:46:04 158 96 47.8* 7.8 Lake Bodensee, Swis./German Border ESC03032 03-30-92 12:48:32 158 96 41.5* 17.8 ESC03033 03-30-92 12:49:02 158 96 38.4 21.3 Bay of Mesologion, Greece ESC03035 03-30-92 12:50:04 159 96 35.5 24.2 Akrotiri, Khana, Crete ESC03036 03-30-92 12:51:42 159 96 32.3* 27.8 Just west of Alexandria, Egypt ESC03037 03-30-92 12:52:02 159 96 31.3* 28.7 Alexandria, Egypt ESC03038 03-30-92 12:52:20 159 96 29.2 -30.8 Faiyum depression, Egypt ESC03039 03-30-92 12:52:40 159 96 29.2 -30.8 Faiyum depression, Egypt ESC04001 03-30-92 12:56:02 160 96 18.5* 38.3 ESC04002 03-30-92 12:56:26 160 96 14.0 41.0 Northern Ethopia ESC04003 03-30-92 12:56:50 160 96 14.0 41.0 Northern Ethopia ESC04004 03-30-92 12:57:14 160 96 14.0 41.0 Northern Ethopia ESC04005 03-30-92 12:57:36 160 96 11.7 42.4 Lake Assal, Djibouti ESC04007 03-30-92 12:59:40 161 96 6.0 49.0 Coast of Somalia ESC04008 03-30-92 13:00:12 161 96 6.0 49.0 Coast of Somalia ESC04009 03-31-92 00:44:32 156 104 54.3* 166.9 Kamchatka, Russia ESC04011 03-31-92 14:45:00 160 113 -26.9 28.3 Val Dam, South Africa ESC04012 03-31-92 14:46:02 160 113 -30.0 -31.0 Durbin, South Africa ESC04017 03-31-92 17:16:58 155 115 55.6* -91.6 ESC04018 03-31-92 17:18:40 156 115 53.2* -81.2 page 8 ESC04019 03-31-92 17:20:50 156 115 49.2 -69.8 NW of St.LawerenceRiver ESC04020 03-31-92 17:21:20 156 115 49.0 -69.0 N of St. Lawerence R. ESC04023 03-31-92 21:57:08 157 118 33.0 -118.5 W. San Clemente Is. ESC04024 03-31-92 21:58:22 157 118 -26.8 -113.2 Laguna, San Ignacio, Baja, California ESC04025 03-31-92 23:11:50 153 119 54.9* 135.3 ESC04027 03-31-92 23:15:22 154 119 57.1* 159.3 Kamchatka volcanoes ESC04029 04-01-92 04:05:24 158 122 10.6* 167.3 Atoll, Marshall Islands ESC04033 04-01-92 04:07:40 159 122 3.0* 171.7 Tarawa Islands ESC04035 04-01-92 04:09:44 159 122 -3.9* 175.7 Atoll, Kingsmill Group ESC05001 04-01-92 05:18:44 154 123 55.9 85.4 Yashkino, Russia ESC05002 04-01-92 05:19:08 154 123 55.9 85.4 Yashkino, Russia ESC05003 04-01-92 05:21:20 155 123 52.1* 98.9 Lake Baikal, Russia ESC05004 04-01-92 05:22:22 155 123 50.0* 104.3 Lake Baikal, Russia ESC05010 04-01-92 07:08:32 159 124 2.0* 126.5 Ocean Scene, Near Indonesia ESC05016 04-01-92 08:29:16 157 125 33.1* 82.4 ESC05020 04-01-92 08:31:16 157 125 26.9* 87.6 Himalaya mountains, Nepal ESC05026 04-01-92 11:24:00 155 127 48.9* 15.2 Northeastern Austria ESC05027 04-01-92 11:24:24 155 127 48.2 17.1 Bratslava, Czechoslavakia ESC05028 04-01-92 11:24:50 155 127 48.1 16.9 Bratslava, Czechoslavakia ESC05029 04-01-92 11:27:10 156 127 41.0 29.0 Istanbul, Turkey ESC05030 04-01-92 11:27:46 156 127 40.0 31.7 Kabirmir River, Turkey ESC05032 04-01-92 11:28:36 156 127 36.7* 32.9 Southern Turkey ESC05033 04-01-92 11:29:14 157 127 34.9* 34.8 Cypress ESC05034 04-01-92 11:29:50 157 127 33.0* 36.5 Ocean features in Med. Sea ESC05036 04-01-92 11:30:44 157 127 30.3* 39.0 Saudi Arabia ESC05038 04-01-92 11:31:32 157 127 27.8* 41.1 Saudi Arabia ESC06001 04-01-92 11:34:50 158 127 17.1* 48.6 Airfield in South Yemen ESC06003 04-01-92 11:35:40 158 127 14.4* 50.4 South Yemen ESC06004 04-01-92 11:36:20 158 127 11.9 50.7 Alula, Somalia ESC06005 04-01-92 11:36:46 159 127 12.2 52.1 ABD AL Kuri, South Yemen ESC06006 04-01-92 11:37:10 159 127 10.5 51.2 Hafun, Somalia ESC06007 04-01-92 11:37:52 159 127 7.0* 54.8 Ocean front east of Somalia ESC06008 04-01-92 11:39:00 159 127 3.2* 57.0 Ocean scene, Indian Ocean ESC06009 04-01-92 11:39:58 159 127 0.0* 58.8 Ocean scene, Indian Ocean ESC06013 04-01-92 13:08:32 159 128 5.7* 32.6 Thunderstorms over Zaire ESC06014 04-01-92 13:09:32 159 128 2.4* 34.5 Lake Victoria ESC06015 04-01-92 13:10:02 159 128 0.7* 35.5 Lake Victoria ESC06016 04-01-92 13:10:28 159 128 -0.8* 36.3 Lake Victoria ESC06017 04-01-92 13:11:10 159 128 -3.1* 37.7 Speke Gulf ESC06020 04-01-92 13:13:06 159 128 -10.5 40.4 Rio Rovuma ESC06023 04-01-92 13:16:06 160 128 -19.5* 47.6 Betsiboka River, Madagascar ESC06024 04-01-92 18:58:40 156 132 39.2 -87.2 White River Indiana ESC06026 04-01-92 18:59:50 156 132 37.2* -82.2 Southeastern United States ESC06028 04-01-92 19:00:40 156 132 28.5 -80.5 Cape Canaveral, Florida ESC06032 04-01-92 19:02:14 157 132 29.9* -75.3 Edge of Gulf Stream, East of Florida ESC06033 04-01-92 19:02:32 157 132 29.0* -74.5 Ocean feature ESC06034 04-01-92 19:02:50 157 132 28.0* -73.8 Eleuthera, Bahamas ESC06035 04-01-92 19:03:28 157 132 26.0* -72.2 Acklins Is., Bahamas ESC06038 04-01-92 19:05:02 158 132 20.4* -68.1 Dominican Republic ESC06039 04-01-92 19:07:18 158 132 13.0* -63.3 Ocean scene, Caribbean Sea ESC06040 04-01-92 19:07:38 158 132 11.9* -62.6 Ocean scene, Caribbean Sea page 9 STS-45 DEBRIEF AND PRESS CAPTION IMAGES IN DUA2:[STS45.PHOTOS] -------------------------------------------------------------- STS045-31-016: Aurora With Earth Limb This broad image of the aurora captures both diffuse and discrete auroral forms. The aurora can be seen in green surrounding the blue terminator of the Earth. This photograph was taken while the Space Shuttle was over the South Pacific Ocean during revolution 124. STS045-32-007: Aurora With Orbiter An active auroral display is viewed across the payload bay of Atlantis. The multiple auroral arcs are indicative of magnetic substorms caused by the intervention of the solar wind with the Earths magnetosphere. The red and green colors are caused by emissions from different atmospheric gases. This photograph was acquired while the Space Shuttle was over the South Atlantic Ocean on revolution 65. STS045-72-013: New York Finger Lakes This is a wide-angle view of the central portion of upstate New York, centering on the Finger Lakes. The large city on Lake Ontario (upper left) is Rochester. Although Rochester has no heavy industry, the outlines of the city show fairly well in the snow, but much less so than do the outlines of industrial cities elsewhere in the world (compare STS045-75-044). The Finger Lakes are large north-south lakes, which were carved out by glaciers. The largest lakes in this photograph are (from left to right) Canandaigua, Seneca, and Cayuga. The Finger Lakes province continues to the west of the large lakes and to the south, where there are north-south hills and valleys, which were also carved by the glaciers. Two prominent linears run east-west across the scene between Lake Ontario at the top of the photograph and the Finger Lakes. The southern east-west feature is the New York State Thruway (I-90). North of the Thruway is a more sinuous east-west feature: the Erie Canal, the barge canal which connected Lake Erie in the west with the Mohawk River at Rome, NY, just off the picture to the east (right). STS045-75-044: Pollution Around the Siberian City of Troitsk Troitsk is the smallest of a troika of industrial cities on the east side of the Ural Mountains, the others being the better known Magnitogorsk and Chelyabinsk. Both the latter cities have made recent headlines as some of the worst polluted cities (air and water pollution from the steel industry) in the former Soviet Union. Despite being the smallest of the three, Troitsk, for reasons unknown, has the largest area of soot-blackened snow (the big smudge on the left-hand side of the frame). It has been estimated that only 1% of the children in Magnitogorsk are healthy. Respiratory problems related to air pollution account for 65% of child health complaints. Latest reports suggest that people in these extremely polluted areas do not consider pollution control feasible at present, because the economy is in such dire straits. Troitsk lies near the top of the orbit of the high-latitude STS-45 mission, at 54 N on the Uy River, which flows due east from Troitsk and eventually empties into the Arctic Ocean via the Irtysh and Ob Rivers. STS045-78-016: Bahamas and Florida The view is westward into the sunglint. The Bahama Banks are in the foreground; from left to right, Andros Island, the Berry Islands, and Grand Bahama Island are surrounded by shallow limestone banks. Bimini is the double dark spot on the edge of the Straits of Florida, with the peninsula of Florida within the sunglint. Cuba can be seen to the upper left. page 10 STS045-78-087: Northwest Coast of Alaska and the Bering Sea This north-looking view shows the coast of Alaska, north of the Aleutians, and the eastern margin of the Bering Sea. Bristol Bay is apparent in the foreground and Nunivak Island can be seen just below the Earth's horizon, at a distance of about 300 n. mi. Similar views were photographed last January by the crew of STS-42. A detailed comparison of these photographs should yield clues about regional ice drift and the early-spring breakup of the coastal ice pack. The photograph was taken on the 26th of March (orbit 39) from an altitude of 158 n. mi. with the Shuttle located at 56.9 N and 159.2 W. STS045-82-029: Mont Blanc and the French Alps In this view looking southeast, Mont Blanc, the highest peak in Europe, is just below and right of center (below the end of the prominent valley of the Aosta River, in the center of the photograph). The rivers flow out of the Alps into Italy toward Turin (off the top of the picture). Chamonix, the famous resort town and center of Alpine mountain climbing, lies in the valley just below (north of) Mont Blanc. Near the bottom left corner of the photograph, the Rhone River makes its sharp west-to-north turn flowing toward Lake Geneva (off the photo to the bottom). Albertville, site of the recent Winter Olympics, is just off the image to the right. STS045-82-095: Cape Cod Cape Cod is a very young geological feature, having formed after the retreat of the last continental glaciers, a mere 15 000 years ago. Cape Cod is made up of outwash sands laid down by rivers of melt water from a enormous glacier which pushed as far south as Long Island. Cape Cod itself lay many miles inland. As the continental glaciers melted, the level of the world ocean rose 350450 feet. When the coastline reached Cape Cod, Atlantic storm waves and shore currents began to move the sands into the form of the famous hook that we now know as Cape Cod. STS045-83-012:Shuttle Sunrise as Seen From 155 Nautical Miles Above Pecos,Texas To the surface observer, the Sun is still 4 degrees below the horizon. From this view, much of the solar radiant energy is scattered by the residue from the Mt.Pinatubo eruption last year. The dark band extending across the image, through which the Sun is visible, extends from 17 to 26 kilometers above the Earths surface. These aerosols (which consist primarily of sulfuric acid crystals) scatter the incoming sunlight. Some of the scattered sunlight strikes the surface of the Earth, providing colorful sunrises and sunsets. Some is scattered back to space. The bright band above the aerosol layer is caused in part by secondary scattering of the light scattered back to space. This image was taken during revolution 112. Sunlight is so reduced in intensity by a layer of dust from the Mt. Pinatubo eruption that the disc of the sun has not saturated the film. The strong, blue-white layer indicates reflectance of sunlight from the mesosphere; the red layers indicate suns reflectance in the troposphere. A major purpose of this shuttle mission was to observe the Earths atmosphere. page 11 STS045-84-036: Great Salt Lake This oblique southwest-looking view shows the Great Salt Lake and the enormous, light-colored Bonneville Salt Flats (above), the floor of a once larger lake that included the Great Salt Lake. Water circulation in the Great Salt Lake has been stopped almost completely by a rockfill railroad causeway, which now clearly separates the two halves of the lake with a stark straight line. The chemistry of the lake has changed as a result: Fresh water enters from the south, making the southern half a darker blue. The lighter blue water of the northern half is enriched with salts, as a result of strong evaporation and the lack of fresh water input. The Bonneville Salt Flats, to the southwest, are so flat that several land speed records have been established on that surface. During the ice ages, the Great Salt Lake filled to a depth of more than 1000 feet (its depth now fluctuates between 47 and 27 feet), on several occasions expanding to cover the entire Bonneville Flats. Known as Lake Bonneville, this great lake once burst its shoreline on the north and flooded into the Columbia River drainage basin. The discharge of this great flood was nearly four times the average yearly discharge of the Amazon River. STS045-89-013: Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington Mount St. Helens volcano and its blast zone can be seen in this northeast-looking view taken by the STS-45 crew in March 1992. Mount Rainier (upper left) and Mount Adams (right) volcanoes are also visible. The Columbia Plateau can be seen in the upper right-hand