Date: Tue,  2 Mar 93 05:17:24    
From: Space Digest maintainer <digests@isu.isunet.edu>
Reply-To: Space-request@isu.isunet.edu
Subject: Space Digest V16 #250
To: Space Digest Readers
Precedence: bulk


Space Digest                Tue,  2 Mar 93       Volume 16 : Issue 250

Today's Topics:
                                Blimps
                           Bullets in Space
                             Bussard GIF
            Energy sources  Was: Re: Battery help needed!
                   Help on Catching this REVISITED
                McElwaine disciplined! (somewhat long)
                          Refueling in orbit
                     Why Apollo didn't continue?

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----------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: Sun, 28 Feb 1993 17:01:27 GMT
From: Frank Crary <fcrary@ucsu.Colorado.EDU>
Subject: Blimps
Newsgroups: sci.space

In article <C34wnB.Hs2@news.cso.uiuc.edu> jbh55289@uxa.cso.uiuc.edu (Josh Hopkins) writes:
>It would certianly be possible to actively heat the lifting gas.  However, given
>that Mars has an atmosphere of CO2 and probably has plenty of native Hydrogen
>available for use I don't forsee a real need for active heating.  Passive lift
>should be just fine thank you.

There is a little hydrogen there (that we can currently detect), but it
is extremely difficult to get at (it's mostly in the form of atmospheric
water amounting to only a few parts per million.) There are theoretical
reasons to expect alot more water, possibly in the form of premafrost or
subsurface water tables. But none of these have been detected in any
way. Until we know more about the planet, it's best to assume that
water (and therefore hydrogen) isn't readily available. With alot
of machinery and effort, you can get some. Producing one kilo of
water would require over 50 kW-hr of input power...

>You don't really want a high performance balloon envelope to touch the ground.
>Another good reason not to count on active heating for lift (or at least not
>all of it).

The Russian Mars 94 balloon uses an interesting compromise: It has
two envelopes, one holding enough helium to support the envelopes _only_
(i.e. not enough to lift the payload), and a second envelope heated by
sunlight. Together, they have enough lift to support the payload. So,
during the day, the system would float freely; at night the hot gas
envelope would cool, and the payload would land. The helium
however, would hold the envelopes safely off the ground. The next morning
as the sun heated the gas, the process would repeat.

>I would assume that for any near term dirigible one would use an electric
>motor.  It might be powered by a fuel cell or nukes, but solar power seems
>more likely.

If we are assuming a pre-existant base, I think chemical energy would
be the best option: It's quite easy to seperate carbon dioxide into
carbon monoxide and oxygen. It would be fairly easy for a base to
produce, and exploration vehicles to burn, this sort of fuel.

                                                    Frank Crary
                                                    CU Boulder

------------------------------

Date: Sun, 28 Feb 93 14:37:04 GMT
From: George Hastings <ghasting@vdoe386.vak12ed.edu>
Subject: Bullets in Space
Newsgroups: sci.space

Brandon France (fsbgf@acad3.alaska.edu ) writes:
> I just started reading this newsgroup so if this question has been asked
> before please respond via email.
> 
> What would happen if an astronaut was in a geostationary orbit and fired
> a rifle directly toward the earth?  What path would the bullet take?
> Would the bullet actually hit the earth or would it assume some orbit?
>  
> Brandon
> fsbgf@acad3.alaska.edu

	Assuming that the rifle was pointed at right angles to
the velocity vector, the bullet would not hit the Earth. The
acceleration of the bullet toward the Earth would increase as
the distance between the Earth and bullet decreased, but
remember that the bullet is travelling along an orbital path
sideways as it is going forward.
	The path it would follow would "cut the corner" like a
race car dropping down from the outside edge of the track to
closer to the inside of the track. As it accelerated from the
increasing pull of gravity it would reach its maximum velocity
at its closest approach to the Earth's surface.
	Then its path would begin to climb again, back toward
the original orbital position. Du to the increased velocity, it
would pass the original orbital altitude and continue some
distance beyond before reaching it maximum orbital height and
starting back to it low point again.
	You would have succeeded in putting the bullet (and
yourself) into elliptical rather than circular orbit.
	Question back to you: if the bullet in its new orbit
spends part of its time travelling faster than the original
geo-synchronous speed and part of the time travelling slower
than geo-synchronous speed, is its new orbital period still 24
hours?

