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Subject: SPACE Digest V13 #114

SPACE Digest                                     Volume 13 : Issue 114

Today's Topics:
		   EOS Instrument Fact Sheet (long)

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Date: 31 Jan 91 21:48:41 GMT
From: usc!elroy.jpl.nasa.gov!jato!mars.jpl.nasa.gov!baalke@ucsd.edu  (Ron Baalke)
Subject: EOS Instrument Fact Sheet (long)


 EOS INSTRUMENT SELECTION FACT SHEET

                  FACTS
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
Washington, D.C. 20546

Brian Dunbar Jan. 31, 1991
Headquarters, Washington, D.C.
(Phone:  202/453-1547)

% EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEM INSTRUMENTS %
% HOW THEY WILL WORK TOGETHER %
% EOS INTERDISCIPLINARY INVESTIGATIONS %
% WEIGHT AND POWER CONSIDERATIONS %


% EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEM INSTRUMENTS %

The following instrument investigations have been confirmed for flight
on the first EOS-A satellite:

AIRS/AMSU-A/-B (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder/Advanced Microwave
Sounding Units).
Team Leader: Moustafa T. Chahine, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, 
Calif.  AIRS and AMSU-A/-B will measure atmospheric temperature profiles 
with an accuracy of 1 degree Celsius and will provide data on atmospheric 
water vapor, cloud cover, and sea- and land-surface temperatures.  AMSU-B 
is a planned contribution from the European Organization for the 
Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites.

ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection, formerly 
known as the ITIR).
Team Leader: Hiroji Tsu, Geological Survey of Japan, Tsukuba, Japan. 
ASTER, to be provided by the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and 
Industry, will provide high-resolution images (15 to 90 meters) of the land 
surface and clouds for climatological, hydrological, biological and geological
studies.

CERES (Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System).
Principal Investigator: Bruce R. Barkstrom, Langley Research Center,
Hampton, VA.  CERES will continue long-term measurements of the Earth's 
radiation budget through observations of both short- and long-wave
radiation.  CERES is also planned to fly on one of ESA's polar platforms.

EOSP (Earth Observing Scanner Polarimeter).
Principal Investigator: Larry D. Travis, Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 
New York, NY.  EOSP will make global observations of polarized light to 
quantify the role of aerosols and clouds in heating and cooling the Earth, as 
well as help characterize cloud feedbacks in global change processes.

HiRDLS (High-Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder).
Principal Investigators:  John C. Gille, National Center for Atmospheric 
Research, Boulder, CO, and John J. Barnett, Oxford University, Oxford, 
England.  This will be a joint instrument development with the United 
Kingdom.  HiRDLS will use an infrared radiometer to measure levels of trace
gases--such as ozone, water vapor, chlorofluorocarbons, and nitrogen 
compounds--that are contributors to the greenhouse effect.

LIS (Lightning Imaging Sensor).
Principal Investigator: Hugh Christian, Marshall Space Flight Center, 
Huntsville, AL.  LIS will collect data on lightning distribution and
variability across the Earth, contributing an understanding of lightning,
convective thunderstorms and rainfall.

MISR (Multi-Angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer).
Principal Investigator:  David J. Diner, Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
Pasadena, CA.  MISR will obtain global observations of the directional
characteristics of reflected light, information needed for studying aerosols,
clouds and the biological and geological characteristics of the land surface.

MODIS-N/-T (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer).
Team Leader:  Vincent V. Salomonson, Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, MD.  MODIS consists of two imaging spectrometers, one nadir
viewing (MODIS-N) and one with a tilt capability (MODIS-T), for the
measurement of biological and physical processes in the study of terrestrial,
oceanic and atmospheric phenomena on a scale of 1 square kilometer.

STIKSCAT (Stick Scatterometer).
Principal Investigator: Michael H. Freilich, Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
Pasadena, CA.  Scatterometers are microwave radars that measure surface
wind speeds and directions over global oceans.  The data will be used to study
atmosphere-ocean interactions, model upper-ocean circulation and 
tropospheric dynamics and improve global weather predictions.


The following instrument investigations have been conditionally 
confirmed for flight on the first EOS-A satellite (final confirmation, pending 
resolution of technical issues, is anticipated by early summer 1991):

MIMR (Multifrequency Imaging Microwave Radiometer).
Team Leader: TBD.  MIMR, to be provided by the European Space Agency, 
will obtain global observations of a variety of parameters important to the 
hydrologic cycle:  atmospheric water content, rain rate, soil moisture, ice and
snow cover, and sea surface temperature.

MOPITT (Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere).
Principal Investigator: James R. Drummond, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Canada.  MOPITT, to be provided by Canada, is planned to obtain
global measurements of carbon monoxide and methane in the troposphere;
the distribution of carbon monoxide is a key to the atmosphere's capacity to
oxidize pollutants, while methane is the most important greenhouse gas after
carbon dioxide.

