Return-path: X-Andrew-Authenticated-as: 7997;andrew.cmu.edu;Ted Anderson Received: from hogtown.andrew.cmu.edu via trymail for +dist+/afs/andrew.cmu.edu/usr11/tm2b/space/space.dl@andrew.cmu.edu (->+dist+/afs/andrew.cmu.edu/usr11/tm2b/space/space.dl) (->ota+space.digests) ID ; Tue, 19 Feb 91 01:36:52 -0500 (EST) Message-ID: Precedence: junk Reply-To: space+@Andrew.CMU.EDU From: space-request+@Andrew.CMU.EDU To: space+@Andrew.CMU.EDU Date: Tue, 19 Feb 91 01:36:45 -0500 (EST) Subject: SPACE Digest V13 #174 SPACE Digest Volume 13 : Issue 174 Today's Topics: SOLAR TERRESTRIAL FORECAST AND REVIEW Administrivia: Submissions to the SPACE Digest/sci.space should be mailed to space+@andrew.cmu.edu. Other mail, esp. [un]subscription requests, should be sent to space-request+@andrew.cmu.edu, or, if urgent, to tm2b+@andrew.cmu.edu ---------------------------------------------------------------------- X-Delivery-Notice: SMTP MAIL FROM does not correspond to sender. Date: Mon, 18 Feb 91 02:32:22 MST From: std_oler%HG.ULeth.CA@vma.cc.cmu.edu (Cary Oler) Subject: SOLAR TERRESTRIAL FORECAST AND REVIEW X-St-Vmsmail-To: st%"space+@andrew.cmu.edu" --- SOLAR TERRESTRIAL FORECAST AND REVIEW --- February 17 to February 26, 1991 Report Based In-Part from Data Obtained from the Space Environment Services Center Boulder Colorado -------- SOLAR TERRESTRIAL REVIEW FOR 10 FEBRUARY TO 16 FEBRUARY. Solar activity over the past week has been mostly low. A low-level M-class flare erupted early in the week (11 Feb) from Region 6487. This region exhibited a brief beta-gamma magnetic configuration early in the week. As the week progressed, Region 6487 began to decay. It is now a relatively simple beta group of significantly reduced area and will pass beyond the east limb on 18 February. There has been no other significant sunspot activity this week. Probably the most noteworthy solar event to occur this week was the disappearance of a very long filament in the southwest solar hemisphere between approximately 16:00 UT and 19:00 UT on 14 February. The filament was about 50 degrees in length and produced some very minor radio emissions. The event was believed responsible for a coronal mass ejection, although this has not been reliably confirmed. M-class flare activity has increased as of late. Two optically uncorrelated M-class events have been observed since 16 February. The signatures of these events are characteristic of those events which occur around the eastern limb. Indeed, this is the most likely area for flare activity to be observed, considering the fact that several previously very active regions are due to return around 18 February. The latest event (an optically uncorrelated class M1.5 event with an observed Type II sweep) occurred at 06:22 UT on 17 February. Geomagnetic activity increased to active levels over most latitudes (with periodic minor storming at high latitudes) on 12 and 13 February. A well placed coronal hole is held responsible for the increased activity. Activity has since declined to generally quiet levels. Auroral activity increased in tandem with geomagnetic activity on 12 and 13 February. High latitudes witnessed periods of moderate activity. Middle and low latitudes were generally unable to witness any activity. HF radio propagation conditions have been normal to above normal over the past week. The only exceptions were on 12 and 13 February when increased magnetic and auroral activity degraded radio conditions slightly over most latitudes. High latitudes were affected the strongest, although even at high latitudes, no significant degradations were observed. VHF propagation conditions continued to be normal this week. Conditions remained stable. No SID enhancements or other anomalies were observed due to the quiet levels of solar activity which occurred. SHORT TERM SOLAR TERRESTRIAL FORECAST Solar activity is on the rise again. Indices have been climbing now for the past several days. The background X-ray flux has increased from a class C1.2 level on 15 February to a class C2.3 level on 17 February. The 10.7 cm radio solar flux has increased from 194 on 15 February to 214 on 17 February. M-class flare activity has increased notably over the past 24 hours. They have so far been optically uncorrelated, which suggests that the region(s) which are spawning the events are still out of view near the eastern limb. M-class flaring is likely to continue at an enhanced rate for the next two weeks as the active regions begin to traverse the visible solar disk. There is also an elevated risk for major flaring. Major flares are likely to be observed with the passage of the active regions across the solar disk over the next two weeks. However, the rate of major flaring (if indeed major flaring does redevelope) will not be known until