---
 ____________________________________________________________
| George Hastings		ghasting@vdoe386.vak12ed.edu |  
| Space Science Teacher		72407.22@compuserve.com      |  If it's not
| Mathematics & Science Center 	STAREACH BBS: 804-343-6533   |   FUN, it's
| 2304 Hartman Street		OFFICE:       804-343-6525   |  probably not
| Richmond, VA 23223		FAX:          804-343-6529   |    SCIENCE!
 ------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 26 Feb 93 20:13:17 PST
From: Jason Cooper <lord@tradent.wimsey.com>
Subject: Bussard GIF
Newsgroups: sci.space

section 1 of uuencode 5.10 of file bussard.zip    by R.E.M.

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0```!``$`.@```%%!````````
`
end
sum -r/size 12355/23180 section (from "begin" to "end")
sum -r/size 35808/16801 entire input file

------------------------------

Date: Sun, 28 Feb 1993 15:17:18 GMT
From: Herman Rubin <hrubin@pop.stat.purdue.edu>
Subject: Energy sources  Was: Re: Battery help needed!
Newsgroups: sci.space,sci.electronics,sci.aeronautics,sci.chem,sci.engr

In article <C34tIG.30n@zoo.toronto.edu> henry@zoo.toronto.edu (Henry Spencer) writes:
>In article <1993Feb26.153056.18059@cbfsb.cb.att.com> rizzo@cbnewsf.cb.att.com (anthony.r.rizzo) writes:
>>I recall reading about iron-titanium-hydride (or some similar material)
>>for storing H2 in a high energy density, low pressure, room temperature,
>>mostly solid form...

>There has been experimental work on this kind of thing, but with the
>possible exception of whatever's done inside nickel-hydrogen batteries,
>I know of no operational systems using it.  My understanding is that
>it is extremely heavy for the weight of hydrogen it carries.

I did some simple calculations, mainly to refute the environmentalists.
From a weight standpoint, LH is obviously the best, but it is extremely
high volume at any reasonable pressure.  For hydrogen compounds, on a
per weight basis, methane checks in at 25% hydrogen.  The best that 
inorganic hydrides can do comes from the light elements, with LiH being
14% H, BeH2 being 18%, BH3 21%.  Saturated hydrocarbons do fairly well,
being at least 12.5% H, and gasoline (octane) being 15.8% H.

I do not know how much density of H can be maintained by the heavy
hydrides, but as far as I know, liquid or solid hydrocarbons are 
hard to beat, and liquids have other advantages.
-- 
Herman Rubin, Dept. of Statistics, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette IN47907-1399
Phone: (317)494-6054
hrubin@snap.stat.purdue.edu (Internet, bitnet)  
{purdue,pur-ee}!snap.stat!hrubin(UUCP)

------------------------------

Date: Sun, 28 Feb 1993 16:37:45 GMT
From: Rajesh Batra <rbatra@uceng.uc.edu>
Subject: Help on Catching this REVISITED
Newsgroups: sci.space

In article <C1Mx3z.7Lq@uceng.uc.edu> rbatra@uceng.uc.edu (Rajesh Batra)
writes:

> Hi,
>
> Here's a problem that I'm just plain stuck on, see if you can help.
>
> Scenerio:  You're on the moon, a 1700 m/s container (containing ice)
>which
	The object will be travelling at more like 1500 m/s...
							-R.B.
> weighs approximately 120 kg is hurled at you. How do you catch it such
> that you can salvage the ice? You have free reign over the container-
> hence the size/material.