The following instrument has been confirmed for flight on a platform of 
opportunity:

ACRIM (Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor).
Principal Investigator: Richard C. Willson, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 
Pasadena, CA.  ACRIM will make long-term measurements of the total solar 
irradiance; this will help determinate the influence of variations in solar 
output on climate change.

The following instrument investigation has been confirmed for 
development:

HIRIS (High-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer).
Team Leader: Alexander F.H. Goetz, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.  
HIRIS will use its high- resolution imaging capabilities (30 meters) to study
biological and geophysical processes, as well as interactions along borders of 
different ecosystems.


% HOW EOS-A INSTRUMENTS WILL WORK TOGETHER% 

The primary goal of the EOS-A satellite is to provide a suite of measurements 
related to potential global warming and other critical aspects of global
change.  Specific observations include the Earth's radiation balance,
atmospheric circulation, air-sea interaction, biological productivity and
land-surface properties.  Nine of the instruments constitute a minimum set
of synergistic instruments to make simultaneous observations of related
environmental variables.  Simultaneity is essential for scientists studying
the Earth as a global, integrated system because it allows for
cross-calibration of instruments and avoids the impact that rapid
atmospheric and illumination changes can have on measurements.
Two examples of the synergistic benefits of flying these instruments as a
group are:

% Depending on their type, clouds can reflect incoming solar radiation and 
cool the Earth's surface, or trap heat emitted by the Earth and warm the
surface.  To better understand the role of clouds in global change, EOS will 
measure incoming and emitted radiation at the top of the atmosphere (the
function of the CERES instrument).  Then, to study characteristics of the 
atmosphere that influence radiation transfer between the top of the 
atmosphere and the surface, EOS will observe clouds (with MODIS-N), water 
vapor and cloud water (with MIMR), aerosols (with EOSP and MISR), 
temperature and humidity (with AIRS/AMSU-A/-B), and directional effects 
(with MISR).

% Through their intake and emission of carbon dioxide, the primary 
anthropogenic greenhouse gas, terrestrial and marine plants are a key part of 
the global carbon cycle.  To better understand their role as a source or sink
for carbon, EOS will observe the biological productivity of lands and oceans
(with MODIS-N and MODIS-T respectively).  However, to do so accurately, EOS
must also estimate atmospheric characteristics as noted above.  Additionally,
EOS will study surface properties that affect biological productivity at high
spatial resolution (with ASTER).  For oceanic gas exchange, EOS will estimate 
surface winds (with STIKSCAT).

	A 10th instrument (HiRDLS) will extend the monitoring of important 
stratospheric chemical constituents beyond the planned lifetime of UARS,
scheduled for launch in 1991.  An 11th (MOPITT) will provide an initial 
capability to monitor carbon monoxide and methane in the lower
atmosphere.
	

% EOS INTERDISCIPLINARY INVESTIGATIONS %

Coupled Atmosphere/Ocean Processes and Primary Production in the 
Southern Ocean
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. Mark R. Abbott, Oregon State University, 
Corvallis, OR.
 
Global Water Cycle: Extension Across the Earth Sciences
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. Eric J. Barron, Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, PA.

The Development and Use of a Four-Dimensional Atmospheric/Ocean/Land
Data Assimilation System for EOS
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. John R. Bates, Goddard Space Flight
Center, Greenbelt, MD.

Long-Term Monitoring of the Amazon Ecosystem through the EOS: From
Patterns to Processes
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. Getulio T. Batista, Instituto de Pesquisas
Espacias (INPE), Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil.

Biogeochemical Fluxes at the Ocean/Atmosphere Interface
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. Peter G. Brewer, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, Woods Hole, MA.

Northern Biosphere Observation and Modeling Experiment
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. Josef Cihlar, Canada Centre for Remote
Sensing, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

NCAR Project to Interface Modeling on Global and Regional Scales with
Earth Observing System Observations
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. Robert E. Dickinson, National Center for
Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO.

Hydrology, Hydrochemical Modeling, and Remote Sensing in Seasonally
Snow-Covered Alpine Drainage Basins
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. Jeff Dozier, University of California,
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA.

Observational and Modeling Studies of Radiative, Chemical, and Dynamical 
Interactions in the Earth s Atmosphere
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. William L. Grose, Langley Research Center, 
Hampton, VA.

Interannual Variability of the Global Carbon and Energy Cycles
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. James Hansen, Goddard Institute for Space
Studies, New York, NY.
 
Climate Processes over the Ocean
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. Dennis L. Hartmann, University of 
Washington, Seattle, WA.
 
Tectonic/Climatic Dynamics and Crustal Evolution in the Andean Orogen
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. Bryan L. Isacks, Cornell University,
Ithaca, NY.

The Hydrologic Cycle and Climatic Processes in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. Yann H. Kerr, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de
Reseaches en Teledetection (LERTS), Toulouse, France.

Estimation of the Global Water Budget
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. William K. Lau, Goddard Space Flight
Center, Greenbelt, MD.

