Return-path: X-Andrew-Authenticated-as: 7997;andrew.cmu.edu;Ted Anderson Received: from holmes.andrew.cmu.edu via trymail for +dist+/afs/andrew.cmu.edu/usr1/ota/space/space.dl@andrew.cmu.edu (->+dist+/afs/andrew.cmu.edu/usr1/ota/space/space.dl) (->ota+space.digests) ID ; Thu, 18 May 89 05:16:39 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: Reply-To: space+@Andrew.CMU.EDU From: space-request+@Andrew.CMU.EDU To: space+@Andrew.CMU.EDU Date: Thu, 18 May 89 05:16:29 -0400 (EDT) Subject: SPACE Digest V9 #444 SPACE Digest Volume 9 : Issue 444 Today's Topics: Re: New Orbiter Name Announced Magellan & SRB exhaust Re: Magellan & SRB exhaust Marine/Oceanography Programme at UN Maspalomas Meeting Applications of Space Technology to African Coast - I Applications of Space Technology to African Coast - II ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Tue, 16 May 89 12:37:40 PDT From: Peter Scott Subject: Re: New Orbiter Name Announced cs.utexas.edu!ut-emx!bonin@tut.cis.ohio-state.edu (Marc Bonin) writes: >It's interesting to note that every shuttle orbiter except Columbia has >a fictional counterpart Well, there is the sailing ship _Columbia_ at Disneyland... surely that qualifies as `fictional'... Peter Scott (pjs@grouch.jpl.nasa.gov) ------------------------------ Date: 15 May 89 12:41:11 GMT From: mcvax!ukc!icdoc!syma!andy@uunet.uu.net (Andy Clews) Subject: Magellan & SRB exhaust If the Shuttle crew were able to watch Magellan as it fired off on its trip to Venus, would they have been able to see the exhaust plume from its solid motor? The reason I ask this fascinating :-) question is that, years ago when I watched the later-Apollo LEMs leave the moon (by the miracle of TV), I noted that no exhaust was visible - only the debris blasted from the top of the descent stage. If liquid fueled motors burn "invisibly" in the vacuum of space, what about the solid rocket motors? Also, (rather naive question), would the shuttle have been "showered" with any of the impurities from the Magellan solid motor exhaust at burn time, even though it was obviously a long distance from it? -- Andy Clews, Computing Service, Univ. of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QN, ENGLAND JANET: andy@syma.sussex.ac.uk BITNET: andy%syma.sussex.ac.uk@uk.ac Voice: +44 273 606755 ext.2129 ------------------------------ Date: 16 May 89 22:39:20 GMT From: att!cbnewsl!sw@ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU (Stuart Warmink) Subject: Re: Magellan & SRB exhaust In article <982@syma.sussex.ac.uk>, andy@syma.sussex.ac.uk (Andy Clews) writes: > [...deleted...] If liquid fueled motors burn "invisibly" in the > vacuum of space, what about the solid rocket motors? There are some rather pretty pictures of an OMS burn and a "yaw" thruster firing as seen from the Shuttle's rear windows in the book _Entering Space_ by Joseph Allen (mission specialist). They clearly show whitish plumes, but it dissipates within a meter or so for the thruster firing. Both OMS and attitude thrusters are liquid (hydrazine) fueled engines. Solid rocket motor should have a far more visible plume, because of the many solid exhaust products which will glow brightly. Just look at the Shuttle's boosters! > Also, (rather naive question), would the shuttle have been "showered" > with any of the impurities from the Magellan solid motor exhaust at burn > time, even though it was obviously a long distance from it? Not so naive, because that it exactly why the Shuttle turns its undersurface towards where the probe/satellite starts its burn. The worry is that exhaust particles could damage or dirty the orbiter's windows. P.S. "Let's go Seagulls!" :-) -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ "Captain, I see no reason to stand here | Stuart Warmink, Whippany, NJ, USA and be insulted" - Spock | sw@cbnewsl.ATT.COM (att!cbnewsl!sw) -------------------------> My opinions are just that <------------------------ ------------------------------ Date: 16 May 89 17:21:15 GMT From: ccnysci!patth@nyu.edu (Patt Haring) Subject: Marine/Oceanography Programme at UN Maspalomas Meeting Ported to USENET from UNITEX NETWORK via The Rutgers FidoGATEway UNITEX BBS: 201-795-0733 We want ** your ** news bulletins: (FAX: 212-787-1726 : Attention: James Waldron, Ph.D.) or ...!uunet!rutgers!rubbs!unitex or unitex@rubbs.FIDONET.ORG *MARINE/OCEANOGRAPHY PROGRAMME AT UN MASPALOMAS MEETING MASPALOMAS, 10 May -- A paper on requirements and needed infrastructure for a viable regional marine sciences/oceanography programme was presented this morning as a concluding presentation in the United Nations Meeting of Experts on Space Applications to Marine Resources and Coastal Management, in Maspalomas, Canary Islands. Following the presentation, participants