Return-path: X-Andrew-Authenticated-as: 7997;andrew.cmu.edu;Ted Anderson Received: from hogtown.andrew.cmu.edu via trymail for +dist+/afs/andrew.cmu.edu/usr11/tm2b/space/space.dl@andrew.cmu.edu (->+dist+/afs/andrew.cmu.edu/usr11/tm2b/space/space.dl) (->ota+space.digests) ID ; Tue, 26 Mar 91 11:30:45 -0500 (EST) Message-ID: Precedence: junk Reply-To: space+@Andrew.CMU.EDU From: space-request+@Andrew.CMU.EDU To: space+@Andrew.CMU.EDU Date: Tue, 26 Mar 91 11:30:39 -0500 (EST) Subject: SPACE Digest V13 #297 SPACE Digest Volume 13 : Issue 297 Today's Topics: The Mother of All Liquid Fuel Rockets MAJOR SOLAR FLARE ALERT - 17 MARCH - SOLAR INFORMATION UPDATE Galileo Update - 03/18/91 RE:Planets stats Re: Galileo Update - 03/18/91 Magellan Update - 03/18/91 Re: Value per pound vs. cost per pound Administrivia: Submissions to the SPACE Digest/sci.space should be mailed to space+@andrew.cmu.edu. Other mail, esp. [un]subscription requests, should be sent to space-request+@andrew.cmu.edu, or, if urgent, to tm2b+@andrew.cmu.edu ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: 17 Mar 91 08:28:10 GMT From: zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!sdd.hp.com!spool.mu.edu!munnari.oz.au!metro!cluster!ray@tut.cis.ohio-state.edu (Raymond Lister) Subject: The Mother of All Liquid Fuel Rockets > Article 2984 of sci.space.shuttle: > From: klaes@advax.enet.dec.com (Larry Klaes) > Subject: First Liquid-Fueled Rocket Launching by Goddard - 65th Anniversary > Date: 15 Mar 91 16:38:41 GMT > Organization: Digital Equipment Corporation > > > Saturday, March 16, marks the sixty-fifth anniversary of Robert > Goddard's launching of the world's first liquid-fueled rocket, the > ancestor of all modern liquid-fueled booster. ... The first liquid-fueled rocket yes, the ancestor of all modern liquid-fueled boosters, probably not. Goddard's work had little or no *direct* impact on post war rocketry. His work was largely ignored by the military and other funding sources, partly because they saw little use for it, partly because of Goddard's reputed abrasive personality. His papers, hoewever, may have influenced later German and Russian rocket scientists. The following is from David Baker's "The Rocket: The History and Development of Rocket and Missile Technology" ... "... Goddard and his wife worked under difficult conditions, alone and unaided by government funds ... and developed the liquid propellant rocket engine to a high stage of success and sophistication. ... the remarkable achievements recorded now as important milestones on the road to the moon and the Inter Continental (sic) Ballistic Missile were lost to an apathetic and preoccupied people who were to ignore the potential of reactive flight until another nation gave up its own rocketry and provided a rude awakening to its awesome potential." [The latter part of the quote refers to the V2.] Raymond Lister Department of Computer Science University of Sydney AUSTRALIA Internet: ray@cs.su.oz.AU ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 18 Mar 91 01:00:04 MST From: oler%HG.ULeth.CA@vma.cc.cmu.edu (CARY OLER) Subject: MAJOR SOLAR FLARE ALERT - 17 MARCH - SOLAR INFORMATION UPDATE X-St-Vmsmail-To: st%"space+@andrew.cmu.edu" -- MAJOR SOLAR FLARE ALERT -- MARCH 17, 1991 Flare Event Summary Potential Impact Assessment -------- MAJOR ENERGETIC EVENT SUMMARY A very short, impulsive class X1.0/2B Tenflare erupted from Region 6545 beginning at 21:23 UT. The event peaked at 21:25 UT and ended at 21:31 UT on 17 March. The flare was associated with a 710 s.f.u. tenflare and a 245 MHz burst of 5,400 s.f.u.. No sweeps were associated with this event. The flare was located at S10W13. This major category x-ray flare is characteristic of the short duration events which have originated from this region over the past week. However, this event can be considered rather insignificant considering the low integrated x-ray flux achieved. POTENTIAL TERRESTRIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT No terrestrial impacts are expected from this latest major flare. It was very brief and fairly insignificant, despite the x-ray rating achieved. Major flaring is expected to continue, although probably at a reduced rate from Region 6545. Another major event is expected within the next 72 hours from this Region. Some simplification and decay in magnetic complexity has been observed in this region. However, it is still maintaining a delta