----------------------------
Edward Ruden replies:

Launch the ice from space in a lunar orbit which is tangent to the 
lunar surface at the orbit's perigee. This is possible since there is
no atmosphere to bring the load down prematurely. Your "catcher" then,
regardless of its nature,  can be laid out along a great length of
the lunar surface since the load will be coming in horizontally.
This will keep the decellaration of (and therefore forces on) the load
to a minimum. A very desirable feature of the catcher would be that
it be moving at about the same velocity as the load at the point of contact.
this means, of course, it will have to run along and catch it before
pulling it down to rest.

Another idea:
The ice is launched as a sphere of, say, 1m diameter, and is 
accurately aimed at a long, narrowly tapered conical hole in the lunar
surface. The cone openning is about 10m in diameter, is heavily lined
with steel, and sunk into solid bedrock for strength. The cone angle is
sufficiently small that the ice sphere, coming in parrallel to the cone
axis, will not dent the steel wall upon grazing angle impact. The ice,
however, may at that point disinitigrate into ice cubes. The cone is used
to inject the ice into a steel tube somewhat over 1m in diameter which is
also sunk into the bedrock for strength. The tube is bent to give a radius
of curvature of about 100 m. The centripital acceleration of the ice fragments
will be on the order of 1000 g's. The tube can be built to withstand this
since ice on steel has very little abrasiveness and the pressure is
tolerable for steel in bedrock. The ice, however, will melt and vaporize
from the friction. The tube can curve back on itself so that the H2O
can race around in a loop until its kinectic energy is expended.
Within the first second or less of injection, a vacuum tight gate valve
closed off the conical injectors throat so that the water vapor doesn't
escape.  The tube is kept warm enough to prevent condensation while 
the water vapor is pumped out of the tube with a condensation (cryo)
pump to slake the thirst of the colonists.

Side note: there may (still) be some advantage to having the ice
come in horizontally by having the collection point at perigee. The
steel ring could then be layed flat, with the tubing at a nominally 
constant depth below the lunar surface. This reduces construction costs
Also, if terminal guidance is needed for the ice to hit the hole,
the carrier can release the ice about 1 km from the hole, give itself
a small boost to miss the lunar surface, and return to space for reused.



                          Edward Ruden


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Thanks Edward,

	As well as the many others who have e-mailed me with suggestions,


	The solution I have been working on (mathematically) for feasibility
	has been the funnel idea mentioned above. There are a few differences,
	however.

	1) Rather than being injected into a circular steel tube, it will 
	enter a vat of water (I'm still studying ice-water impacts (I've
	found journal articles with solid-water impacts and am assuming that
	ice will act in the same way- any suggestions appreciated)).
	Hopefully, the water will absorb the impact.  From what I've
	heard, a 45 caliber bullet traveling at about 240 m/s needs
	16 inches of water to stop.

	2) The electrical engineers who are handling the moon's communication
	network will already have a satellite in orbit, they will be willing
	to track the trajectory of the ice, and notify my catcher where it
	will land.  My catcher will move to the desired catch
	location.  The catcher drives on a 100 meter diameter paved road- the
	railgun people are confident that they can get the ice to land
	somewhere within this hundred meters. The large funnel has pitch
	adjustments as well.

	3) As mentioned by Edward above, it will have a valve at the entrance
	of the funnel that will close immediately, to avoid loss due
	to vaporization. 
	
	The nuclear engineers have plenty of heat they wish to rid themselves
	of, so I can use that to increase pressure/temperature to turn
	the ice shards back into water.


	Originally, the idea was to catch the ice in orbit and build
	a processing facility there. (The ice is being launched from the
	North Pole of the MOON (presumably, ice was found there)).
	This made sense, since the moon
	was primarily a gas station on the way to Mars.  Unfortunately,
	the RFP we received specified that the processing facility be
	built at the equator.  We did not wish to maintain a catcher
	around the orbit of the moon, since the orbit would be
	difficult to keep for any length of time without fuel consumption.


				Again thanks for the great input!

				Usenet is definitely the power of thousand
				thinkers!


