Return-path: X-Andrew-Authenticated-as: 7997;andrew.cmu.edu;Ted Anderson Received: from hogtown.andrew.cmu.edu via trymail for +dist+/afs/andrew.cmu.edu/usr11/tm2b/space/space.dl@andrew.cmu.edu (->+dist+/afs/andrew.cmu.edu/usr11/tm2b/space/space.dl) (->ota+space.digests) ID ; Thu, 25 Apr 91 01:25:56 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: Precedence: junk Reply-To: space+@Andrew.CMU.EDU From: space-request+@Andrew.CMU.EDU To: space+@Andrew.CMU.EDU Date: Thu, 25 Apr 91 01:25:46 -0400 (EDT) Subject: SPACE Digest V13 #454 SPACE Digest Volume 13 : Issue 454 Today's Topics: Re: Atlas Centaur bites the big one, 4/18 Re: Why the space station? Returned mail: unknown mailer error 1 Administrivia: Submissions to the SPACE Digest/sci.space should be mailed to space+@andrew.cmu.edu. Other mail, esp. [un]subscription requests, should be sent to space-request+@andrew.cmu.edu, or, if urgent, to tm2b+@andrew.cmu.edu ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: 23 Apr 91 12:40:23 GMT From: mcsun!hp4nl!alchemy!jprlarib@uunet.uu.net (Jan Peter Laribij) Subject: Re: Atlas Centaur bites the big one, 4/18 > From sci.space Tue Apr 23 14:33:58 1991 > Path: alchemy!hp4nl!mcsun!uunet!dev8a.mdcbbs.com!rivero > From: rivero@dev8a.mdcbbs.com > Newsgroups: sci.space > Subject: Re: Atlas Centaur bites the big one, 4/18 > Message-ID: <1991Apr22.094614.1@dev8a.mdcbbs.com> > Date: 22 Apr 91 09:46:14 GMT > References: <1991Apr19.055759.4781@nas.nasa.gov> <1991Apr19.032804.22803@riacs.edu> <1991Apr19.161351.6679@ux1.cso.uiuc.edu> > Organization: McDonnell Douglas M&E, Cypress CA > Lines: 18 > Nntp-Posting-Host: dev8a > Nntp-Posting-User: rivero > In article <1991Apr19.161351.6679@ux1.cso.uiuc.edu>, mcdonald@aries.scs.uiuc.edu (Doug McDonald) writes: > > > > In article <1991Apr19.055759.4781@nas.nasa.gov> ranma@noc.arc.nasa.gov (Robert Gutierrez) writes: > >>I wrote: > >>> Aside from the usual news reports, does anybody have any better details > >>> on the Atlas Centuar KSC self-destructed??? > >> > >>I'll bet those Arainespace launchings are looking better and better > >>every day to everybody else ... > > > > The folks who lost one to the Atlas had just finished losing one to > > Arianespace. > > > Okay! What is everybody doing WRONG? How can we (meaning all of Earth) develop > a reliable, economic orbital delivery system? > Mike Politely ask how the Russians did it ;-) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Jan Peter Laribij | E-mail : jprlarib@praxis.cs.ruu.nl | | Student Computer Science |---------------------------------------| | Beetzlaan 42 | "Be Aware Of Rocket Blast" - Slammin' | | 3762 CE Soest | Sammy Miller -- The Vanishing Point | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Jan Peter Laribij | E-mail : jprlarib@praxis.cs.ruu.nl | | Student Computer Science |---------------------------------------| | Beetzlaan 42 | "Be Aware Of Rocket Blast" - Slammin' | ------------------------------ Date: 24 Apr 91 04:26:29 GMT From: unmvax!uokmax!rwmurphr@ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU (Robert W Murphree) Subject: Re: Why the space station? prentice@triton.unm.edu (John Prentice) writes: >In article yamauchi@cs.rochester.edu (Brian Yamauchi) writes: >> >>A well-designed space station could be useful for life sciences >>research and as a assembly platform/staging area for interplanetary >>missions. On the other hand, it's debatable whether this description >>applies to Freedom... >Is this something that life scientists (whatever that means, biologists, >doctors, etc...) are really calling for or is this something that NASA >has dreamt up as yet another one of their applications of space? They >have been pretty creative in the past about the applications of space >to technology and the sciences, but few of the applications would >seem to have panned out. So I am curious about this claim. It may well >be a very valid claim, I am just curious who is making it. Who would >coordinate the experiments? Is this something NIH has bought into? >John >-- >John K. Prentice john@unmfys.unm.edu (Internet) >Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA I can't speak for biologists but judging from the