Return-path: X-Andrew-Authenticated-as: 7997;andrew.cmu.edu;Ted Anderson Received: from corsica.andrew.cmu.edu via trymail for +dist+/afs/andrew.cmu.edu/usr1/ota/space/space.dl@andrew.cmu.edu (->+dist+/afs/andrew.cmu.edu/usr1/ota/space/space.dl) (->ota+space.digests) ID ; Mon, 3 Jul 89 03:17:16 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: Reply-To: space+@Andrew.CMU.EDU From: space-request+@Andrew.CMU.EDU To: space+@Andrew.CMU.EDU Date: Mon, 3 Jul 89 03:17:07 -0400 (EDT) Subject: SPACE Digest V9 #531 SPACE Digest Volume 9 : Issue 531 Today's Topics: Soviet manned space missions. Re: Apollo benefits summary NASA selects science experiments for microgravity missions (Forwarded) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: 29 Jun 89 14:10:06 GMT From: wrksys.dec.com!klaes@decwrl.dec.com (CUP/ASG, MLO5-2/G1 6A, 223-3283) Subject: Soviet manned space missions. In regards to Max Khaytsus' friend's "information" on those alleged Soviet manned space mission mishaps, I will compare the specific missions he has written in his list with what information I have on them from various other sources, mentioned at the end of this article. VOSTOK 5 was launched from Tyuratam in the Soviet Union on June 14, 1963, with cosmonaut Valeri Fyodorovich Bykovsky aboard. His flight duration of 4 days, 23 hours, 6 minutes is still the official record for the longest solo manned space mission. Bykovsky returned to Earth unharmed and is still alive at this writing. His mission is also noted for making a "rendezvous" (from three miles away) with VOSTOK 6, which carried Valentina Tereshkova aboard, the first woman in space. There were no multiple crew space missions until the flight of VOSHKOD 1 in 1964, which had three cosmonauts orbit Earth for a day and return safely. VOSHKOD 3 never got off the proverbial drawing board. It was scheduled to place two cosmonauts in Earth orbit for up to two weeks, but the mission was canceled in 1965, and there were no other launchings in the VOSHKOD series. There were plans to place female cosmonauts and journalists aboard other VOSHKOD missions, but these flights never materialized. SOYUZ 1 is noted for having the first space mission fatality of a cosmonaut (the U.S. APOLLO 1 accident, which killed three astronauts on January 27, 1967, occurred during a test of the spacecraft on the ground, so is not considered as an actual space mission). Vladimir Komarov was put into orbit aboard the new SOYUZ vehicle on April 23, 1967. The Soviets, eager to show off their first truly new manned space vessel since VOSTOK, rushed the ship into orbit before it was completely flight ready. Komarov had a number of problems controlling the craft while in space, including his attempts to return to Earth. When Komarov finally did re-enter the atmosphere one day after launching, the parachute designed to soften the SOYUZ 1 landing became tangled when deployed, and Komarov was killed when the spacecraft impacted with the ground. As an interesting side note, Komarov's backup cosmonaut was Yuri Gagarin, the first man in space aboard VOSTOK 1 in April of 1961. Had Komarov been unable to fly aboard SOYUZ 1, Gagarin would have taken his place, thus very likely gaining the distinction of being the first man to die in a space mission as well. Gagarin was killed on March 27, 1968, when the plane he was flying crashed. SOYUZ 2 was an unmanned spacecraft which was used as a target vehicle for rendezvous (and possibly a docking) with SOYUZ 3, commanded by Georgi Beregovoi. Both missions were launched on October 25, 1968. SOYUZ 2 was originally intended to be a manned spacecraft, which would have docked with the orbiting SOYUZ 1, where a crew transfer via EVA (Extra-Vehicular Activity) would have taken place. When SOYUZ 1 failed miserably, however, the plans were radically changed. Both SOYUZ 2 and 3 returned to Earth intact and with Beregovoi alive. SOYUZ 11 marked a number of firsts in manned spaceflight, including the second set of cosmonaut fatalities from a mission. SOYUZ 11 was launched on June 9, 1971 with cosmonauts Georgi T. Dobrovolsky, Vladislav N. Volkov, and Viktor I. Patsayev (not Taisayev) aboard. The crew docked with the orbiting SALYUT 1 space station, the first such station in space history. The SOYUZ 11 team spent 23 days, 18 hours, 21 minutes, and 43 seconds in Earth orbit, a record at the time for human space endurance. The