@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
@c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
@node Building, Abbrevs, Programs, Top
@chapter Compiling and Testing Programs
@cindex building programs
@cindex program building
@cindex running Lisp functions

  The previous chapter discusses the Emacs commands that are useful for
making changes in programs.  This chapter deals with commands that assist
in the larger process of developing and maintaining programs.

@menu
* Compilation::                   Compiling programs in languages other
                                    than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.)
* Debuggers::	                  Running symbolic debuggers for
                                    non-Lisp programs. 
* Executing Lisp::                Various modes for editing Lisp programs, 
                                    with different facilities for running
                                    the Lisp programs. 
* Libraries: Lisp Libraries.      Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs.
* Interaction: Lisp Interaction.  Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer.
* Eval: Lisp Eval.                Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs.
* External Lisp::                 Communicating through Emacs with a
                                    separate Lisp. 
@end menu

@node Compilation
@section Running `make', or Compilers Generally
@cindex inferior process
@cindex make
@cindex compilation errors
@cindex error log

  Emacs can run compilers for noninteractive languages such as C and
Fortran as inferior processes, feeding the error log into an Emacs buffer.
It can also parse the error messages and show you the source lines where
compilation errors occurred.

@table @kbd
@item M-x compile
Run a compiler asynchronously under Emacs, with error messages to
@samp{*compilation*} buffer.
@item M-x grep
Run @code{grep} asynchronously under Emacs, with matching lines
listed in the buffer named @samp{*grep*}.
@item M-x kill-compilation
@itemx M-x kill-grep
Kill the running compilation or @code{grep} subprocess.
@item C-x `
Visit the locus of the next compiler error message or @code{grep} match.
@end table

@findex compile
  To run @code{make} or another compilation command, do @kbd{M-x
compile}.  This command reads a shell command line using the minibuffer,
and then executes the command in an inferior shell, putting output in
the buffer named @samp{*compilation*}.  The current buffer's default
directory is used as the working directory for the execution of the
command; normally, therefore, the compilation happens in this
directory.

@vindex compile-command
  When the shell command line is read, the minibuffer appears containing
a default command line, which is the command you used the last time you
did @kbd{M-x compile}.  If you type just @key{RET}, the same command
line is used again.  For the first @kbd{M-x compile}, the default is
@samp{make -k}.

  The default compilation command comes from the variable
@code{compile-command}; if the appropriate compilation command for a
file is something other than @samp{make -k}, it can be useful for the
file to specify a local value for @code{compile-command} (@pxref{File
Variables}).

  Starting a compilation displays the buffer @samp{*compilation*} in
another window but does not select it.  The buffer's mode line tells you
whether compilation is finished, with the word @samp{run} or @samp{exit}
inside the parentheses.  You do not have to keep this buffer visible;
compilation continues in any case.  While a compilation is going on, the
string @samp{Compiling} appears in the mode lines of all windows.  When
this string disappears, the compilation is finished.

@findex kill-compilation
  To kill the compilation process, do @kbd{M-x kill-compilation}.  When
the compiler process terminates, the mode line of the
@samp{*compilation*} buffer changes to say @samp{signal} instead of
@samp{run}.  Starting a new compilation also kills any running
compilation, as only one can exist at any time.  However, @kbd{M-x
compile} asks for confirmation before actually killing a compilation
that is running.


@findex compile-goto-error
  The @samp{*compilation*} buffer uses a special major mode, Compilation
mode.  This mode provides the keys @key{SPC} and @key{DEL} to scroll by
screenfuls, and @kbd{M-n} and @kbd{M-p} to move to the next or previous
error message.  You can also use @kbd{M-@{} and @kbd{M-@}} to move up or
down to an error message for a different source file.
You can visit the source for any particular error message by moving
point in @samp{*compilation*} to that error message and typing @kbd{C-c C-c}
(@code{compile-goto-error}).

@kindex C-x `
@findex next-error
  To parse the compiler error messages sequentially, type @kbd{C-x `}
(@code{next-error}).  The character following the @kbd{C-x} is the
backquote or ``grave accent,'' not the single-quote.  This command is
available in all buffers, not just in @samp{*compilation*}.  It displays
the next error message at the top of one window and source location of
the error in another window.

  The first time @kbd{C-x `} is used after the start of a compilation,
it moves to the first error's location.  Subsequent uses of @kbd{C-x `}
advance down the data set up by the first use.  When the preparsed error
messages are exhausted, the next @kbd{C-x `} checks for any more error
messages that have come in; this is useful if you start editing the
compilation errors while the compilation is still going on.  If no more
error messages have come in, @kbd{C-x `} reports an error.

