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# Altering Execution

Once you think you have found an error in your program, you might want to find out for certain whether correcting the apparent error would lead to correct results in the rest of the run. You can find the answer by experiment, using the GDB features for altering execution of the program.

For example, you can store new values into variables or memory locations, give your program a signal, restart it at a different address, or even return prematurely from a function.

- Assignment: Assignment to variables
- Jumping: Continuing at a different address
- Signaling: Giving your program a signal
- Returning: Returning from a function
- Calling: Calling your program's functions
- Patching: Patching your program

## Assignment to variables

To alter the value of a variable, evaluate an assignment expression. See section Expressions. For example,

    print x=4

stores the value 4 into the variable `x`, and then prints the value of the assignment expression (which is 4). See section Using GDB with Different Languages, for more information on operators in supported languages.

If you are not interested in seeing the value of the assignment, use the `set` command instead of the `print` command. `set` is really the same as `print` except that the expression's value is not printed and is not put in the value history (see section Value history). The expression is evaluated only for its effects.

If the beginning of the argument string of the `set` command appears identical to a `set` subcommand, use the `set variable` command instead of just `set`. This command is identical to `set` except for its lack of subcommands. For example, if your program has a variable `width`, you get an error if you try to set a new value with just ``set width=13'`, because GDB has the command `set width`:

    (gdb) whatis width
    type = double
    (gdb) p width
    $4 = 13
    (gdb) set width=47
    Invalid syntax in expression.

The invalid expression, of course, is ``=47'`. In order to actually set the program's variable `width`, use

    (gdb) set var width=47

GDB allows more implicit conversions in assignments than C; you can freely store an integer value into a pointer variable or vice versa, and you can convert any structure to any other structure that is the same length or shorter.

To store values into arbitrary places in memory, use the ``{...}'` construct to generate a value of specified type at a specified address (see section Expressions). For example, `{int}0x83040` refers to memory location `0x83040` as an integer (which implies a certain size and representation in memory), and

    set {int}0x83040 = 4

stores the value 4 into that memory location.

## Continuing at a different address

Ordinarily, when you continue your program, you do so at the place where it stopped, with the `continue` command. You can instead continue at an address of your own choosing, with the following commands:

`jump linespec`
  Resume execution at line linespec. Execution stops again immediately if there is a breakpoint there. See section Printing source lines, for a description of the different forms of linespec. The `jump` command does not change the current stack frame, or the stack pointer, or the contents of any memory location or any register other than the program counter. If line linespec is in a different function from the one currently executing, the results may be bizarre if the two functions expect different patterns of arguments or of local variables. For this reason, the `jump` command requests confirmation if the specified line is not in the function currently executing. However, even bizarre results are predictable if you are well acquainted with the machine-language code of your program.
`jump *address`
  Resume execution at the instruction at address address.

You can get much the same effect as the `jump` command by storing a new value into the register `$pc`. The difference is that this does not start your program running; it only changes the address of where it will run when you continue. For example,

    set $pc = 0x485

makes the next `continue` command or stepping command execute at address `0x485`, rather than at the address where your program stopped. See section Continuing and stepping.

The most common occasion to use the `jump` command is to back up-- perhaps with more breakpoints set--over a portion of a program that has already executed, in order to examine its execution in more detail.

## Giving your program a signal

`signal signal`
  Resume execution where your program stopped, but immediately give it the signal signal. signal can be the name or the number of a signal. For example, on many systems `signal 2` and `signal SIGINT` are both ways of sending an interrupt signal. Alternatively, if signal is zero, continue execution without giving a signal. This is useful when your program stopped on account of a signal and would ordinary see the signal when resumed with the `continue` command; ``signal 0'` causes it to resume without a signal. `signal` does not repeat when you press `RET` a second time after executing the command.

Invoking the `signal` command is not the same as invoking the `kill` utility from the shell. Sending a signal with `kill` causes GDB to decide what to do with the signal depending on the signal handling tables (see section Signals). The `signal` command passes the signal directly to your program.

## Returning from a function

`return`
`return expression`
  You can cancel execution of a function call with the `return` command. If you give an expression argument, its value is used as the function's return value.

When you use `return`, GDB discards the selected stack frame (and all frames within it). You can think of this as making the discarded frame return prematurely. If you wish to specify a value to be returned, give that value as the argument to `return`.

This pops the selected stack frame (see section Selecting a frame), and any other frames inside of it, leaving its caller as the innermost remaining frame. That frame becomes selected. The specified value is stored in the registers used for returning values of functions.

The `return` command does not resume execution; it leaves the program stopped in the state that would exist if the function had just returned. In contrast, the `finish` command (see section Continuing and stepping) resumes execution until the selected stack frame returns naturally.

## Calling program functions

`call expr`
  Evaluate the expression expr without displaying `void` returned values.

You can use this variant of the `print` command if you want to execute a function from your program, but without cluttering the output with `void` returned values. If the result is not void, it is printed and saved in the value history.

A new user-controlled variable, call_scratch_address, specifies the location of a scratch area to be used when GDB calls a function in the target. This is necessary because the usual method of putting the scratch area on the stack does not work in systems that have separate instruction and data spaces.

## Patching programs

By default, GDB opens the file containing your program's executable code (or the corefile) read-only. This prevents accidental alterations to machine code; but it also prevents you from intentionally patching your program's binary.

If you'd like to be able to patch the binary, you can specify that explicitly with the `set write` command. For example, you might want to turn on internal debugging flags, or even to make emergency repairs.

`set write on`
`set write off`
  If you specify ``set write on'`, GDB opens executable and core files for both reading and writing; if you specify ``set write off'` (the default), GDB opens them read-only. If you have already loaded a file, you must load it again (using the `exec-file` or `core-file` command) after changing `set write`, for your new setting to take effect.
`show write`
  Display whether executable files and core files are opened for writing as well as reading.

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