were conducted on a tour of the Maspalomas Space Station of Spain's National Institute of Aerospace Technology by the Director of the Station, Julio Melian. In his presentation, V, Klemas, of the Centre for Remote Sensing at the University of Delaware's College of Marine Studies, said successful applications of remote sensing to solve ocean and coastal problems required a number of key elements. These included project planning, experimental design, mathematical/physical modelling, remote-sensing data acquisition, field data collection, data processing and storage, and information extraction. Some of these steps could be carried out in local laboratories; others required regional collaboration if costs were to be minimized. Satellite data, for example, should be received at a centralized, regional facility, he said. This facility should store and archive all raw data and provide a high-capacity image analysis system for users doing advanced image analysis or requiring analysis of large ocean regions. On the other hand, data processed to a higher level, including radiometric, geometric and atmospheric correction, should be made available to scientists at local, national laboratories for investigations of smaller high-intensity test sites. Just as satellite data-receiving stations should be shared on a regional basis, major field data collection platforms, such as large aircraft or research vessels, should not be duplicated locally, he stated. The operating costs of four-engine aircraft and large ships were extremely high. New aircraft and ship instruments were being developed which could be used on smaller platforms. As a typical case, operating costs could be reduced from $3,000 to $150 per hour. Training of new personnel must be carried out at both the regional and local level, according to the paper. Regional workshops on new equipment and techniques were very useful, but it was at the local level that the trainee must receive the details of hands-on experience which regional workshops and seminars could not provide. Training experience had shown that classroom lectures by themselves were not sufficient to provide trainees with a working knowledge of the subject. Therefore, a hands-on analysis of satellite data using computers, as well as field work, was recommended whenever possible. Workshops were most effective if several days of classroom lectures were followed by several days of case studies and several weeks of field work, the expert believed. Students and scientists from developing countries must be trained at two levels. They must be exposed to the latest techniques to satisfy their curiosity and self-esteem, but must also be trained in inexpensive, simple methods which could be implemented in their countries. It was important, when holding workshops overseas, to leave a permanent capability behind. Such institution building was vital. * Origin: UNITEX --> Toward a United Species (1:107/501) -- unitex - via FidoNet node 1:107/520 UUCP: ...!rutgers!rubbs!unitex ARPA: unitex@rubbs.FIDONET.ORG -- Patt Haring | My other site is a Public Access UN*X rutgers!cmcl2!ccnysci!patth | system: The Big Electric Cat patth@ccnysci.BITNET | 1-212-879-9031 patth@dasys1.UUCP ------------------------------ Date: 16 May 89 17:54:22 GMT From: ccnysci!patth@nyu.edu (Patt Haring) Subject: Applications of Space Technology to African Coast - I Ported to USENET from UNITEX NETWORK via The Rutgers FidoGATEway UNITEX BBS: 201-795-0733 We want ** your ** news bulletins: (FAX: 212-787-1726 : Attention: James Waldron, Ph.D.) or ...!uunet!rutgers!rubbs!unitex or unitex@rubbs.FIDONET.ORG *APPLICATIONS OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY TO AFRICAN COAST I MASPALOMAS, 9 May -- A series of technical papers were presented today during the second day of a United Nations meeting on space applications to marine resources and coastal management, being held in Maspalomas, Canary Islands. The meeting has been organized for the States of the Atlantic coast of Africa by the Space Applications Programme of the United Nations Outer Space Affairs Division, in collaboration with the European Space Agency (ESA), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), in co-operation with the Government of Spain. Papers today dealt with such subjects as oceanic upwelling cells and various aspects of remote sensing, including the sensing of the physical and biological properties of coastal waters; the monitoring of the marine environment, including water pollution; and coastal zone surveying and mapping Other topics discussed in today's presentation included experiences of the Canary Islands Centre for Fisheries Technology in remote sensing, space technology for search and rescue operations, and case studies