configuration (although it is now fairly weak) and is still quite capable of producing a major energetic event. New Region 6555 (S22E76) has shown impressive M-class flare activity since it arrived on the east limb. It has been responsible for five minor M-class flares on 17 March and continues to produce frequent M-class flaring. Several of these flares have been rated 2B optical types. Most of them have lasted average durations of between 20 and 40 minutes. This region is still too near the east limb to observe in any detail. Some impressive surging has also been observed on the east limb recently. A sudden magnetic impulse was observed at many middle latitude magnetic observatories. A local SI was not seen, although Boulder reports a SI measuring 12 gammas at 20:36 UT on 17 March. This impulse is believed to be in response to the major flare at 00:52 UT on 16 March. Geomagnetic activity has increased to generally unsettled levels since about 02:30 UT on 18 March. Activity could reach minor storm levels over high latitudes, although middle latitudes should remain generally unsettled to active. A POTENTIAL SATELLITE PROTON EVENT WARNING continues in progress. Satellite protons remain enhanced slightly above background levels. A major energetic flare could still easily push protons above event thresholds. A POTENTIAL PCA ACTIVITY WARNING also continues in progress and will likely remain in effect for the next 48 to 72 hours. Frequent minor SID's/SWF's can be expected due to the number of M-class flares occurring from Region 6555. SID's/SWF's should be fairly minor and of relatively short duration, unless another major flare erupts from Region 6545 (which is still very possible, if not likely). ** End of Alert ** ------------------------------ Date: 18 Mar 91 23:19:11 GMT From: agate!bionet!uwm.edu!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!swrinde!elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!jato!mars.jpl.nasa.gov!baalke@ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU (Ron Baalke) Subject: Galileo Update - 03/18/91 GALILEO STATUS REPORT March 18, 1991 The Galileo spacecraft will execute a Trajectory Correction Maneuver (TCM-9B) on Wednesday, March 20, to help aim it for the first-ever flyby of an asteroid next October. Tomorrow, the TCM-9B maneuver sequence will be uplinked to the spacecraft. In the maneuver Galileo will fire its small thrusters on and off during a period beginning at about 10 AM (PST) and concluding at about 1:30 PM (PST). The firings will result in a velocity change of about 5 miles per hour. The maneuver, together with three more planned in July and October, will shape Galileo's flight path for its flyby of Gaspra in the main asteroid belt on October 29. Galileo will be the first spacecraft to fly by an asteroid when it approaches within about 1,000 miles of the irregularly shaped, stony lump measuring nearly 15 miles across. During the encounter, the spacecraft will photograph and collect a wide variety of scientific data on the asteroid. The spacecraft has an opportunity for another asteroid encounter with Ida in 1993 en route to its destination, the giant planet Jupiter and its system of moons. ___ _____ ___ /_ /| /____/ \ /_ /| Ron Baalke | baalke@mars.jpl.nasa.gov | | | | __ \ /| | | | Jet Propulsion Lab | ___| | | | |__) |/ | | |___ M/S 301-355 | Change is constant. /___| | | | ___/ | |/__ /| Pasadena, CA 91109 | |_____|/ |_|/ |_____|/ | ------------------------------ Date: 11 Mar 91 17:33:00 GMT From: agate!linus!philabs!ttidca!quad1!bohica!mcws!p0.f851.n102.z1.fidonet.org!Unknown@ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU (Unknown) Subject: RE:Planets stats From: Robert.Nufer@wspbiop.pharma.sandoz.ch Path: wciu!elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!swrinde!