corner of the view. The Columbia River is visible at the bottom center of the view. On May 18, 1980, at 8:32 p.m. PDT, Mount St. Helens erupted, after being dormant for 123 years. Within minutes, the top 1300 feet of the mountain was gone. The lateral explosion toppled trees with a searing, stone-filled wind blowing more than 250 mph, over an area covering more than 150 square miles, now called the blast zone. Clouds of volcanic ash formed a vertical column which rose to heights of over 60 000 feet and drifted eastward, circling the Earth in 15 days. The eruption claimed the lives of 57 people, killed much wildlife, and destroyed a vast area of forest. The rate of return of wildlife and regeneration of vegetation throughout the blast zone has been increasing, especially during the past 5 years. A large lava dome fills the bottom of the volcanic crater, as the mountain begins to rebuild itself. Mount St. Helens is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire and could erupt again at any time. Much of the area that was part of the blast zone from the May 18, 1980 eruption was privately owned land, not included when the Federal Government designated the area around Mt. St. Helens to become a National Monument. The area to the northwest of Coldwater Lake belongs to Weyerhauser Lumber Company and was planted as tree farms in 1986. The region northeast of Spirit Lake in the Clearwater Valley is also privately owned land. This area has become a land management zone where experimentation of vegetation types is underway. Vegetation in the blast zone around Spirt Lake is mostly deciduous. There are still floating logs on the surface of Spirit Lake, but much of the timber sank to the bottom. Spirit lake has a maximum depth of over 200 feet. The water has cleared and objects can be seen from the surface to depths is excess of 20 feet. The large dam, built on the north fork of the Toutle River, which flows west toward the Colombia River from Mt. St. Helens, has been completed. The dam was built to protect communities downstream from torrents of mud and ash that would be a problem should the volcano erupt again. No dam was built on the south fork of the Toutle River. Waters in this river have cleared, and large quantities of game fish have returned. page 12 A new Mt. St. Helens Visitor Center is being built just to the west of Coldwater Lake. This center will be completed early in 1993. Another visitor center near Silver Lake, well west of Mt. St. Helens, will remain open, but will emphasize world volcanoes, including photographic displays and slide shows using Shuttle Photography depicting volcanoes from around the world. STS045-94-031: Northern Persian Gulf In this view of the northern reaches of the Persian Gulf, the sunglint pattern is centered on the Saudi Arabian island of Abu Ali. Bright features along the coast are probably deposits of oil, released from a terminal offshore of Kuwait during the recent Persian Gulf War. Further up the coast, in Kuwait, the black, oil-soaked desert surrounding the site of the oil well fires is clearly visible. The Persian Gulf is presently the subject of an intensive oceanographic survey, conducted by an international team of scientists from the United States, Germany, Bermuda, and the various nations surrounding the Persian Gulf. The purpose of the study is to assess the effects of the recent war on the Gulf ecosystem. During the STS-45 mission, the survey team was focusing on oil contamination of the shallow-water habitats in the area north of Abu Ali Island. During the Space Shuttle mission, the astronaut crew contacted the NOAA survey vessel, the R/V Mt. Mitchell, several times and photographed water color and sunglint within the study area and throughout the entire Persian Gulf. These photographic data are expected to aid the Persian Gulf researchers in determining the present state of the Gulf as well as its ecological future. The photograph was taken on the 27th of March (orbit 48), using a 70-mm format Hasselblad camera, from an altitude of 160 n. mi. with the Shuttle located at 28.0 N and 52.8 E. STS045-96-ON: North-Looking View of Lake Baikal The central basin of Lake Baikal in southeastern Siberia maintains only a thinned and broken ice cover, despite the deep Siberian winter freeze. This mysterious phenomenon, also observed in January during STS-42, suggests that the central basin of the lake (which is the deepest basin, reaching depths of almost 2000 meters) is experiencing a period of overturn, where warmer waters from depth reach the surface and prevent the formation of extensive ice cover. Freon dating of the lake's deep waters suggests that such circulation occurs very episodically (on the order of 10 years). Lake Baikal is unique in many respects: It is the world's largest volume of fresh water, holding roughly 1/5 of the world's fresh water supply. Because the lake is so large, deep, and old, it supports a special ecosystem which includes many species of plants and animals found nowhere else. The lake sits in the middle of a continental rift zone, where the Siberian crust is thinning and pulling apart. Hot water vents with plant and animal communities similar to those found at mid-ocean ridges have been found in Lake Baikal...the first discovery of such vent communities in fresh water. This view shows the large delta built by the Selenga River near the southern end of the lake. Across the lake from the delta is the Angara River, the lake's only outlet, and the city of Irkutsk. page 13 STS045-100-058: Bight of Bangkok; Bangkok, Thailand The Bight of Bangkok and the city of Bangkok, Thailand, are visible in this west-looking view taken by the STS-45 crew in March 1992. The city of Bangkok, with an estimated population in excess of 3.7 million people, can be seen in the lower right-hand corner of the view. The city, famous as a jewelry trading center, dealing in precious stones and silver and bronze ware, is situated in a vast lowland. This lowland is a major rice growing area interspersed with canals used for irrigation and drainage. Rice is a major export commodity of Thailand. The deforested hills of the Bilauktaung Range can be seen at the top of the view. STS045-151-AS: Limb Scene - Sun's Disk in View All the colors of the rainbow...without the green. It seems that much of the green wavelenght energy is being scattered by the earth's