overwhelming silence from the supposed users of the microgravity research and the immense cost of the space station I would judge that the life sciences aspect is something NASA dreamed up. Actually, if you look at the history of the shuttle I don't think NASA has been real interested in biology in the past. The general criticism (which I think is more than fair) of the space station is that it is a solution in search of a problem. Solutions in search of a problem are the NORM for electrical engineering but in this case the solution costs 30 billion dollars so it makes you wonder just whose problem (taxpayers) and whose solution ( greedy aerospace companies ) it is. ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 24 Apr 91 02:10:44 -0400 From: Mail Delivery Subsystem Subject: Returned mail: unknown mailer error 1 Cc: moore@cs.utk.edu ----- Transcript of session follows ----- 554 "| /usr/local/lib/mh/slocal -user wrasman -verbose >> /yellow/homes/wrasman/slocal-log 2>&1"... unknown mailer error 1 ----- Unsent message follows ----- Received: from UTKVX.utk.edu by CS.UTK.EDU with SMTP (5.61++/2.5.1s-UTK) id AA20290; Wed, 24 Apr 91 02:10:44 -0400 Received: from UTKVX.utk.edu by CS.UTK.EDU with MAIL-11 (utk-mail11d v1.7); Wed, 24 Apr 91 02:10:56 EDT Message-Id: <9104240610.AA20285@CS.UTK.EDU> Date: Wed, 24 Apr 91 02:10:57 EDT From: space+@ANDREW.CMU.EDU X-To: 'Tarniku Kelos' Subject: SPACE Digest V13 #451 To: WRASMAN Return-path: Received: from JNET-DAEMON by utkvx.utk.edu with PMDF#10578; Wed, 24 Apr 1991 02:18 EDT Received: From UTKVM1(MAILER) by UTKVX1 with Jnet id 0285 for RAZRON@UTKVX; Wed, 24 Apr 91 02:18 EDT Received: by UTKVM1 (Mailer R2.05) id 0650; Wed, 24 Apr 91 02:16:26 LCL Date: Wed, 24 Apr 91 02:18:17 EDT From: space-request+%ANDREW.CMU.EDU@CARNEGIE.BITNET Subject: SPACE Digest V13 #451 Sender: space-request+@andrew.cmu.edu To: 'Tarniku Kelos' Reply-to: space+@ANDREW.CMU.EDU Message-id: <6316EF93E0205EC9@utkvx.utk.edu> X-Envelope-to: RAZRON Comments: To: space+@ANDREW.CMU.EDU SPACE Digest Volume 13 : Issue 451 Today's Topics: Returned mail: unknown mailer error 1 Administrivia: Submissions to the SPACE Digest/sci.space should be mailed to space+@andrew.cmu.edu. Other mail, esp. [un]subscription requests, should be sent to space-request+@andrew.cmu.edu, or, if urgent, to tm2b+@andrew.cmu.edu ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Wed, 24 Apr 91 01:42:19 -0400 From: Mail Delivery Subsystem Subject: Returned mail: unknown mailer error 1 Cc: moore@cs.utk.edu ----- Transcript of session follows ----- 554 "| /usr/local/lib/mh/slocal -user wrasman -verbose >> /yellow/homes/wrasman/ slocal-log 2>&1"... unknown mailer error 1 ----- Unsent message follows ----- Received: from UTKVX.utk.edu by CS.UTK.EDU with SMTP (5.61++/2.5.1s-UTK) id AA19742; Wed, 24 Apr 91 01:42:19 -0400 Received: from UTKVX.utk.edu by CS.UTK.EDU with MAIL-11 (utk-mail11d v1.7); Wed, 24 Apr 91 01:42:28 EDT Message-Id: <9104240542.AA19740@CS.UTK.EDU> Date: Wed, 24 Apr 91 01:42:28 EDT From: space+@ANDREW.CMU.EDU X-To: 'Tarniku Kelos' Subject: SPACE Digest V13 #447 To: WRASMAN Return-path: Received: from JNET-DAEMON by utkvx.utk.edu with PMDF#10578; Wed, 24 Apr 1991 01:41 EDT Received: From UTKVM1(MAILER) by UTKVX1 with Jnet id 9884 for RAZRON@UTKVX; Wed, 24 Apr 91 01:41 EDT Received: by UTKVM1 (Mailer R2.05) id 0353; Wed, 24 Apr 91 01:39:39 LCL Date: Wed, 24 Apr 91 01:33:33 EDT From: space-request+%ANDREW.CMU.EDU@CARNEGIE.BITNET Subject: SPACE Digest V13 #447 Sender: space-request+@andrew.cmu.edu To: 'Tarniku Kelos' Reply-to: space+@ANDREW.CMU.EDU Message-id: <5DF1AAD040205EC9@utkvx.utk.edu> X-Envelope-to: RAZRON Comments: To: space+@ANDREW.CMU.EDU SPACE Digest Volume 13 : Issue 447 Today's Topics: Re: Government vs. Commercial R&D SPACE Digest V13 #444 Re: Energia (was Re: Saturn V blueprints) Sorry, this is a little off the subject Re: Saturn V and the ALS Saturn V vs. ALS Re: Galileo status reports Re: R-100 and R-101 Administrivia: Submissions to the SPACE Digest/sci.space should be mailed to space+@andrew.cmu.edu. Other mail, esp. [un]subscription requests, should be sent to space-request+@andrew.cmu.edu, or, if urgent, to tm2b+@andrew.cmu.edu ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: 24 Apr 91 03:44:09 GMT From: wuarchive!