					Rajesh Batra
					University of Cincinnati

					rbatra@uceng.uc.edu

------------------------------

Date: Sun, 28 Feb 1993 15:37:42 GMT
From: "Phil G. Fraering" <pgf@srl03.cacs.usl.edu>
Subject: McElwaine disciplined! (somewhat long)
Newsgroups: sci.skeptic,sci.space,sci.astro,sci.space.shuttle

carl@SOL1.GPS.CALTECH.EDU (Carl J Lydick) writes:

>In article <wiegand.730742470@lido16>, wiegand@rtsg.mot.com (Robert Wiegand) writes:

>If you do that, he interprets your returning his junk mail to him as
>harassment and sends mail to you system manager asking that you be
>denied access to the net.  I speak from experience here.  In my case,
>he didn't seem to understand that when he sent mail to my system
>manager (postmaster@sol1.gps.caltech.edu), that was just a forwarding
>address to me.

So he goes around demanding that your net access be cut off if you send
to him _once_ what he dumps onto tens of thousands of news feeds all around
the world several times a month?


If we reacted as he did, he wouldn't be able to use ground mail without
a special note from his Congressman and his mother.

Who is this guy?

And I'm dying to know: was this Lydick fellow disciplined for his misuse
of the net? ;-)

Seriously, speaking of misuse of the net, your message above was a little
wide, and I had to reformat to be able to quote it without looking
wierd. And: are you guys with vaxen more inconveinenced by this sort
of thing than those of us using unix?

>Carl J Lydick | INTERnet: CARL@SOL1.GPS.CALTECH.EDU | NSI/HEPnet: SOL1::CARL

>Disclaimer:  Hey, I understand VAXen and VMS.  That's what I get paid for.  My
>understanding of astronomy is purely at the amateur level (or below).  So
>unless what I'm saying is directly related to VAX/VMS, don't hold me or my
>organization responsible for it.  If it IS related to VAX/VMS, you can try to
>hold me responsible for it, but my organization had nothing to do with it.

--
Phil Fraering         |"...drag them, kicking and screaming,
pgf@srl02.cacs.usl.edu|into the Century of the Fruitbat." - Terry Pratchett,
                       _Reaper Man_

------------------------------

Date: Sun, 28 Feb 1993 16:44:45 GMT
From: Frank Crary <fcrary@ucsu.Colorado.EDU>
Subject: Refueling in orbit
Newsgroups: sci.space

In article <76619@cup.portal.com> BrianT@cup.portal.com (Brian Stuart Thorn) writes:
>>Well.  Would the phrase faster, cheaper, better come to mind?
>>As TOm munoz pointed out,  the THrusters carry 6,500 lbm of fuel
>>and weigh 5,000 lbm.   given the fact you are having to haul the
>>thrusters back to orbit that's a lot of money.  at 10,000 dollars/pound.
>>that's 50 million dollars.  Doesn't money mean anything to you?

>   Of course it does, but lives mean more. As I said, NASA chose the
>   safer of two methods. You have not made any comment on that point.

From 1978 to the present, the Soviets (or Russians) have launched
roughly one automated refueling mission per month. Out of over
a hundred such missions, they have experienced one mechanical failure
that damaged one of the station's station keeping motors and about
half-a-dozen failures to dock properly which resulted in an aborted
mission and a short delay in resupply. That's a ~95% reliability at
keeping schedueles and over 99% reliability at avoiding serious 
accidents. _None_ of the failures seriously threatened the crew.
In light of this, I have trouble seeing how automated docking/refueling
could be rejected as unsafe.

                                              Frank Crary
                                              CU Boulder

------------------------------

Date: 28 Feb 1993 16:12:56 GMT
From: John F Carr <jfc@athena.mit.edu>
Subject: Why Apollo didn't continue?
Newsgroups: sci.space

I was born in 1967 so I didn't pay much attention to Apollo at the time,
but I wrote a paper in high school on the political uses of the space
program.  Doing research for this paper, I had a strong impression from
reading about Apollo that the program had fulfilled its political purpose
and could be allowed to die without making the US look bad.

--
    John Carr (jfc@athena.mit.edu)

------------------------------

End of Space Digest Volume 16 : Issue 250
------------------------------