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!magnus.ircc.ohio-state.edu!tut.cis.ohio-state.edu!ucbvax!wspbiop.pharma.sandoz.ch!Robert.Nufer Newsgroups: sci.space Subject: RE:Planets stats Message-ID: <"14339011301991.80615.PHARMAX400*"@MHS> Date: 11 Mar 91 09:33:41 GMT Horace Dediu asked for heliocentric coordinates of the planets. Here are the elements for 2 dates (dt=200 days), which I received from the nautical almanac office. The elements are referred to the mean equator and equinox of J2000.0. I wrote such an integrator on my PC. The differences in the space coordinates after 200 days are only a few (<100) meters, exept for the moon (~700m), taking into account the effects of relativity and flattening of the earth. Good luck, Robert 11 !bodies Reziprocal masses 1. !sun 6023600. !Mercury 408523.5 !Venus 332946.038 !Earth 27068708.75 !Moon 3098710. !Mars 1047.350 !Jupiter 3498. !Saturn 22960. !Uranus 19314. !Neptune 130000000. !Pluto JD=2445720.5 1984-jan-21 x y z 0.0000000000000000 0.0000000000000000 0.0000000000000000 Sun -3.9237600419742780d-01 -1.3014862965713190d-01 -2.8803568712353760d-02 Mercury -6.1747593503359970d-01 -3.5501753682576620d-01 -1.2061192206024060d-01 Venus -4.9726862423180750d-01 7.7900378656203770d-01 3.3776790929774000d-01 Earth -4.9943105175047770d-01 7.7987704458214030d-01 3.3837735105931980d-01 Moon -1.6517715629011390d+00 1.5072145653822190d-02 5.1633805950593850d-02 Mars -4.4113689834892880d-01 -4.8390628540557770d+00 -2.0634980784844330d+00 Jupiter -7.5226926619472710d+00 -5.9654986127693040d+00 -2.1403241728669190d+00 Saturn -6.4349045677828640d+00 -1.6398612769374390d+01 -7.0908150356202250d+00 Uranus -3.3604211382195290d-01 -2.8009735868185580d+01 -1.1456330174797610d+01 Neptune -2.4648925955534110d+01 -1.6680855853001220d+01 2.2191642326809340d+00 Pluto dx dy dz 0.000000000000000000 0.000000000000000000 0.000000000000000000 Sun 3.0733331269501810d-03 -2.2428035864050280d-02 -1.2298441769996190d-02 Mercury 1.0331272377820850d-02 -1.5631578916675450d-02 -7.6855557113932800d-03 Venus -1.5123425745104970d-02 -8.0295321187340230d-03 -3.4817724183148090d-03 Earth -1.5407186711533110d-02 -8.5497544884831480d-03 -3.6945237188466840d-03 Moon 2.3330807328375440d-04 -1.1632055089852220d-02 -5.3414706347202650d-03 Mars 7.4281484270990620d-03 -1.9359965717168060d-04 -2.6399261024382870d-04 Jupiter 3.2988438228403250d-03 -3.9101513450071490d-03 -1.7566143003359390d-03 Saturn 3.6791909058935620d-03 -1.3716588262320950d-03 -6.5293823911609590d-04 Uranus 3.1271405685032960d-03 1.1097233824026480d-05 -7.3313836984792090d-05 Neptune 1.8759297180202460d-03 -2.6376159296082770d-03 -1.3861518540778390d-03 Pluto JD=2445920.5 1984-aug-8 x y z 0.0000000000000000 0.0000000000000000 0.0000000000000000 Sun -7.9395918306513030d-03 -4.0970201622198530d-01 -2.1801151309916830d-01 Mercury -7.1002653528098610d-01 8.2812435525413000d-02 8.2196064013997000d-02 Venus 7.2753369203641330d-01 -6.4795353957305680d-01 -2.8094533947074920d-01 Earth 7.2770311484354060d-01 -6.5029098750702580d-01 -2.8208184518431070d-01 Moon 2.3536300531923720d-01 -1.2855615163794570d+00 -5.9600458174535470d-01 Mars 1.0421024133582790d+00 -4.6811418036545020d+00 -2.0319475701556900d+00 Jupiter -6.8176472045398530d+00 -6.7088071014892360d+00 -2.4775986834814380d+00 Saturn -5.6936967025280650d+00 -1.6658478622244450d+01 -7.2151443899825470d+00 Uranus 2.8943095595656250d-01 -2.8001313971254770d+01 -1.1468450955707030d+01 Neptune -2.4268244616327360d+01 -1.7204407216363400d+01 1.9415473392615370d+00 Pluto dx dy dz 0.000000000000000000 0.000000000000000000 0.000000000000000000 Sun 2.2488238488142970d-02 1.6751387206390150d-03 -1.4385867775376960d-03 Mercury -3.1677995959237220d-03 -1.8390288297105260d-02 -8.0720236386727800d-03 Venus 1.1695861142792350d-02 1.1266257551992030d-02 4.8856338790782600d-03 Earth 1.2277150381366610d-02 1.1298502205470590d-02 4.8498844199885040d-03 Moon 1.4336348309235510d-02 3.3171388943035410d-03 1.1333298406726750d-03 Mars 7.3016857355444790d-03 1.7752096119491220d-03 5.8302048568694510d-04 Jupiter 3.7431933904962360d-03 -3.5161866319702250d-03 -1.6129886484862720d-03 Saturn 3.7316462951902230d-03 -1.2268031335039680d-03 -5.9025413330235980d-04 Uranus 3.1272419934697750d-03 7.3084566667523600d-05 -4.7905523091628240d-05 Neptune 1.9306465449426430d-03 -2.5977200062970680d-03 -1.3899335468225510d-03 Pluto -- : Unknown - via FidoNet node 1:102/851 (818)352-2993 : ARPA/INTERNET: Unknown@p0.f851.n102.z1.fidonet.org : UUCP: ...!{elroy!bohica,elroy!wciu,cit-vax!wciu}!mcws!851.0!Unknown : Compu$erve: >internet:Unknown@p0.f851.n102.z1.fidonet.org ------------------------------ Date: 19 Mar 91 10:58:09 GMT From: pacific.mps.ohio-state.edu!