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!rpi!mvk@decwrl.dec.com (Michael V. Ke nt) Subject: Re: Government vs. Commercial R&D In article <245@rins.ryukoku.ac.jp> will@rins.ryukoku.ac.jp (will) writes: > I don't entirly agree with the Anti-trust thing, I mean if America > can allow murders to run rabid, crazies to mass murder 10+ people > and put them back on the street, allow police officers to beat up > people for enjoyment. I think congress can overlook a simple little > thing like Anti-trust. Besides with half of America on drugs I really > don't think anyone is going to notice. At least this is what is printed > in the Japanese news, that an average Japanese will read. > > Will..... Gee, and I thought the USSR was a closed society. -- Michael Kent mvk@itsgw.rpi.edu McDonnell Douglas Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute St. Louis, Missouri Troy, New York Apple II Forever! ------------------------------ ReSent-Message-ID: Resent-Date: Tue, 23 Apr 91 15:25:36 EDT Resent-From: Tommy Mac <18084TM@msu.edu> Resent-To: space+@andrew.cmu.edu Date: Tue, 23 Apr 91 02:14:45 EDT Reply-To: space+%ANDREW.CMU.EDU@msu.edu From: space-request+%ANDREW.CMU.EDU%CARNEGIE.BITNET@msu.edu Subject: SPACE Digest V13 #444 Comments: To: space+@ANDREW.CMU.EDU To: david polito <15432DJP@MSU.BITNET>, Tom McWilliams <18084TM@MSU.BITNET> Subject: Re: Laser launchers >>Then add in the fact that >>atmospheric blooming will reduce the delivered energy of the beam >>by a factor of 1000 to 1000000 at high altitudes >Support this assertion. What conditions are you assuming? What >sort of optical system, etc? The sun puts ~1KW/m^2 onto the >California desert, and nobody notices thermal blooming. So what? Blooming is a function of energy-density, too. 7 watts/meter-squared is quite a bit less than what's required for propulsion from the surface! >An optical system designed to avoid blooming will have many mirrors, >and mirrors much larger than the target. This will keep the power >density much lower than a simplistic system, with one aperture equal >to the size of the target. About time! I've been waiting for someone to point out the many-laser idea. >>with terrible efficiency. While for a rocket, the longer it runs, the >>faster it goes since it's mass ratio is continually improving right >>up until burnout. >This statement ran my bogosity meter off the scale. It reflects >such amazing ignorance or carelessness, one wonders where to begin >to pick it apart, and whether one should bother. So I won't. I'm not sure what a 'bogosity meter' is, but I reckon it's a phrase you draw up whenever you don't have a real answer. Point being that what was said about rockets being more efficient in the later stages of a trip is neither 'ignorant' or 'careless', but rather; QUITE TRUE. No wonder you won't bother to 'pick it apart'. >>This is *the* advantage of the laser scheme. If the power stored in >>those ground mounted tanks could really be delivered to a spacecraft >>at high altitude with good efficiency, then laser launching would >>be practical. >>At the power levels required to loft real payloads >>into orbit, atmospheric blooming is an intractable physical problem. >Consider the power level of the solar energy striking the ground, >and tell me why sunlight isn't an intractable physical problem. >Now consider the power levels of a laser launch. What is the >greatest power density which avoids blooming? Now, how much >aperture is required? Did you ever ask yourself this question? >If not, shame on you. Sunlight does bloom, as does starlight, aurora light, light pollution, etc. Just ask the guys that paid for the hubble scope (since it was supposed to get, literally, above the blooming problem). Also, questions which you seemed to have missed are; At what wavelengths is blooming less of a problem? What's the best power density at a particular wavlength which does not bloom? WHat is the altitude/blooming function? >>Talk to the guys who have actually >>fired high power lasers, the laser fusion folks, and see what they >>say about the absolute