The Processing, Evaluation, and Impact on Numerical Weather Prediction of
AIRS, HMMR, MODIS, and LAWS Data in the Tropics and Southern
Hemisphere
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. John Francis LeMarshall, Bureau of
Meteorology Research Centre,.Melbourne, Australia.

Interdisciplinary Studies of the Relationship between Climate, Ocean
Circulation, Biological Processes, and Renewable Marine Resources
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. Graham P. Harris, Commonwealth Scientists
and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, Australia.

The Role of Air-Sea Exchanges and Ocean Circulation in Climate
Variability
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. W. Timothy Liu, Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
Pasadena, CA.

Changes in Biogeochemical Cycles
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. Berrien Moore III, University of New
Hampshire, Durham, NH.

A Global Assessment of Active Volcanism, Volcanic Hazards, and Volcanic
Inputs to the Atmosphere from EOS
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. Peter Mouginis-Mark, University of Hawaii,
Honolulu, HI.

Investigation of the Atmosphere/Ocean/Land System Related to Climate
Processes
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. Masoto Murakami, Meteorological Research
Institute,Tsukuba, Japan.

Chemical, Dynamical, and Radiative Interactions through the Middle
Atmosphere and Thermosphere
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. John A. Pyle, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Polar Ocean Surface Fluxes: The Interaction of Oceans, Ice, Atmosphere,
and the Marine Biosphere
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. Drew Rothrock, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA.

Using Multi-Sensor Data to Model Factors Limiting Carbon Balance in
Global Grasslands
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. David S. Schimel, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO.

Investigation of the Chemical and Dynamical Changes in the Stratosphere
Up to and During the EOS Observing Period
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. Mark Schoeberl, Goddard Space Flight
Center, Greenbelt, MD.
 
Biosphere-Atmosphere Interactions
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. Piers Sellers, Goddard Space Flight Center, 
Greenbelt, MD.
 
Use of a Cryospheric System to Monitor Global Change in Canada
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. Rejean Simard, Canada Centre for Remote 
Sensing, Ottawa, Canada.

Middle- and High-Latitude Oceanic Variability Study
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. Meric A. Srokosz, Institute of
Oceanographic Sciences, Wormley, Surrey, United Kingdom.

Earth System Dynamics: The Determination and Interpretation of the
Global Angular Momentum Budget Using EOS
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. Byron D. Tapley, University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, TX.



An Interdisciplinary Investigation of Clouds and Earth s Radiant Energy
System: Analysis
	Principal Investigator:  Dr. Bruce A. Wielicki, Langley Research
Center, Hampton, VA.

% WEIGHT AND POWER CONSIDERATIONS %

The EOS-A instrument confirmations represent a conservative approach to 
the EOS program with respect to launch and power considerations.  When it 
is launched aboard a Titan-IV booster, the EOS payload will account for only
81 percent of the booster's allocation for payload mass.  Other weight
reserves are included in the overall launch plan:

	Pounds	   KG
TITAN-IV total lift capability	33,000	15,000
Less allowance for fuel and flight-support equipment	-6,600	-3,000
Less unallocated "reserve"	-2,200	 -1,000
Total lift capability available to EOS-A	24,200	11,000
Less unallocated "margin"	-2,200	 -1,000
Total mass of EOS-A satellite	22,000	10,000

Total mass allocated to payload	7,700	3,500
(including c. 30 percent contingency)
Actual planned payload mass for first EOS-A payload	6,237	2,835

Percentage of total payload allocation	81	81

	% At the beginning of its 5-year mission, the first EOS-A satellite's
power requirement (3.1 kilowatts) will use only 46 percent of the
solar-generated power allocated for the payload.  By the end of the mission,
power output will be reduced by approximately one-half, meaning the satellite
will need 93 percent of the power allocated for the payload.
	% EOS will take up only 35 percent of the peak TDRS data-link capacity.
	% EOS represents only a small increase in number of instruments and
payload mass from the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), which
is finishing development and scheduled for launch later this year:

	Number of Confirmed	Payload Mass
	Instrument Investigations	(Pounds/kg)
UARS	10	5,500/2,500
First EOS-A Satellite	11	6,237/2,835

(Note: the UARS payload mass is 74 percent instrument and 26 percent
cryogen.)

	% EOS is less massive than the Gamma Ray Observatory, which will be the
largest satellite to be deployed by the Space Shuttle:
	TOTAL DRY MASS
Gamma Ray Observatory	30,800 pounds (14,000 kg)
First EOS-A satellite	22,300 pounds (10,140 kg)

                          -end-
      ___    _____     ___
     /_ /|  /____/ \  /_ /|      Ron Baalke         | baalke@mars.jpl.nasa.gov
     | | | |  __ \ /| | | |      Jet Propulsion Lab | 
  ___| | | | |__) |/  | | |___   M/S 301-355        | It's 10PM, do you know
 /___| | | |  ___/    | |/__ /|  Pasadena, CA 91109 | where your spacecraft is?
 |_____|/  |_|/       |_____|/                      | We do!

------------------------------

End of SPACE Digest V13 #114
*******************