on the use of recent marine-related remote-sensing projects in Cameroon, Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, Morocco and Nigeria. Technical Papers V. KLEMENS, Director of the Centre for Remote Sensing of the University of Delaware, discusses in his paper the remote sensing of physical and biological properties of coastal waters, estuaries and wetlands. He said remote sensors, combined with ship measurements, could provide synoptic observations of coastal and estuary phenomena which varied rapidly in time and space. Coastal applications of remote sensing required a wide assortment of sensors, including aerial film cameras for beach erosion and vegetation mapping; multispectral sensors for wetlands biomass and estuary water property studies; thermal infrared scanners for mapping surface water temperatures and currents; and microwave devices for salinity or wave measurements. Recent progress in optical modelling and instrument design is making remote sensing of estuaries quite effective. A variety of sensors are being developed which can be flown on inexpensive small aircraft. Deployed in conjunction with satellites, such airborne sensors can observe tidal, seasonal and annual variations and spacial distribution of phytoplankton blooms, sediment plumes, estuarine fronts and circulation patterns. These new techniques are enabling scientists to monitor the environmental quality of coastal waters and compare the susceptibility for degradation of estuaries, as required by the various national and international programmes. VITTORIN BARALE, specialist in remote sensing and oceanography at FAO, said in his paper that remote sensing was a powerful, if not exclusive, tool for studying and monitoring environmental conditions of the sea surface. Marine features accessible for remote observations of the sea surface are essentially colour temperature, texture and elevation. As far as water quality, pollution and sediment transport are concerned, remote sensing of sea surface colour can be particularly effective in providing large-scale, long-term assessments of environmental conditions not attainable by other means. Visible remote-sensing techniques can be used to determine the presence and abundance of water constituents such as biological pigments, suspended sediments or other products of organic matter degradation. Since water constituents act as tracers of various marine processes, colour patterns on the sea surface can also provide indications on the relationship between forcing mechanisms and biological responses to the marine environment. These capabilities render optical remote sensing a viable technique for marine ecological assessments, although atmospheric processes may pose severe limitations to its use. MATS ROSENGREN, of the Swedish Space Corporation, presented a paper on remote-sensing technology as a tool in coastal zone surveying and mapping. It says that marine resources and coastal zone management were complex activities requiring extensive sets of basic information describing the marine and land environments. Satellite and airborne remote sensing constituted effective tools for collecting fundamental data for the surveying and mapping of coastal zones. The unique strength of remote sensing was the possibility to get a detailed overview of a large area in a single image. Applications included topographic and undersea mapping, continuous airborne patrolling of oil spill surveillance and other environmental controls. Satellite remote sensing is not suitable for monitoring rapidly changing phenomena within smaller areas. In such cases, airborne remote sensing was an alternative. The influence of changes in land use, agriculture and forestry can be analysed by combining land use information, topographic data and drainage basins in a hydrological model of an area. Most of this information can be obtained from remote-sensing data. * Origin: UNITEX --> Toward a United Species (1:107/501) -- unitex - via FidoNet node 1:107/520 UUCP: ...!rutgers!rubbs!unitex ARPA: unitex@rubbs.FIDONET.ORG -- Patt Haring | My other site is a Public Access UN*X rutgers!cmcl2!ccnysci!patth | system: The Big Electric Cat patth@ccnysci.BITNET | 1-212-879-9031 patth@dasys1.UUCP ------------------------------ Date: 16 May 89 17:56:10 GMT From: ccnysci!patth@nyu.edu (Patt Haring) Subject: Applications of Space Technology to African Coast - II Ported to USENET from UNITEX NETWORK via The Rutgers FidoGATEway UNITEX BBS: 201-795-0733 We want ** your ** news bulletins: (FAX: 212-787-1726 : Attention: James Waldron, Ph.D.) or ...!uunet!rutgers!rubbs!unitex or unitex@rubbs.FIDONET.ORG *APPLICATIONS OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY TO AFRICAN COAST II JELLE U. KIELKEMA, Co-ordinator, Environmental