necessity of having a hard vacuum to fire the >>beam through. >I'd prefer that you do sanity checks on your statements before >posting them. Imploding fusion pellets is a very different >problem than vaporizing a layer of a meter-wide target. It >takes vastly greater power levels and faster rise times. The >pitfalls experienced by the LF workers will not be applicable. Nonesense. Of course it will. Both need to transmit high amounts of energy via an electromagnetic beam which has been focused on a target of tiny angular size. To claim otherwise is to prove the need for sanity checks yourself. >>Tethers need to exceed the theoretical strength of materials limits by >>orders of magnitude to work. Again, a fundamental scientific breakthrough, >>not engineering R&D, needs to occur before tethers can become reality, if >>ever. >How many tether studies have you read? Did you ever read anything >about non-synchronous tethers, or work any figures yourself? If >not, you are talking through your hat. He may be talking through his hat, but as far as material strengths are concerned, there is no practical tether material (for lifting from the surface) His lack of thourough research does not change the fundamental problem. NOT-SO-STANDARD DISCLAIMER: I realize that it's somewhat rude to get in the middle of a flame war, and even encourage it to some extent, but I do have justification; Rather than pointing out what was incorrect, or providing information to the other party, you seem to feel it's ok to (try to) insult/belittle someone for making a factual error or expressing an idea you don't like / disagree with. Doing this is not only lame in it's own right, and possibly embarrasing for the perpatrator, but encourange others to do it (like me), which ultimately adds only hard feelings and hindered communications to the discussion, and takes up lots of disk space that could be utilized in much better ways. It's especially worthy of ridicule when you are doing exactly what you are flaming someone else for doing! For example, claiming someone is ignorant while being quite ignorant yourself. Or saying they should read up on something that you're talking through your hat about, too. Or calling for sanity checks while invoking irellevant facts. P.S. maybe I'm wasting space, but I feel that keeping the flak and not-so- friendly sparring to a minimum is important. Especially since, by the nature of my abrasive personality, I find it so easy to join in. And I just don't have the time. Flame to; Tommy Mac 18084tm@msu Acknowledge-To: <18084TM@MSU> ------------------------------ Date: 23 Apr 91 20:24:00 GMT From: mentor.cc.purdue.edu!noose.ecn.purdue.edu!en.ecn.purdue.edu!irvine@purdue. edu (/dev/null) Subject: Re: Energia (was Re: Saturn V blueprints) In article <00947905.3FAEE140@KING.ENG.UMD.EDU>, sysmgr@KING.ENG.UMD.EDU (Doug M ohney) writes: > > They need the cash too badly...they'd provide decent services. There's nothing > which NASA needs to lift into orbit on Energia which couldn't wait a couple of > years in case of disruption of launch services from the Soviet Union via > political events. > Yeah, but the couple of years disruption might turn into no more launchers from the USSR, and then where would we be? No heavy lift vehicle, and nothing in the pipeline. Or when we get dependant on them for the space station , what's to keep them from raising prices to soak 'those evil capitalists' when we really need to keep crew members alive. No... its a bad idea and I'm sorry I even mentioned it! I feel much more comfortable with US made space hardware. Incidentally, to those who feel the USSR wouldn't do that, I'd hasten to point out the growing power of the 'hardliners' who still denounce us as the root of their ills, and as evil capitalists. -- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Brent L. Irvine | These are MY opinions | | Malt Beverage Analyst | As if they counted...:) | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ------------------------------ Date: 23 Apr 91 23:46:34 GMT From: ogicse!uwm.edu!caen!kuhub.cc.ukans.edu!2hnemarrow@ucsd.edu Subject: Sorry, this is a little off the subject We, the CRS (Cheap Rocket Society