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!rpi!uupsi!sunic!lth.se!newsuser@tut.cis.ohio-state.edu (Magnus Olsson) Subject: Re: Galileo Update - 03/18/91 In article <1991Mar18.231911.19162@jato.jpl.nasa.gov> baalke@mars.jpl.nasa.gov (Ron Baalke) writes: >The maneuver, together with three more planned in July and October, >will shape Galileo's flight path for its flyby of Gaspra in the main asteroid >belt on October 29. (But that's my birthday - what a nice birthday present! :-) ) > Galileo will be the first spacecraft to fly by an asteroid when it >approaches within about 1,000 miles of the irregularly shaped, stony lump >measuring nearly 15 miles across. During the encounter, the spacecraft will >photograph and collect a wide variety of scientific data on the asteroid. How "close" is 1000 miles in this context - i.e. what kind of resolution will the images have? Will they be comparable ith e.g. Voyager's pictures of Miranda? Magnus Olsson | \e+ /_ Dept. of Theoretical Physics | \ Z / q University of Lund, Sweden | >----< Internet: magnus@thep.lu.se | / \===== g Bitnet: THEPMO@SELDC52 | /e- \q ------------------------------ Date: 18 Mar 91 23:23:26 GMT From: agate!bionet!uwm.edu!caen!sdd.hp.com!elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!jato!mars.jpl.nasa.gov!baalke@ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU (Ron Baalke) Subject: Magellan Update - 03/18/91 MAGELLAN STATUS REPORT March 18, 1991 The Magellan spacecraft and its radar system are performing nominally. All of the STARCALS (star calibrations) and DESATS (desaturations) during the weekend were successful, with only two star rejects. The downlink communications at both S and X-band continue to be excellent with signal to noise ratios very close to predicts. No commanding is planned for today. Late tomorrow, the weekly mapping command sequence, M1079, with its radar control parameter and mapping quaternion files will be sent to the spacecraft. ___ _____ ___ /_ /| /____/ \ /_ /| Ron Baalke | baalke@mars.jpl.nasa.gov | | | | __ \ /| | | | Jet Propulsion Lab | ___| | | | |__) |/ | | |___ M/S 301-355 | Change is constant. /___| | | | ___/ | |/__ /| Pasadena, CA 91109 | |_____|/ |_|/ |_____|/ | ------------------------------ Date: 12 Mar 91 02:34:00 GMT From: agate!linus!philabs!ttidca!quad1!bohica!mcws!p0.f851.n102.z1.fidonet.org!Henry.Spencer@ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU (Henry Spencer) Subject: Re: Value per pound vs. cost per pound From: henry@zoo.toronto.edu (Henry Spencer) Path: wciu!elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!swrinde!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!maverick.ksu.ksu.edu!rutgers!news-server.csri.toronto.edu!utzoo!henry Newsgroups: sci.space Subject: Re: Value per pound vs. cost per pound Message-ID: <1991Mar11.183441.687@zoo.toronto.edu> Date: 11 Mar 91 18:34:41 GMT In article gaserre@isis.isis.cs.du.edu (Glenn A. Serre) writes: >Henry says: >>...There may be a slight constraint to avoid major releases >>into sensitive regions of the upper atmosphere, but I can't imagine this >>having much impact, given that launchers climb through those regions >>very quickly for other reasons already. > >Nick: >This "coasting phase to protect the ozone" is yet another constraint that >must be imposed on a system already strained to its technical limits. > >Me: >Who mentioned a "coasting phase"? Just don't use solid fuel boosters that >produce Chlorine compounds, use rp1-lox, lh2-lox, or NO4-N2H2. Actually, the possibility of a coasting phase came up in private mail, so it's not *quite* out of left field. There may be some concern about release of even water vapor into sensitive regions. Nick's problem here is that he doesn't know much about launcher design, or he wouldn't make ridiculous statements like "already strained to its technical limits". Launcher designers commonly trade off performance for reliability, ease of handling, use of existing hardware, etc.; you would not find such tradeoffs in systems that were stretched to their limits. As a case in point, almost every launcher designer uses 3 or even 4 stages to get to orbit, when Atlas did it with 1.5 over thirty years ago. There are large margins of performance available if environmental constraints become serious enough to justify major redesign. -- "But this *is* the simplified version | Henry Spencer @ U of Toronto Zoology for the general public." -S. Harris | henry@zoo.toronto.edu utzoo!henry -- : Henry Spencer - via FidoNet node 1:102/851 (818)352-2993 : ARPA/INTERNET: Henry.Spencer@p0.f851.n102.z1.fidonet.org : UUCP: ...!{elroy!bohica,elroy!wciu,cit-vax!wciu}!mcws!851.0!Henry.Spencer : Compu$erve: >internet:Henry.Spencer@p0.f851.n102.z1.fidonet.org ------------------------------ End of SPACE Digest V13 #297 *******************