atmosphere. Particles recently ejected into the upper atmosphere by Mt Pinatubo are probably the reason why very little green is being allowed through to the Space-Shuttle's camera. STS045-151-BC: Limb Scene- Sun Below the Horizon Just as in STS045-151-AS image, very little green is indicated in the picture (note separation between red and blue). None-the-less, the view of dusk in space is more beautiful than one can imagine. STS045-151-024: Oblique View West - Over Central Russia Foreground in scene is the Altia Mountains while prominent linear features are frozen salt lakes of the Kulunda Steppe. Kulunda Steppe is bounded by the Kazakhstan cities of Semipalatinsk and Pavodar and the Russian city of Novosibirsk near the head waters of the Ob River STS045-151-027: Oblique View of Western Gobi Desert, Mongolia View is from the Dzungarian Basin in the foreground westward to Semipalatinsk in Kazakstan. STS045-151-024 precedes this image by just a few seconds giving the sense of motion aboard the Space Shuttle, both images are viewing west. STS045-151-038: Atlas Pallets Over Atlas Mountains Taken from a point over Mali in the western Sahara, this northwest-looking view past the payload bay shows dunes in the Iguidi dune sea and colors characteristic of the Saharan side of the Atlas Mountains. It also shows the fringe of the Atlas Mountains (technically the Anti-Atlas) dimly in the far distance. The edge of a large sandstorm can be seen. The sandstorm transported sand and dust to Yugoslavia and beyond. STS045-151-125: Dust Storm in the Gobi Desert A nadir view of a vigorous dust storm barely seen between a breaks in the clouds. Atmospheric turbulence is inferred from numerous rainshowers bubbling-up through the cloud layer. STS045-151-145 and 21/STS51F-36-059: Aral Sea, Russia This photograph shows the vast but rather shallow Aral Sea, once the fourth largest lake in the world, now approximately 435 km (270 miles) long and 290km (180 miles) wide. More than a third of its area is less than 10 meters (33 feet) deep, with just one small area reaching its maximum depth of 69meters (225 feet). The large white patches seen in this photo indicate that portions of the lake and its shorelines are probably frozen. page 14 Situated in the middle of an immense desert, much like the Great Salt Lake of Utah, the Aral Sea is landlocked at the center of a broad basin. Rivers flow in but not out; water escapes only by evaporation. Although the water level has risen and fallen substantially in the past, yearly inflow during the last decade has been declining, because water has been diverted to numerous irrigation projects. Recent estimates are that since 1960 the lakes water level has dropped 46 feet and its surface has shrunk by almost 40%. The salinity of the lake has nearly tripled. Salt sheets as much as 100kilometers long rim the shore in some places. Winds dump some 47 million tons of dried salt onto surrounding agricultural areas each year. In its dwindled state, the Aral Sea no longer exerts a moderating influence on air temperature, and the growing season has been shortened. Twenty species of fish in the Aral Sea have become extinct, spelling the end of a fishing industry that at one time employed 60,000 people. Shuttle photographs have allowed scientists to map ancient shorelines and monitor the fluctuation of the water level. Analysis done by the scientists in the JSC Flight Science Branch (Lulla and Helfert) show that small Aral Sea has declined almost 38% and the large Aral Sea has declined 20% since 1977. The photograph from your mission provides a dramatic evidence that the large island Vozrozhdeniye has grown area at least 375% since 1977. This dramatic photograph is a valuable addition to the database on this region. STS045-152-011: Sea Ice Patterns Along the Coast of Hokkaido, Japan The northeast coast of Hokkaido and Kunashir Island are bordered by sea ice in this southwest-looking view, photographed using the 5-inch format Linhof camera. The sea ice forms a complex pattern of eddies in response to surface water currents and winds. Photographs such as this aid researchers in describing local water current patterns and the effects of wind speed and direction on the drift of surface material, such as ice or oil. Kunashir Island lies approximately 16 miles offshore of Hokkaido and is the southernmost of the Kuril Islands. Historically a Japanese territory, the island was occupied after World War II by the U.S.S.R., but an agreement has recently been struck with Russia to return the island to Japan. The photograph was taken on the 28th of March (orbit 59) from an altitude of 158 n. mi. with the Shuttle located at 44 N and 145.5 E. STS045-152-14: Sun Glint Scene East of Hokkaido, Japan The picture show how dynamic the oceans are by the intricate sun glint pattern that Space-Shuttle astronauts captured. Even through thin cirrus (high clouds formed by ice-crystals), astronauts are able to detect such small scale features and document the earth's natural phenomena. STS045-152-105: Greenland This spectacular north-looking view of the southern extremities of Greenland (60 N) shows numerous indentations, many of which contain small settlements. These are fiords carved by glaciers of the last ice age. Even today, the ice in the center of Greenland is 10 000 feet thick and great rivers of ice continuously flow down towards the sea, where they melt or break off as icebergssome of which can be seen floating offshore (left foreground). Godthb, the main town on Greenland, lies at 64 N, a long way up the west coast. page 15 STS045-152-166: Southern Persian Gulf Oil Slick This is typical oil slicks captured by shuttle astronauts. Highly reflective slick is located opposite to the groups of islands and stretches diagonally. This slick is relatively small with the visible portion in this scene around 10km in length but it may have a much greater extent than can be viewed here. In the Persian Gulf there are many natural seeps and a tremendous volume of ship traffic, either of which may account for the presence of the oil stick pictured. STS045-152-179: Water Circulation Along the Coast of Oman In this view of sunglint along the coast of Oman, coastal water flowing northeast from the Arabian Sea is seen to curl counterclockwise, forming an eddy, as it rounds the tip of Oman at Ras al Hadd and flows north into the Gulf