trouble for this mission began when they attempted to return home. When the orbital compartment of SOYUZ 11 was broken away from its flight cabin by means of explosive bolts (a necessary procedure for a proper re-entry), the action shook open an exhaust valve in the cabin, creating an air leak which depressurized the craft. The cosmonauts might have survived this accident but for one thing: None of them wore spacesuits, since all three would not have fit in the vehicle otherwise. They were dead by the time SOYUZ 11 touched down on Soviet soil (the landing was done automatically), and one observer at the site said the crew looked "as if [they were] sleeping." The craft did not "blow up" on re-entry, as stated in Khaytsus' friend's article. SOYUZ T-1 was an unmanned test vehicle for the first in a new generation of SOYUZ spacecraft. Launched on December 16, 1979, SOYUZ T-1 docked with the orbiting SALYUT 6 space station three days later, where it remained before returning to Earth intact on March 25, 1980. The craft did not disappear during its mission. I would like to recommend some excellent books on Soviet manned space missions, most of which are currently available through most mass-market bookstores: Clark, Phillip, THE SOVIET MANNED SPACE PROGRAM, Orion Books (a division of Crown Publishers, Inc.), New York, 1988. ISBN 0-517-56954-X. Furniss, Tim, JANE'S MANNED SPACEFLIGHT LOG, Jane's Publishing, Inc., New York, 1986. ISBN 0-7106-0402-5. Hart, Douglas, THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SOVIET SPACECRAFT, Exeter Books, New York, 1987. ISBN 0-671-08932-3. Johnson, Nicholas L., THE SOVIET YEAR IN SPACE 1988, Teledyne Brown Engineering, Colorado Springs, Colorado, 1989. Oberg, James E., UNCOVERING SOVIET DISASTERS: EXPLORING THE LIMITS OF GLASNOST, Random House, Inc., New York, 1988. ISBN 0-394-56095-7. See also Oberg's 1981 book, RED STAR IN ORBIT. Larry Klaes klaes@renoir.dec.com or - ...!decwrl!renoir.dec.com!klaes or - klaes%renoir.dec@decwrl.dec.com N = R*fgfpneflfifaL ------------------------------ Posted-From: The MITRE Corp., Bedford, MA X-Alternate-Route: user%node@mbunix.mitre.org Cc: cb@mbunix.mitre.org Subject: Re: Apollo benefits summary Date: Thu, 29 Jun 89 08:51:08 EDT From: Christopher Byrnes >[statement that first pictures of Earth taken from hundreds of thousands >of miles away were taken by the crew of Apollo 8 in 1968] Weren't the first pictures of Earth as a small ball against the background of space taken by one of the Lunar Orbiter craft in 1967? For a while the CBS news used the photo from Lunar Orbiter 2 of a crescent Earth rising above the lunar highlands to open the nightly news (a practice copied by other TV news shows). Apollo 8 may have had the honor of returning the first color pictures. Christopher Byrnes cb@Mitre.org ...!{att,decvax,genrad,ll-xn,philabs,utzoo}!linus!mbunix!cb.UUCP ------------------------------ Date: 29 Jun 89 19:44:56 GMT From: trident.arc.nasa.gov!yee@ames.arc.nasa.gov (Peter E. Yee) Subject: NASA selects science experiments for microgravity missions (Forwarded) Charles Redmond/Paula Cleggett Headquarters, Washington, D.C. June 29, 1989 RELEASE: 89-105 NASA SELECTS SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS FOR MICROGRAVITY MISSIONS NASA's Office of Space Science and Applications, Washington, D.C., today announced selection of 23 scientific investigations and their principal investigators for definition studies which could lead to Space Shuttle flights on microgravity science missions. The definition phase is expected to last up to 2 years prior to the proposed flight for a particular investigator. The 23 investigations come from 19 institutions, all within the United States. Three of the institutions are NASA centers -- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.; Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala.; and Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. Eleven institutions are universities. Of the 23 investigators selected, 15 were selected for materials science, five for fluid dynamics experiments and three for biotechnology investigations. The microgravity investigations are in response to the NASA Announcement of Opportunity for Microgravity Science and Applications, AO OSSA 4-88. The announcement requested proposals to fly aboard Shuttle microgravity missions in two series -- the U.S. Microgravity Laboratory (USML) and U.S. Microgravity Pallet (USMP) series and the International Microgravity Laboratory (IML) series. There were a total of 89 respondents to the announcement from which these investigations were selected following peer review. For the USML flight investigations would be using NASA- supplied facility instruments such as the Crystal Growth Furnace and the Drop Physics Module. For the IML and USMP flights, the investigations would be using facilities such as the Critical Point Facility and Bubble Drop and Particle Unit developed by the European Space Agency, the Cryostat developed by Germany and the MEPHISTO furnace developed by France. European scientists also will use the European facilities on IML, based on the selection procedures of their sponsoring agencies. The IML-1 is scheduled for launch in December 1990. The USML-1, scheduled for launch in March 1992, would be the first mission to use the extended duration orbiter. The investigators selected, their institutions and locations and the name of their experiment are listed below by mission: For USML-1: Robert E. Apfel, Yale University, New Haven, Conn., Science and Technology of Surface Controlled Phenomena. Frederick M. Carlson, Clarkson University, Potsdam, N.Y., Directional Solidification of Cadmium Telluride. Randall M. German, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y., Gravitational Role in Liquid Phase Sintering. Edward R. Gertner, Rockwell International Corporation, Thousand Oaks, Calif., Cadmium Telluride Microgravity Growth Experiment Development. James Kafalas, GTE Laboratories, Inc., Waltham, Mass., Study of Dopant Segregation Behavior During the Growth of Gallium Arsenide in Microgravity. David Larson, Grumman Aerospace Corporation, Bethpage, N.Y., Orbital Processing of High-Quality CdTe Compound Semiconductors. Sandor L. Lehoczky, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala., Crystal Growth of Selected II-VI Semiconducting Alloys by Directional Solidification. Bruce A. Nerad, 3M Space Research Laboratory, St. Paul, Minn., Advanced Chemical Ceramics Microgravity Experiment. Michael C. Weinberg, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz., Measurement of Liquid-Liquid Interfacial Tension and the Role of Gravity in Phase Separation Kinetics of Fluid Glass Melts. Herbert Wiedemeier, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y., Vapor Transport Crystal Growth of Mercury-Cadmium Telluride in Microgravity. For IML-1: Alexander McPherson, University of California, Riverside, Protein Crystallization Experiments in Cryostat. R. Allen Wilkinson, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Investigation of the Thermal Equilibration Dynamics of SF6 near the Liquid-Vapor Critical Point. For IML-2 Robert J. Bayuzick, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Effects on Nucleation by Containerless Processing in Low Gravity. Merton C. Flemings, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Alloy Undercooling Experiments. Donald O. Frazier, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala., Kinetics of Diffusional Droplet Growth in a Liquid/Liquid Two Phase System. W. C. Hymer, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Eletrophoretic Separation of Cells and Particles from Rat Pituitary and Spleen. William L. Johnson, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Metallic Glass Research in Space. Jean N. Koster, University of Colorado, Boulder, Interfacial Phenomena in Multilayered Fluid Systems: Steady and Oscillatory Convection, and g-Jitter and g-Modulation Effects. Robert S. Snyder, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala., Electrohydrodynamic Sample Distortion During Eletrophoresis. R. Shankar Subramanian, Clarkson University, Potsdam, N.Y., Thermocapillary Migration and Interactions of Bubbles and Drops. Julian Szekely, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Measurement of the Viscosity of the Undercooled Melts Under the Conditions of Microgravity and Supporting MHD Calculations. For USMP-2 G.J. Abbaschian, University of Florida, Tallahassee, In-Situ Monitoring of Crystal Growth Using MEPHISTO. Undetermined Mission N.B.Singh, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Pittsburgh, Penn., Double Diffusive Convection During Growth of Lead Bromide Crystals in Space. ------------------------------ End of SPACE Digest V9 #531 *******************