the regions in question rotate into view. At the present time, major flaring is not expected to be as frequent as was observed during the last appearance of these returning regions. More will obviously be known within the next several days. The geomagnetic field is expected to remain generally quiet until near 22 February. At that time, geomagnetic activity is expected to increase to mostly unsettled to active levels. A well placed coronal hole should increase magnetic activity at that time. A return to more quiet levels should be observed by 24 February (barring any significant solar activity). Auroral activity will remain dormant until 21/22 February. It should become mostly moderate in intensity over the higher latitudes on 22/23 February and is expected to return to generally dormant levels by 24 February (again, barring any significant solar events). Northerly middle latitudes should observe an increase in low level auroral activity near 22/23 February. Lower latitudes will be unable to witness any activity. However, please note that the risk for potential auroral storming will increase as the week progresses, dependent upon the intensity of activity of the returning active solar regions. HF propagation conditions are expected to remain at normal to above normal levels for the next two weeks. The increased levels of energy being received from the sun should maintain high MUF's throughout this week. Openings on 6 meters could become common beginning this week, lasting possibly into the first week of March. The frequency of SID's and SWF's will increase and persist for the next two weeks. Daytime HF absorption will increase during periods of M-class flare activity, which could become quite a frequent phenomena. Propagation conditions should experience some degradation on 22/23 February in response to the expected increase in geomagnetic activity on this date. No significant HF problems are anticipated. VHF propagation conditions should remain normal throughout most of the coming week. The potential for experiencing SID-enhanced propagation will exist throughout the next two weeks as flare activity is expected to increase in both frequency and magnitude. SID enhancing effects are only noticable over the sunlit hemisphere. High latitudes will not notice the effects as strongly as middle and low latitudes. SUMMARY OF ALL ACTIVE REGIONS VISIBLE ON THE SOLAR DISK AS OF 18 FEBRUARY Region # Location LO Area Class LL Spots Magnetic Type -------- -------- --- ---- ----- -- ----- ------------- 6487 N13W88 009 0480 DAO 08 005 BETA 6488 S12W52 333 0000 AXX 01 001 ALPHA 6492 S12W93 014 0180 CAO 06 002 BETA 6495 S05W43 324 0030 BXO 05 004 BETA 6496 N28W07 288 0000 AXX 01 002 ALPHA 6497 S11E16 265 0390 CSO 05 006 BETA 6498 N24W05 286 0180 CAO 05 011 BETA 6501 S08W68 349 0180 CAO 06 010 BETA 6502 S13W71 352 0330 DAO 08 005 BETA 6504 S16E51 230 1020 EKO 11 018 BETA 6505 S13E28 253 0090 CSO 05 008 BETA 6506 N29E48 233 0030 BXO 05 004 BETA 6507 S04E57 224 0000 AXX 01 002 ALPHA 6508 S12E80 201 0060 HRX 02 002 ALPHA 6509 S20E81 200 0480 CSO 10 009 BETA 6510 S17E23 258 0030 BXO 04 006 BETA NOTES: Area is in million square kilometers. Angular extent (LL) and solar longitude (LO) are in degree's. For more information regarding the terminology used above, request the Glossary of Solar Terrestrial Terms from: "std_oler@hg.uleth.ca". H-ALPHA PLAGES WITHOUT SPOTS. LOCATIONS VALID AS OF 00:00 UT ON 18 FEBRUARY. REGION LOCATION LO COMMENTS (IF ANY) ------ -------- --- ------------------------------- 6489 S11W48 329 NONE 6490 S07W79 360 6491 S06W36 317 6500 S07W28 309 6503 S20W62 343 ACTIVE REGIONS DUE TO RETURN BETWEEN 18 FEBRUARY AND 20 FEBRUARY. Region Latitude Longitude (Helio.) ------ -------- --------- 6472 N11 189 6469 S13 184 6482 N07 182 NOTES: For definitions regarding the above, request the "Glossary of Solar Terrestrial Terms" from "std_oler@hg.uleth.ca". GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF RECENT PLANETARY (GLOBAL) GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY Cumulative Geomagnetic Activity History Peak Planetary Geomagnetic Activity during the past 96 hours ____________________________________________________________________ | EXTREMELY SEVERE | | | | | VERY HIGH! | | VERY SEVERE STORM | | | | | HIGH | | SEVERE STORM | | | | | MODERATE | | MAJOR STORM | | | | | LOW - MOD. | | MINOR STORM | | | | | LOW | | VERY ACTIVE | | | | | NONE | | ACTIVE | * | |* | | NONE | | UNSETTLED | * *****| *****|* * ** *| * ** | NONE | | QUIET |********|********|********|********| NONE | | VERY QUIET |********|********|********|********| NONE | |-------------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|------------| | Geomagnetic Field | Thu. | Fri. | Sat. | Sun. | Anomaly | | Conditions | Given in 3-hour