of Oman. An oil slick, appearing in the center of the sunglint pattern as a bright line on the water surface, highlights the dimensions of the eddy. Nearly 50% of the oil transported worldwide passes through the Gulf of Oman, en route from the Persian Gulf, and numerous ship wakes can be seen in this picture. Oil slicks frequently appear in Space Shuttle photographs of this area and have helped to highlight many circulation features. In November 1990, the crew of STS-38 photographed a similar eddy, also highlighted by oil slicks and ship wakes, along this same stretch of the Omani coast. STS045-152-192: Rocky Mountain Front Range A view southwestward across the Rocky Mountains in northern Montana and southern Alberta. Glacier National Park is in the center of the snow-covered Front Range. Beyond and to the left, Flathead Lake, surrounded by dark forest, can barely be made out within the light-colored valley. The view extends across the Columbia River Basin in Oregon to the eastern Cascades. Fallow wheat land on the northern High Plains in the foreground awaits the spring. STS045-152-273: Manila Bay Southward to Taal Volcano View is just south a S045-152-275 scene. Variety of earth science information can be extracted from this picture. Oceanographers use water color to estimate amount of suspended sediments in Manila Bay in contrast to landlocked Laguna de Bay. Land use can be determined by the change in colors from the grays of the city of Manila (between Laguna de Bay and Manila Bay) to the lust tropical greens to the southwest on the volcanic slopes of Mt Palay Palay. The instability of the underlying geology is easily inferred by the volcanic cones of Mariveles and to the south Taal volcano (Mt Pinatubo is just north of this area). STS045-152-275: Manila Bay and Mt. Pinatubo (S03-10-567 comparison slide) This photograph centers on Manila Bay in the Philippines. The city of Manila is at the bottom of the photograph, and many details of the city are easily identified, including the harbors on either side of the long jetty. Malacaang Palace, the residence of Philippine President Aquino, lies just to the east of the harbor along the Pasig River. The tadpole-shaped island of Corregidor sits at the mouth of Manila Bay. A chain of large volcanoes extends north from Manila Bay. The northernmost volcano, which is partly covered by a pocket of clouds (at the top of the picture), is Mt. Pinatubo, which erupted catastrophically in June 1991. The area covered by ash from the eruption surrounds the mountain, especially to the west toward the sea. All the rivers draining the area have been widened and are page 16 now clogged with ash. Note the large white patches along the rivers flowing eastward and toward Manila: these are regions where volcanic mud and debris were dumped by the rivers at the base of steeper mountain slopes. The ash- and debris-choked rivers are metastable and represent a continuous hazard for mudflows. This condition is likely to continue for several years. STS045-153-220: Lagoons North of Al Jubayl, Saudi Arabia Fragile ecosystems of the Persian Gulf were seriously threatened by the huge oil slicks generated during the Gulf War. This lagoon pictured acted as a natural boom for the oil as it crept southward along the northeastern shores of Saudi Arabia from Kuwait. Teams of researchers are studying the effect of the oil had on the region (see also STS045-94-031). STS045-614-031: Baikonur Cosmodrome Located in Kazakhstan on the Syr Darya River, the Baikonur Cosmodrome has been the launch site for 72 cosmonaut crews. The landing runway of the Buran (the Soviet version of our Space Shuttle) can be seen in the left center of the photograph (just above the red letters showing the time of the photograph). The launch complex of the Energia booster and the Buran launch pads are located to the right of the runway. Further to the right, near the center of the image, is the launch site for the Soyuz. The Soviet mission control center is located 1300miles away, near Moscow. In the lower right-hand corner of the image is the city of Leninsk, which is seen as a dark region next to the river (the railroad station there is called Tyuratam, a name sometime applied to the cosmodrome by people in the West). STS-42 CREW DEBRIEF IMAGE FILES IN USER2:[STS42] ------------------------------------------------ STS042-71-080.TGA and STS042-72-016.TGA: Ice Flow Patterns off the Eastern Coast of Kamchatka These slides show ice flow patterns in the Gulf of Ozernoy on the east coast of Kamchatka (57.0 N, 163.3 E). Little is known of near-coastal current flow in this area, although the general flow offshore is southward. Thin sea-ice patterns near the shore indicate offshore winds blowing in a southeasterly direction. The cyclonic ice pattern at the outer edge of the Gulf may be more induced by coastal currents than by wind. STS042-72-052.TGA: Lake Effect Snowfall Shadow - 23 Jan 92 13:52:04 GMT An excellent example of lake-effect (or in this case sea- effect) snowfall is depicted in this image of the coast of Lithuania. Cold, relatively dry air moved across the Baltic Sea, absorbing moisture, and then deposited snow along the coastline. This image shows the sharp boundary between the air that had moved over water and the air that had remained over land. page 17 STS042-72-077.TGA: Great Sitkin Island This image was acquired from STS-42 on 23 January 1992 at 22:45:28 GMT while on revolution 22. At the center of the image is Great Sitkin Island located at 52.08 N, 176.13 W. The Shuttle was about 130 n. mi. south of the island when the photograph was taken. The peak altitude of the island is 5710 feet. It has steep slopes on all sides. Because the mountain slopes are much cooler than the surrounding air at the same altitude, a downdraft is formed on all sides of the island and the stratus clouds so common to the Aleutians are dissipated in the vicinity. Islands in the chain with lower altitude and less steep slopes do not produce such a dramatic effect. STS042-72-080.TGA: Merapi Volcano, Java A steam plume rises from the summit of Merapi Volcano in this early morning photograph of central Java. Steam plumes are common on volcanoes and do not necessarily indicate eruptions. However, the summit region of this volcano is light colored, as if covered with ash, suggesting recent activity. United Press International (UPI) reported that lava was moving down Merapis flanks on January 21 and there were local accounts of crop damage, but these reports remain unconfirmed. Some scientists suspect that the lava dome collapsed and pyroclastic flows traveled roughly 1.5 km down the mountain. This photograph was taken on January 23, 1992. STS042-72-087.TGA: Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines Mt. Pinatubo erupted unexpectedly and violently in June 1991. This photograph looks west over central Luzon and centers on the summit caldera of Pinatubo but also includes the large ash-covered area around the mountain's flanks. All of the stream drainages are wide and clogged with ash and other volcanic debris. This perspective shows well the proximity of the volcano to establishments like Clark Air Force Base, marked by the runways at the foot of the mountains. STS042-73-002.TGA: Russian Sea Ice Sea ice along the east coast of Russia (53.9 N, 137 E) has been shifted north by tidal currents through the Tugursky Zaliv (Bay) in the Sea of Okhotsk. The Tugur River empties into the southern portion of Tugursky Zaliv at the town of Tugur. STS042-73-014.TGA and STS042-73-017.TGA: Ice Flow in the Gulf of Olyutorskiy on the Northern Coast of Kamchatka page 18 STS042-73-014 depicts an interesting flow of pack ice around the Olyutorsky Mountain Range (57.0 N, 167.0 E). STS042-73-017 shows the flow as it continues southwest (56.7 N, 172.0 E). Offshore winds in a southwesterly direction are evident as thin sea ice is formed in the inner area of the Gulf. Local currents combined with the offshore winds may explain why the ice flow is moving in a more westerly direction. This movement may also indicate that the ice flow is not heavily packed. Low stratus cloud formations are seen from the southern edge of the ice flow southward. STS042-73-024.TGA: Lake Baikal Lake Baikal, the world's largest and oldest fresh water lake, occupies the Baikal Rift Zone, a continental rift in eastern Siberia. The lake is also known for its unique ecosystem, including the world's only known fresh water hydrothermal vent community. This oblique view to the south of the lake highlights the margins of the rift zone (note the prominent linear escarpments on both sides of the lake and oriented roughly parallel to it). The northern part of the lake is completely ice- and snow-covered, but this view also shows a curiously unconsolidated ice pattern in the lake's center. Scientists are trying to correlate Lake Baikal's winter ice patterns with hydrothermal activity in the lake. This year's ice pattern is very different from the pattern photographed last April 1991 during STS-39. STS042-75-015.TGA: Strait of Gibraltar (36.0 N, 5.5 W) This oblique photograph of the sunglint pattern, photographed during STS-42, shows a group of seven solitons (wave trains) being generated in the Tarifa Narrows, Strait of Gibraltar. The solitons form as tidal currents pass over the relatively shallow Camarinal Sill (depth = 150-300 m), located in the center of the Strait. The resulting turbulence perturbs the density interface between the surface layer of lower-density Atlantic Ocean water (36 ppt salinity) and underlying higher-density Mediterranean water (38 ppt salinity). Once formed, the solitons propagate eastward into the Mediterranean. A second set of solitons, generated by the previous tide, is also seen propagating through the western Mediterranean. The photograph was taken on 26 January at 09:28 GMT using a Hasselblad camera equipped with natural color transparency film and a 250 mm lens. page 19 STS042-75-061.TGA: Long Island, NY This image was acquired from STS-42 on 26 January 1992 at 14:00:48 GMT using a 250 mm lens. At this time, the passage of a strong cold front has brought clear skies and exceptionally good viewing conditions to the Long Island area, and cold, dry air moves from left to right across the image. Over Long Island Sound, both moisture and heat are being transferred from the water surface to the air, causing the lowest layers of air to become unstable. Note the cloud streets that form over Long Island. If each street is projected upwind towards the Sound, an inlet will be found. This extra length of travel over the warmer water, coupled with a near- surface funnelling effect, is sufficient to initiate vertical motions that are manifested downwind as cloud streets. Once formed, a street will suppress cloud formation immediately adjacent to it but may generate secondary streets some distance away. STS042-75-067.TGA: Baie des Chaleurs This image was acquired from STS-42 on 26 January 1992 at 14:03:13 GMT. Bathurst, New Brunswick, is at the center of the right side of the image. The upper part of Chaleur Bay (lower part of the image) is ice-covered with a few breaks, while towards the open ocean (upper left of the image) the water is relatively free of ice. Of meteorological interest, note the cloud streets, roughly parallel to the shores, near the center of the bay. The ice cover on the bay is obviously warmer than the adjacent land. Heating of the air over the warmer ice initiates vertical motions that form the cloud streets downwind. Also note the streets that develop downwind of the points where the ice separates from the shore. This development occurs as a result of differential heating across the ice/water interface. STS042-76-015.TGA: Old Shorelines This photograph was taken on 25 January 1992 at 17:00:53 GMT with the Shuttle located southwest of Hudson Bay (54.1 N, 86.4 W). While this image would likely be considered a mistake by a professional photographer (because a filter meant to be used with color infrared film has been used with color visible film, giving the picture a yellow tint), it brings out exceptional detail in the old shoreline patterns and will likely prove to be much more valuable scientifically than an image taken without the filter. STS042-77-004.TGA: Kluchevskaya and Tolbachinsky Volcanoes, Kamchatka A scene of the northern volcanoes of Kamchatka. Low clouds drape around the lower slopes of the mountains. Kluchevskaya appears to be slightly dirty. This photograph was taken on January 27, 1992. Note the bright snow cover on the more recent flank lava flows which are unvegetated. page 20 STS042-77-022.TGA: Nunivak Island, Alaska (60.0 N, 166.5 W) This close-up view of Nunivak Island, Alaska. This image documents the transport