Monitoring Group, Remote Sensing Centre, FAO, describes the FAO's operational satellite environmental monitoring for food security. Since 1976, FAO's Remote Sensing Centre has been developing and testing the operational use of data from environmental and earth resources satellites for improving information bases of the FAO Global Information and Early Warning System on Food and Agriculture and Desert Locust Plague Prevention Programme at international, regional and national levels. The paper describes ARTEMIS (Africa Real Time Environmental Monitoring using Imaging Satellites), FAO's operational satellite remote-sensing-based environmental monitoring system, which has been in operation at the FAOSensing Centre since August 1988. The ARTEMIS system was specifically designed and built for FAO by the National Aerospace Laboratory of the Netherlands, in co-operation with the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Goddard Space Flight Centre and the Universities of Reading and Bristol. The paper also summarizes the development status of a dedicated satellite communication system (DIANA) for transmission of the high-volume ARTEMIS system and related products at FAO headquarters to users at regional and national levels through the INTELSAT satellites. A paper by KOLA KUSEMIJO, of the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Lagos, deals with upwelling cells in the Atlantic coast of Africa. Upwelling areas, it is pointed out, are noted for their primary and secondary productivity and fish production; they hold the greatest promise of fish production in tropical and sub-tropical areas. It has been estimated that upwelling regions, totalling no more than 0.1 per cent of the ocean surface, produce about half of the world's fish supply. In the Atlantic coast of Africa, the major upwelling areas occur in the waters off Mauritania, Senegal, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, Angola and Namibia. The paper reviews aspects of the ecology of the upwelling cells in the Atlantic coast of Africa, with particular reference to their occurrence and reasonable distribution, and the hydrographic features affecting the abundance of upwelling cells. Total fish potential of the upwelling areas have not yet been fully tapped. There is also the possibility of commercially viable tuna fisheries. Further exploitation would require sufficient studies to monitor distribution and migration patterns. Information gathered would be important in the regulation of fisheries in order to maintain a sustainable yield. A second paper on upwelling was presented by ULO K. ENYENIHI, Director of the Institute of Oceanography of the University of Calabar. It describes the taxonomy, distribution, abundance, growth, psychology, migration and feeding characteristics of phytoplanktons and zooplanktons, whose biological activities in association with bacteria, in the presence of increased nutrients, govern the productivity of the region. Their roles in the food web, which results in the large fish stocks harvested by artisanal and industrial fishermen of these coastal countries, are discussed. The fisheries of the African coastal region are greatly influenced by upwelling cells. The result is a phenomenal change in composition of catches with the abundance of particular species. The upwelling phenomenon brings about movement of stocks parallel and nearer to the coast in the Senegal-Mauritania and Congolese-Angolan sectors, thereby increasing the capturability of the abundant stock for artisanal in-shore fishermen. The economic importance of this phenomenon and its effects on the biological productivity of this regional sea is discussed. Case Studies Case studies were presented by Collins Ayamama Angwe of the Fisheries Research Station of the Institute of Animal Research in Cameroon (on behalf of Jean Folack, Research Officer with the Fisheries Research Station in Limbe, Cameroon); I.E. Timchenko, an oceanographer currently on contract with the Government of Guinea; Vassiafa Diomande, Chief of the Remote Sensing Service of the National Commission on Environment of Cote d'Ivoire; Abdellatif Orbi, Chief of Oceanographic Services of the Maritime Institute in Casablanca, Morocco; and Lawrence Folajimi Awosika, Senior Research Officer at the Nigerian Institute for Oceanography in Lagos. * Origin: UNITEX --> Toward a United Species (1:107/501) -- unitex - via FidoNet node 1:107/520 UUCP: ...!rutgers!rubbs!unitex ARPA: unitex@rubbs.FIDONET.ORG -- Patt Haring | My other site is a Public Access UN*X rutgers!cmcl2!ccnysci!patth | system: The Big Electric Cat patth@ccnysci.BITNET | 1-212-879-9031 patth@dasys1.UUCP ------------------------------ End of SPACE Digest V9 #444 *******************