of Kansas) are looking for stainless steel air tanks rated (or formerly rated) for around 72 cubic feet or better, for experimental use as fuel tanks. We will pay for the tanks and shipping, but remember, we are the *Cheap* Rocket Society. Any help would be greatly appreciated, so we can get our project off the ground. Please respond via E-mail. Thanks. -- _____________________________________________________________________________ And, Harry, who are you to judge me? -- Andy Nichols: 1991 -- also: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~| Barabas: ~A.D. 35 and 2hnemarrow@kuhub.cc.ukans.edu | Hirohito: 1946 PPark@volta.ece.ukans.edu ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ------------------------------ Date: 24 Apr 91 01:34:05 GMT From: agate!bionet!uwm.edu!caen!ox.com!hela!aws@ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU (Allen W. S herzer) Subject: Re: Saturn V and the ALS In article <1991Apr23.200619.26948@en.ecn.purdue.edu> irvine@en.ecn.purdue.edu ( /dev/null) writes: >What I was trying to say is that the only costs of the Saturn is not >the booster. The overall economic impact of stepping back 20+ years >in technology because something might have had, at one time, a track >record, might be devaststing in aerospace and other industries. There is nothing in what I have said which precludes halting progress in launch technology. You must understand that using the latest technology in almost any operational system is a kiss of death. If we learn nothing from the Shuttle, let's at least learn that. You want research? I agree, let's do research. But at the same time, let's build our operational systems with mature well understood technology. Saturn fits that bill much better than ALS (although not as well as HL Delta or Titan V). You want more recent technology in the Saturns? So do I. That is why we need a program of continuous improvement to get it in. Want the very latest materials used? Fine. Start an effort to build a composit nozzle if you like. When it works, we add it to the existing design. >(Also, much of the Saturn would have to be redesigned making it more >of a Saturn VI than a Saturn V) Just most of the tooling. The design of the launcher itself is already there. That means we would need to do more testing than if we had the tooling but still less than with ALS. Knowing the basic design works is half the battle. >We would lose the edge we have in Aerospace by making compromises of this sort. IMHO by using our technology to build cheaper launchers we free up money for research. This is how we will keep our edge in aerospace. Given a choice between cheap products which work and expensive ones which don't work people select the cheaper ones. This is why the Shuttle was such a disaster and why ALS will be a disaster. >The Saturn was an excellent rocket for its time. The Saturn is also an outstanding rocket by our times. It lifts five times what anything we have can lift and for a hell of a lot less per pound. Id did it without fail or delay. What other measure for excellence can there be? >We CAN do better. We have yet to do so. Nothing on the drawing boards will do so. Allen -- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ |Allen W. Sherzer | If you love something, let it go. If it doesn't come back | | aws@iti.org | to you, hunt it down and kill it. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ ------------------------------ Date: 23 Apr 91 19:05:55 GMT From: pasteur!agate!bionet!uwm.edu!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!think.com!spool.mu. edu!news.nd.edu!mentor.cc.purdue.edu!noose.ecn.purdue.edu!en.ecn.purdue.edu!i rvine@ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU (/dev/null) Subject: Saturn V vs. ALS -- +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Brent L. Irvine | These are MY opinions | | Malt Beverage Analyst | As if they counted...:) | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ ------------------------------ Date: 24 Apr 91 02:37:37 GMT From: VAX1.CC.UAKRON.EDU!mcs.kent.edu!usenet.ins.cwru.edu!agate!tornado.Berkeley .EDU!gwh@tut.cis.ohio-state.edu (George William Herbert) Subject: Re: Galileo status reports