of the pack ice by the prevailing low level winds resulting in an ice drift towards the northeasterly. STS042-79-OR.TGA: Frozen Hudson Bay This view of James Bay, the southern extension of Hudson Bay, shows a heavy ice pack that is solid in the shallow water along the shore and broken up in the deeper, offshore water where tidal currents are stronger. The large island on the western side of the bay is Akimiski Island, and several smaller islands (North Twin Island, South Twin Island, and Charlton Island) can be seen along the eastern side. The rivers seen entering James Bay include the Albany River to the west, the Moose and Harricana Rivers to the south, and the Eastman River to the east. The orange streak in the center of the photo is a reflection off the Shuttle window. IMAGES IN THE DEFAULT DIRECTORY (DUA1:[ANONYMOUS]) -------------------------------------------------- STS41D-31-096.TGA;2 Altocumulus formed from Mid-level Divergence STS41D-32-014.TGA;4 Gulf of Mexico STS41D-33-005.TGA;3 Thunderstorms extending through smoke pall STS41D-34-005.TGA;2 Peneplain cut by canyons, Andean Slopes, Peru STS41D-34-010.TGA;1 Debris avalanche deposit, Tata Sabaya, Bolivia STS41D-34-017.TGA;1 Ring intrusion, Jebel Uwaynat, Sudan/Egypt/Libya STS41D-37-072.TGA;2 Von Karmon Vortices, Leeward of Guadalupe Island STS41D-39-034.TGA;1 Massive volcanic debris avalanche, Socompa volcano, Chile STS41D-41-028.TGA;1 Gosses Bluff Meteorite Crater, Australia STS41D-41-033.TGA;1 Superimposed drainages, Macdonnell Ranges, Australia STS41D-44-083.TGA;2 Sand Spit, Baia de Sepetiba, Brazil STS41D-45-053.TGA;4 South African Gold Mines STS41G-31-016.TGA;1 Dust storm, Mauritania STS41G-31-043.TGA;2 Glaciers, lakes and fault zone, Tibet Plateau STS41G-31-099.TGA;1 Jet stream Cirrus with Shadow on lower Cumulus STS41G-37-105.TGA;1 Anticlines and salt domes, Gulf Coast, Iran STS41G-39-26.TGA;1 Oblique view, Sinai Peninsula, Egypt STS41G-41-058.TGA;1 Polar Jet Cirrus and Open Cell Cumulus STS41G-41-086.TGA;1 Oblique view Galapagos Islands STS026-44-092.TGA;2 Mid-Level Clouds, Sunglint and Cloud shadow STS037-73-043.TGA;2 Maumaloa Volcano, Hawaii STS037-73-047.TGA;1 View of the Kuwait Oil fires STS037-74-062.TGA;1 Etosha Pan, Namibia, Africa STS037-77-015.TGA;1 Inland delta of Niger River STS037-79-047.TGA;2 Paranaiba Sands, Brazil STS037-82-091.TGA;1 Jiddah Saudi Arabia (Red Sea side) STS008-32-0748.TGA;1 Tahaa, Raiatea, Bora Bora, and Tupai Atolls, Pacific Ocean STS008-33-1000.TGA;2 Great Dike, Zimbabwe, Africa STS008-46-0924.TGA;2 Dust storm, Cerro Galan, Argentina STS008-46-0973.TGA;1 Great Barrier Reef, East Coast Australia STS008-50-1798.TGA;1 Granitic Intrusion, Chanaral, Chile page 21 The following files are black and white electronic still camera images. They are 1024 rows by 1024 pixels (columns) with 8 bits/pixel giving 256 shades of gray. The file names indicate the mission and sequence number. STS042-02018.TGA;1 Eastern Libya STS042-02026.TGA;1 Northern Mongolia STS042-02027.TGA;1 Russian/Mongolian Border STS042-02028.TGA;1 West of Lake Baikal STS042-02029.TGA;1 West of Lake Baikal STS042-02030.TGA;1 East of Lake Baikal STS042-02031.TGA;1 Northeast of Petropavlovsk Kamchatka, Russia Volcano Tolbachik STS042-02032.TGA;1 Northeast of Petropavlovsk Kamchatka, Russia Volcano Klychevskaya STS-32 IMAGES IN DUA1:[STS32] -------------------------------------------- IMAGE FILE CAPTION S32-73-021.TGA MADAGASCAR; SOUTHERN TIP S32-73-032.TGA BAHAMAS; ACKLINS IS., CROOKED IS. S32-73-033.TGA TURKS AND CAICOS IS.; CAICOS ISLANDS S32-73-038.TGA AUSTRALIA-WA; NORTHWESTERN COASTLINE S32-73-039.TGA AUSTRALIA-WA; NORTHWESTERN COASTLINE S32-73-040.TGA AUSTRALIA-WA; NORTHWESTERN COASTLINE S32-73-041.TGA AUSTRALIA-WA; NORTHWESTERN COASTLINE S32-73-042.TGA AUSTRALIA-WA; NORTHWESTERN COASTLINE S32-73-045.TGA AUSTRALIA-WA; LAKE TEAGUE S32-73-046.TGA AUSTRALIA-WA; LAKE CARNEGIE S32-73-050.TGA AUSTRALIA; SAND DUNES S32-73-053.TGA AUSTRALIA; SAND DUNES S32-73-055.TGA PARAGUAY; MARISCAL ESTIGARRIBIA S32-73-060.TGA CLOUDS; CLOUDS S32-73-069.TGA ARGENTINA; FIRES/SMOKE, AGRICULTURE S32-73-092.TGA SOMALIA; GULF OF ADEN COASTLINE S32-73-093.TGA SOMALIA; CLOUDS, MOUNTAINS S32-73-094.TGA AUSTRALIA; CLOUDS-OVEREXPOSED S32-74-011.TGA ATLANTIC OCEAN; SMOKE S32-74-019.TGA ATLANTIC OCEAN; CLOUDS S32-74-020.TGA ATLANTIC OCEAN; CLOUDS S32-74-022.TGA MOZAMBIQUE; BAIA DE MAPUTO S32-74-023.TGA MOZAMBIQUE; BAIA DE MAPUTO S32-74-026.TGA MEXICO; BAHIA MANZANILLO S32-74-027.TGA MEXICO; PACIFIC COASTLINE S32-74-028.TGA MEXICO; PACIFIC COASTLINE S32-74-031.TGA MEXICO; BAHIA PETACALCO S32-74-032.TGA MEXICO; BAHIA POTOSI S32-74-033.TGA MEXICO; BAHIA TEQUPA S32-74-035.TGA MEXICO; ACAPULCO S32-74-041.TGA MEXICO; PACIFIC COASTLINE S32-74-050.TGA GALAPAGOS ISLANDS; ISLA ISABELA S32-74-055.TGA BRAZIL; RIO DE JANEIRO S32-74-056.TGA BRAZIL; RIO DE JANEIRO page 22 S32-74-059.TGA BRAZIL; RIO DE JANEIRO S32-74-061.TGA BRAZIL; RIO DE JANEIRO S32-74-063.TGA CHILE; COASTLINE S32-74-066.TGA CHILE; COASTLINE S32-74-067.TGA BOLIVIA; CHILE, ARGENTINA S32-74-076.TGA CHILE; ANDES MOUNTAINS S32-74-077.TGA CHILE; ANDES MOUNTAINS S32-74-078.TGA CHILE; ANDES MOUNTAINS S32-74-079.TGA CHILE; ANDES MOUNTAINS S32-74-083.TGA ARGENTINA; RIO PARANA S32-74-097.TGA EGYPT; NILE RIVER, LAKE NASSER S32-74-098.TGA EGYPT; NILE RIVER, LAKE NASSER S32-74-099.TGA EGYPT; NILE RIVER, LAKE NASSER S32-74-100.TGA EGYPT; NILE RIVER, RED SEA S32-93-001.TGA SUDAN; RED SEA COASTLINE S32-93-002.TGA SUDAN; RED SEA COASTLINE S32-93-003.TGA SAUDI ARABIA; RED SEA COASTLINE S32-93-008.TGA YEMEN (ADEN); ARABIAN SEA COASTLINE S32-93-009.TGA YEMEN (ADEN); ARABIAN SEA COASTLINE S32-93-011.TGA MALDIVES; KARDIVA CHANNEL S32-93-012.TGA MALDIVES; KARDIVA CHANNEL S32-93-017.TGA INDIAN OCEAN; TROPICAL STORM S32-93-018.TGA INDIAN OCEAN; TROPICAL STORM S32-93-043.TGA AFRICA; SMOKE PALL S32-93-044.TGA AFRICA; SMOKE PALL S32-93-045.TGA GHANA; SMOKE PALL S32-93-046.TGA AFRICA; SMOKE PALL S32-93-057.TGA REUNION; CLOUDS S32-93-063.TGA MEXICO; MOUNTAINS S32-93-065.TGA EL SALVADOR; COASTLINE, SMOKE S32-93-066.TGA EL SALVADOR; LAGO DE COATEPEQUE S32-93-068.TGA HONDURAS; GOLFO DE FONSECA S32-93-075.TGA VENEZUELA; MARACAIBO S32-93-076.TGA VENEZUELA; MARACAIBO S32-93-077.TGA SOUTH AMERICA; CLOUDS, SMOKE S32-93-079.TGA MOON S32-93-080.TGA MOON S32-93-081.TGA MOON S32-93-082.TGA MOZAMBIQUE; BAIA DE MAPUTO S32-94-003.TGA AFRICA; ETHIOPIA/SOMALIA