intervals | Intensity | |____________________________________________________________________| NOTES: The data above represents planetary geomagnetic activity. Data from many magnetic observatories around the world are used in constructing the above chart. The first graph line for each day represents geomagnetic activity which occurred between 00 UT and 03 UT. The second graph line represents activity which occurred between 03 UT and 06 UT, etc. For information regarding the interpretation and/or use of these charts, send a request for the document "Understanding Solar Terrestrial Reports" to: std_oler@hg.uleth.ca. PLANETARY 10-DAY GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY OUTLOOK (17 FEBRUARY - 26 FEBRUARY) ________________________________________________________________________ | EXTREMELY SEVERE | | | | | | | | | | | VERY HIGH! | | VERY SEVERE STORM | | | | | | | | | | | HIGH | | SEVERE STORM | | | | | | | | | | | MODERATE | | MAJOR STORM | | | | | | | | | | | LOW - MOD. | | MINOR STORM | | | | | | | | | | | LOW | | VERY ACTIVE | | | | | | | | | | | NONE | | ACTIVE | | | | | | * | * | | | | NONE | | UNSETTLED | | **|** | * | **|***|***|** | * | * | NONE | | QUIET |***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***| NONE | | VERY QUIET |***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***| NONE | |-------------------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|------------| | Geomagnetic Field |Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue| Anomaly | | Conditions | Given in 8-hour intervals | Intensity | |________________________________________________________________________| CONFIDENCE LEVEL: 65% NOTES: Predicted geomagnetic activity is based heavily on recurrent phenomena. Transient energetic solar events cannot be predicted reliably over periods in excess of several days. Hence, there may be some deviations from the predictions due to the unpredictable transient solar component. GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF SOLAR ACTIVITY OVER THE PAST 60 DAYS Cumulative Graphical Analysis of Solar Activity ____________________________________________________________ 377| | V.HIGH 363| F | V.HIGH 348| *FF | V.HIGH 334| *FF | V.HIGH 320| **FF | V.HIGH 306| **FF* | V.HIGH 291| F**FF** | HIGH 277| *F**FF** | HIGH 263| F*F**FF*** | HIGH 249| F*F**FF*** | MOD. 234| *F*F**FF***F | MOD. 220| * ***F*F**FF***F* | MOD. 206| ***** F ***F*F**FF***F* F **| MOD. 192|* * F**** ******* *F*******F*F**FF***F**FF ***| MOD. 177|***FFF*F******* ***********F*******F*F**FF***F**FF* *******| LOW 163|***FFF*F********************F*******F*F**FF***F**FF*********| LOW ------------------------------------------------------------ Cumulative 60 day Solar Activity Record Start Date: December 19, 1990 NOTES: Left-hand column digits represent the 10.7 cm solar radio flux obtained from Ottawa. The right-hand column describes the relative solar activity for that period based on the average number of major and minor flares that can be expected for related solar flux values. Plot lines labeled with the letter "F" represent days where at least one major flare occurred (ie. class M5 or greater flare). GRAPHICAL 20-DAY SOLAR ACTIVITY PREDICTION Solar Activity _________________________________________________________________ | 285 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 278 | | | | | | | |**|**|**| | | | | | | | | | | | 271 | | | | | |**|**| | | |**|**|**| | | | | | | | | 264 | | | | |**| | | | | | | | |**| | | | | | | | 257 | | | |**| | | | | | | | | | |**| | | | | | | 250 | | |**| | | | | | | | | | | | |**| | | | | | 243 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 236 | |**| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |**| | | | | 229 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 222 |**| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |**| | | | 215 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |**| | | 208 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |**| | 201 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |-----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--| |Solar|18|19|20|21|22|23|24|25|26|27|28|01|02|03|04|05|06|07|08|09| |Flux | February | March | ----------------------------------------------------------------- CONFIDENCE LEVEL: 50% HF RADIO SIGNAL PROPAGATION PREDICTIONS (17 FEBRUARY - 26 FEBRUARY) High Latitude Paths ________________________________________________________ | EXTREMELY GOOD | | | | | | | | | | | | VERY GOOD | | | | | | | | | | | CONFIDENCE | GOOD | | | | | | | | | | | LEVEL | FAIR |***|***|***|* *|* | | | *|* *|* *| ------- | POOR | | | | * | **|***|***|** | * | * | 60% | VERY POOR | | | | | | | | | | | | EXTREMELY POOR | | | | | | | | | | | |----------------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | PROPAGATION |Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue| | QUALITY | Given in 8-Hour UT Intervals | -------------------------------------------------------- Middle Latitude Paths ________________________________________________________ | EXTREMELY GOOD | | | | | | | | | | | | VERY GOOD |***|***|***|***|* *| | | *|* *|* *| CONFIDENCE | GOOD | | | | | * |***|* *|** | * | * | LEVEL | FAIR | | | | | | | * | | | | ------- | POOR | | | | | | | | | | | 65% | VERY POOR | | | | | | | | | | | | EXTREMELY POOR | | | | | | | | | | | |----------------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | PROPAGATION |Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue| | QUALITY | Given in 8-Hour UT Intervals | -------------------------------------------------------- Low Latitude Paths ________________________________________________________ | EXTREMELY GOOD | | | | | | | | | | | | VERY GOOD |***|***|***|***|***|* | |* *|* *|* *| CONFIDENCE | GOOD | | | | | | **|***| * | * | * | LEVEL | FAIR | | | | | | | | | | | ------- | POOR | | | | | | | | | | | 65% | VERY POOR | | | | | | | | | | | | EXTREMELY POOR | | | | | | | | | | | |----------------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | PROPAGATION |Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue| | QUALITY | Given in 8-Hour UT Intervals | -------------------------------------------------------- NOTES: High latitudes >= 55 degree's north latitude Middle latitudes >= 40 < 55 degree's north latitude Low latitudes < 40 degree's north latitude POTENTIAL VHF DX PROPAGATION PREDICTIONS (17 FEBRUARY - 26 FEBRUARY) INCLUDES SID AND AURORAL BACKSCATTER ENHANCEMENT PREDICTIONS HIGH LATITUDES __________________________________________________ ___________________ | SIGNAL | Given in 8 hour local time intervals | | SID ENHANCEMENT | | QUALITY |Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue| |S|M|T|W|T|F|S|S|M|T| |__________|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___| |-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-| | VERY GOOD| | | | | | | | | | | 0%|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| |ABOVE NORM| | | | | | | | | | | 20%|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| | NORMAL|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***| 40%| | |*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| |BELOW NORM| | | | | | | | | | | 60%| | | | | | | | | | | | VERY POOR| | | | | | | | | | | 80%| | | | | | | | | | | | BLACKOUT| | | | | | | | | | |100%| | | | | | | | | | | |==========|===|===|===|===|===|===|===|===|===|===| |-------------------| | 100% | | | | | | | | | | |100%| | | | | | | | | | | | 80% | | | | | | | | | | | 80%| | | | | | | | | | | | 60% | | | | | | | | | | | 60%| | | | | | | | | | | | 40% | | | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 40%| | | | | | | | | | | | 20% | * | * | * |** |** |** |** |** |** |** | 20%| | | | | |*|*|*|*|*| | 0% |***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***| 0%|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| |----------+---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| |-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-| |CHANCE OF |Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue| |S|M|T|W|T|F|S|S|M|T| | VHF DX | Given in 8 hour local time intervals | |AURORAL BACKSCATTER| |__________|_______________________________________| |___________________| MIDDLE LATITUDES __________________________________________________ ___________________ | SIGNAL | Given in 8 hour local time intervals | | SID ENHANCEMENT | | QUALITY |Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue| |S|M|T|W|T|F|S|S|M|T| |__________|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___| |-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-| | VERY GOOD| | | | | | | | | | | 0%|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| |ABOVE NORM| | | | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 20%|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| | NORMAL|***|***|***|* *|* *|* *|* *|* *|* *|* *| 40%| | |*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| |BELOW NORM| | | | | | | | | | | 60%| | | | | |*|*|*|*|*| | VERY POOR| | | | | | | | | | | 80%| | | | | | | | | | | | BLACKOUT| | | | | | | | | | |100%| | | | | | | | | | | |==========|===|===|===|===|===|===|===|===|===|===| |-------------------| | 100% | | | | | | | | | | |100%| | | | | | | | | | | | 80% | | | | | | | | | | | 80%| | | | | | | | | | | | 60% | | | | | * | * | * | * | * | * | 60%| | | | | | | | | | | | 40% | | | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 40%| | | | | | | | | | | | 20% | * | * | **| **|***|***|***|***|***|***| 20%| | | | | |*|*|*|*|*| | 0% |***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***| 