In article mvk@aix01.aix.rpi.edu (Michael V. Kent) writes: >In article <12049@ptolemy-ri.ptolemy.arc.nasa.gov> glass@ptolemy.arc.nasa.gov ( Jay Glass) writes: >>orbiter. In a worst-case scenario, I have heard suggestions floated of >>launching a communications relay in a direct trajectory to Jupiter in >>order to "catch up" with Galileo and make mission objectives reachable >>using the low-gain antenna. >That is an interesting idea. If anyone knows any more about this, please say >something. Is there any way to alter the VEEGA trajectory in such a way as I can't imagine getting it back to earth in any way... what we might be able to do as an intermediate step between sending a comsat and doing nothing is to launch a repair craft (or spare antenna 8-( on an rendezvous trajectory as Galileo flys by in 1992. Sending a com relay to Jupiter is probably overkill. Sending one into a near- Jovian transfer (with a few-year window of communications ability) would be lower del-V and a lot cheaper. [crank up them skunk works, ed...] == George William Herbert == * JOAT = Jack Of All Trades = Generalist * == JOAT for Hire: Anything, == ######### I do Naval Architecture, ########## ===+++ Anywhere, my price +++=== # Spacecraft Design, UNIX Systems Consulting # == gwh@ocf.berkeley.edu == # RPG writing/development, and lots of other # == gwh@gnu.ai.mit.edu == ## random stuff, of course. I'm a JOAT 8-) ## ------------------------------ Date: 23 Apr 91 19:44:37 GMT From: agate!bionet!uwm.edu!spool.mu.edu!cs.umn.edu!uc!noc.MR.NET!gacvx2.gac.edu! vax1.mankato.msus.edu!omne@ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU Subject: Hello. The name's Omne, any hardcore trek type person should recognize the character, and I am looking for some information. I'm doing a paper on geosynchronous satellites for a course here, and am looking for relevant information on the topic. Two main things I need to find are 1) the number of objects in geosynchronous orbit, and 2) theories on how to get a burned out satellite out of geo-orbit. This isn't a joke; it's a term paper. Hope to get some responses from you soon. ------------------------------ Date: 23 Apr 91 03:54:41 GMT From: swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!news-server.csri.toronto.edu!torsqnt!geac!sq!msb@ucs d.edu (Mark Brader) Subject: Re: R-100 and R-101 > In fact, the R-100 flew quite well and made a successful maiden voyage > to Canada; there were some technical problems but nothing disastrous. > The R-101 had grave trouble flying at all, needed hasty and ill-advised > lengthening to have any hope of meeting its performance specs, and was > generally over budget, behind schedule, and below expectations... and on So badly behind schedule that the government fudged on its airworthiness certificate. The craft had *never* been tested at full speed before it departed on its maiden voyage! > its maiden voyage to India, this flagship of socialist progress crashed > on a hillside in France with no survivors. And a certain amount of justice in that the VIP fatality list included many of those responsible for the disaster in the first place, both at the political and technical levels. > ... The R-100 was designed by Barnes Wallis, better known > for the Wellington bomber, the Dambusters' bouncing bomb, and the Tallboy > and Grand Slam giant penetrating bombs. Another designer who worked on it was N. S. Norway, alias Nevil Shute. His memoir of this part of his life is called Slide Rule, and is almost certainly still in paperback print. It's well worth reading. (Some bookstores that carry it may put it with Shute's fiction. I don't know who publishes it in North America; I got my copy while overseas.) -- Mark Brader | "...not one accident in a hundred deserves the name. SoftQuad Inc., Toronto | [This occurrence] was simply the legitimate result utzoo!sq!msb, msb@sq.com | of carelessness." -- Washington Roebling This article is in the public domain. ------------------------------ End of SPACE Digest V13 #447 ******************* ------------------------------ End of SPACE Digest V13 #451 ******************* ------------------------------ End of SPACE Digest V13 #454 *******************