S32-94-004.TGA AFRICA; ETHIOPIA/SOMALIA S32-94-007.TGA AUSTRALIA-SA; LAKE EYRE (NORTH) S32-94-008.TGA AUSTRALIA-SA; LAKE EYRE (NORTH) S32-94-012.TGA MALI; MAURITANIA S32-94-013.TGA ALGERIA; ERG CHECH S32-94-014.TGA MALI; ERG CHECH S32-94-015.TGA ALGERIA; ERG CHECH S32-94-017.TGA NIGER; AIR MOUNTAINS S32-94-018.TGA NIGER; AIR MOUNTAINS S32-94-020.TGA NIGER; GRAND ERG DE BILMA S32-94-024.TGA SUDAN; JEBEL MARRA S32-94-025.TGA SUDAN; JEBEL MARRA S32-94-030.TGA SUDAN; WADI AL GHALLAH page 23 S32-94-032.TGA SUDAN; LIMON HILLS, MORO HILLS S32-94-033.TGA SUDAN; WHITE NILE S32-94-034.TGA SUDAN; WHITE NILE S32-94-035.TGA SUDAN; WHITE NILE S32-94-036.TGA SUDAN; WHITE NILE S32-94-037.TGA ETHIOPIA; SUDAN BORDER S32-94-038.TGA ETHIOPIA; AGRICULTURE S32-94-039.TGA KENYA; CHERANGANY HILLS S32-94-040.TGA KENYA; CHERANGANY HILLS S32-94-041.TGA ETHIOPIA; LAKE ABAYA S32-94-045.TGA AFRICA; ETHIOPIA/KENYA/SOMALIA S32-94-046.TGA AFRICA; ETHIOPIA/KENYA/SOMALIA S32-94-047.TGA SOMALIA; JUBA RIVER S32-94-048.TGA SOMALIA; JUBA RIVER S32-94-049.TGA SOMALIA; JUBA RIVER S32-94-050.TGA SOMALIA; JUBA RIVER S32-94-051.TGA SOMALIA; JUBA RIVER S32-94-052.TGA SOMALIA; STREAMS, ROAD S32-94-073.TGA ATLANTIC OCEAN; CLOUDS S32-94-075.TGA ATLANTIC OCEAN; CLOUDS S32-94-076.TGA NAMIBIA; NAMIB DESERT, ANGOLA S32-94-077.TGA NAMIBIA; NAMIB DESERT, ANGOLA S32-94-078.TGA NAMIBIA; BRANDBERG, NAMIB DESERT S32-94-079.TGA NAMIBIA; NAMIB DESERT S32-94-080.TGA NAMIBIA; BRANDBERG, ETOSHA PAN S32-94-083.TGA NAMIBIA; NAMIB DESERT S32-94-084.TGA REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICA; PANORAMA S32-94-088.TGA MOZAMBIQUE; MAPUTO S32-96-032.TGA SAUDI ARABIA; IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE S32-96-038.TGA ATLANTIC OCEAN; CLOUDS S32-96-041.TGA MEXICO; MEXICO CITY S32-96-048.TGA COLOMBIA; BARRANQUILLA, CARTAGENA S32-96-050.TGA COLOMBIA; BARRANQUILLA S32-96-051.TGA VENEZUELA; MARACAIBO S32-96-052.TGA COLOMBIA; CARIBBEAN COASTLINE S32-96-059.TGA NAMIBIA; NAMIB DESERT S32-96-061.TGA NAMIBIA; NAMIB DESERT,ORANGE RIV. S32-96-078.TGA BRAZIL; PARAIBA DO SUL S32-96-083.TGA NAMIBIA; CLOUDS-BLURRED S32-96-084.TGA REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICA; BOTSWANA BORDER S32-96-085.TGA REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICA; BOTSWANA BORDER S32-96-091.TGA CHILE; ARICA, SUNGLINT S32-96-092.TGA CHILE; ARICA, SUNGLINT S32-96-093.TGA CHILE; ARICA, SUNGLINT S32-96-094.TGA BOLIVIA; LAGO POOPO page 24 STS-56 IMAGES IN DUA2:[STS56] (append a .TGA to these image names) ------------------------------------------------------------------ Time Center Pt Image Date (GMT) Lat/Long Description ESC01008 In cabin picture of Mike Foale & Ken Cockrell w/HERCULES ESC01037 4/10/93 01:55:38 12.5 S 131.0 E Darwin, Australia ESC01039 4/10/93 03:13:48 27.8 N 84.2 E Nepal, 70NM West of Kathmandu ESC03030 4/10/93 05:49:26 38.392N 90.180W St. Louis, East St. Louis - light intensifier ESC03031 4/10/93 05:50:01 41.847N 87.734W Downtown Chicago, light intensifier ESC03032 4/10/93 05:50:39 41.855N 87.743W Downtown Chicago, light intensifier ECS03033 4/10/93 05:51:21 42.735N 84.514W Lansing, Michigan - light intensifier ESC03035 4/10/93 06:06:51 50.862N 6.404E Duren, Western Germany - 30NM NW of Bonn ESC03036 4/10/93 06:06:07 42.959N 17.148E Korcula Island, Croasia - 95NM SW of Sarajevo ESC03037 4/10/92 06:10:49 39.918N 25.252E Limnos Island, Greece - Northern Aegean Sea; 10,000ft runway visible ESC03039 4/10/93 06:12:35 36.186N 30.431E Gelidonya Point, SW Turkey on Mediterranean Sea ESC01008 An in cabin crew shot of Mike Foale on the left, and Ken Cockrell on the right. The sun is coming in the overhead window. The cable on the bottom right is part of the HERCULES system, connecting the Attitude Processor to the Inertial Measurement Unit. ESC01037 Darwin, Australia. 180mm lens, no filter, 1/500th Sec Shutter Speed. Latitude = 12.4 degrees South, Longitude = 130.9 degrees East. Orbit 30. ESC01038 Aral Sea. Taken on 4-10-93 at 3:06:43 GMT, Latitude = 46.05 N, Longitude = 59.560 E. ESC01039 River in Himalayan Mountains, 180mm lens, no filter, 1/500th Second Shutter Speed. Latitude = 27.8 degrees North, Longitude = 84.2 degrees East. Orbit 31. ESC03030 St. Louis, Missouri at night. Latitude = 38.6 degrees North, Longitude = 90.2 degrees West. The image was acquired with the image intensifier at 1/60 second shutter speed and -2/3 exposure compensation. Orbit 33. ESC03031 Chicago, Illinois at night. Latitude = 41.8 degrees North, Longitude = 87.7 degrees West. The image was acquired with the Image Intensifier at 1/60 second shutter speed and -2/3 exposure compensation. Orbit 33. page 25 ESC03032 Chicago, Illinois at night. Latitude = 41.8 degrees North, Longitude = 87.6 degrees West. The image was acquired with the Image Intensifier at 1/60 second shutter speed and -2/3 exposure compensation. Orbit 33. ESC03033 Lansing, Michigan at night. Latitude = 42.7 degrees North, Longitude = 84.5 degrees West. The image was acquired with the Image Intensifier at 1/60 second shutter speed and -2/3 exposure compensation. Orbit 33. ESC03035 Bonn - East of Langewehe, North of Dure Latitude = 50.8 degrees North, Longitude = 6.4 degrees East. A smoke plume. The image was acquired with a 300mm lens without a filter. A shutter speed of 1/500 second and -2/3 exposure compensation was used. The ESC was in shutter priority mode. Orbit 33. ESC03036 Yugoslavia Coast, point on island off Peljeski Canal Latitude = 42.9 degrees North, Longitude = 17.2 degrees East. A target of opportunity. The camera was in shutter priority mode with a 1/500 second shutter speed and -2/3 exposure compensation. A 300mm lens was used without a filter. Orbit 33. ESC03037 Limnos Island, Greece Latitude = 39.9 degrees North, Longitude = 25.3 degrees East. Airport can be seen on this island. The camera was in shutter priority mode with a 1/500 second shutter speed and -2/3 exposure compensation. A 300mm lens without a filter was used. Orbit 33. ESC03039 Southern Turkish coastline along the Mediterranean Sea. Latitude = 36.2 degrees North, Longitude = 30.4 degrees East. A 300mm lens without filter was utilized. The camera was in shutter priorty mode with a 1/500 second shutter speed and -2/3 exposure compensation. Orbit 33. ESC07020 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Latitude = 37.86 degrees South, Longitude = 144.87 degrees East 300mm, no filter, f/8 Orbit 46.