0%|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| |----------+---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| |-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-| |CHANCE OF |Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue| |S|M|T|W|T|F|S|S|M|T| | VHF DX | Given in 8 hour local time intervals | |AURORAL BACKSCATTER| |__________|_______________________________________| |___________________| LOW LATITUDES __________________________________________________ ___________________ | SIGNAL | Given in 8 hour local time intervals | | SID ENHANCEMENT | | QUALITY |Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue| |S|M|T|W|T|F|S|S|M|T| |__________|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___| |-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-| | VERY GOOD| | | | | | | | | | | 0%|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| |ABOVE NORM| | | | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 20%|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| | NORMAL|***|***|***|* *|* *|* *|* *|* *|* *|* *| 40%| |*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| |BELOW NORM| | | | | | | | | | | 60%| | | | | |*|*|*|*|*| | VERY POOR| | | | | | | | | | | 80%| | | | | | | | | | | | BLACKOUT| | | | | | | | | | |100%| | | | | | | | | | | |==========|===|===|===|===|===|===|===|===|===|===| |-------------------| | 100% | | | | | | | | | | |100%| | | | | | | | | | | | 80% | | | | | | | | | | | 80%| | | | | | | | | | | | 60% | | | | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 60%| | | | | | | | | | | | 40% | | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | 40%| | | | | | | | | | | | 20% | * | * | **| **| **| **| **| **| **| **| 20%| | | | | | | | | | | | 0% |***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***| 0%|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| |----------+---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| |-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-| |CHANCE OF |Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue| |S|M|T|W|T|F|S|S|M|T| | VHF DX | Given in 8 hour local time intervals | |AURORAL BACKSCATTER| |__________|_______________________________________| |___________________| NOTES: These VHF DX prediction charts are defined for the 50 MHz to 150 MHz bands. They are based primarily on phenomena which can affect VHF DX propagation globally. They should be used only as a guide to potential DX conditions on VHF bands. Latitudinal boundaries are the same as those for the HF predictions charts. For more information, request the document "Understanding Solar Terrestrial Reports" from: "std_oler@hg.uleth.ca". AURORAL ACTIVITY PREDICTIONS (17 FEBRUARY - 26 FEBRUARY) High Latitude Locations ________________________________________________________ | EXTREMELY HIGH | | | | | | | | | | | CONFIDENCE | VERY HIGH | | | | | | | | | | | LEVEL | HIGH | | | | | | | | | | | ------- | MODERATE | | | | | * |***|***| * | | | 70% | LOW | * | * | * |***|***|***|***|***|***|***| | NOT VISIBLE |***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***| |----------------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | AURORAL |Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue| | INTENSITY | Eve.Twilight/Midnight/Morn.Twilight | -------------------------------------------------------- Middle Latitude Locations ________________________________________________________ | EXTREMELY HIGH | | | | | | | | | | | CONFIDENCE | VERY HIGH | | | | | | | | | | | LEVEL | HIGH | | | | | | | | | | | ------- | MODERATE | | | | | | | | | | | 65% | LOW | | | | | * |***|***| * | | | | NOT VISIBLE |***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***| |----------------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | AURORAL |Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue| | INTENSITY | Eve.Twilight/Midnight/Morn.Twilight | -------------------------------------------------------- Low Latitude Locations ________________________________________________________ | EXTREMELY HIGH | | | | | | | | | | | CONFIDENCE | VERY HIGH | | | | | | | | | | | LEVEL | HIGH | | | | | | | | | | | ------- | MODERATE | | | | | | | | | | | 80% | LOW | | | | | | | | | | | | NOT VISIBLE |***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***| |----------------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | AURORAL |Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue| | INTENSITY | Eve.Twilight/Midnight/Morn.Twilight | -------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: For more information regarding these charts, send a request for the document, "Understanding Solar Terrestrial Reports" to: std_oler@hg.uleth.ca. ** End of Report ** ------------------------------ End of SPACE Digest V13 #174 *******************