  @kbd{C-u C-x `} discards the preparsed error message data and parses the
@samp{*compilation*} buffer over again, then displaying the first error.
This way, you can process the same set of errors again.

@findex grep
  Instead of running a compiler, you can run @code{grep} and see the lines
on which matches were found.  To do this, type @kbd{M-x grep} with an argument
line that contains the same arguments you would give @code{grep} when running
it normally: a @code{grep}-style regexp (usually in single-quotes to quote
the shell's special characters) followed by file names which may use wildcards.
The output from @code{grep} goes in the @samp{*grep*} buffer and the
lines that matched can be found with @kbd{C-x `} as if they were compilation
errors.

  Note: a shell is used to run the compile command, but the shell is told
that it should be noninteractive.  This means in particular that the shell
starts up with no prompt.  If you find your usual shell prompt making an
unsightly appearance in the @samp{*compilation*} buffer, it means you have
made a mistake in your shell's init file (@file{.cshrc} or @file{.shrc} or
@dots{}) by setting the prompt unconditionally.  The shell init file should
set the prompt only if there already is a prompt.  In @code{csh}, here is
how to do it:

@example
if ($?prompt) set prompt = ...
@end example

@node Debuggers
@section Running Debuggers Under Emacs
@cindex debuggers
@cindex GUD library
@cindex GDB
@cindex DBX
@cindex SDB
@cindex XDB

@c Do you believe in GUD?
The GUD (Grand Unified Debugger) library provides an interface to
various symbolic debuggers from within Emacs.  We recommend the debugger
GDB, which is free software, but you can also run DBX, SDB or XDB if you
have them.

@menu
* Starting GUD::	How to start a debugger subprocess.
* Debugger Operation::	Connection between the debugger and source buffers.
* Commands of GUD::	Keybindings for common commands.
* GUD Customization::	Defining your own commands for GUD.
@end menu

@node Starting GUD
@subsection Starting GUD

  There are four commands for starting a debugger, each corresponding
to a particular debugger program.

@table @kbd
@item M-x gdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET}
@findex gdb
Run GDB as a subprocess of Emacs.  This command creates a buffer for
input and output to GDB, and switches to it.  If a GDB buffer already
exists, it just switches to that buffer.

@item M-x dbx @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET}
@findex dbx
Similar, but run DBX instead of GDB.

@item M-x xdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET}
@findex xdb
@vindex gud-xdb-directories
Similar, but run XDB instead of GDB.  Use the variable
@code{gud-xdb-directories} to specify directories to search for source
files.

@item M-x sdb @key{RET} @var{file} @key{RET}
@findex sdb
Similar, but run SDB instead of GDB.

  Some versions of SDB do not mention source file names in their
messages.  When you use them, you need to have a valid tags table
(@pxref{Tags}) in order for GUD to find functions in the source code.
If you have not visited a tags table or the tags table doesn't list one
of the functions, you get a message saying @samp{The sdb support
requires a valid tags table to work}.  If this happens, generate a valid
tags table in the working directory and try again.
@end table

  You can only run one debugger process at a time.

  Each of these commands takes one argument: a command line to invoke
the debugger.  In the simplest case, specify just the name of the
executable file you want to debug.  You may also use options that the
debugger supports.  However, shell wild cards and variables are not
allowed.  GUD assumes that the first argument not preceded by a @samp{-}
is the executable file name.

@node Debugger Operation
@subsection Debugger Operation

  When you run a debugger with GUD, the debugger uses an Emacs buffer
for its ordinary input and output.  This is called the GUD buffer.  The
debugger uses other Emacs buffers to display the source files of the
program.  An arrow (@samp{=>}) in one of these buffers indicates the
current execution line.  Moving point in this buffer does not move the
arrow.

  You can start editing these source files at any time in the buffers
that were made to display them.  The arrow is not part of the file's
text; it appears only on the screen.  If you do modify a source file,
keep in mind that inserting or deleting lines will throw off the arrow's
positioning; GUD has no way of figuring out which line corresponded
before your changes to the line number in a debugger message.  Also,
you'll typically have to recompile and restart the program for your
changes to be reflected in the debugger's tables.

If you wish, you can control your debugger process entirely through the
debugger buffer, which uses a variant of Shell mode.  All the usual
commands for your debugger are available, and you can use the Shell mode
history commands to repeat them.

@node Commands of GUD
@subsection Commands of GUD

  GUD provides a command available in all buffers for setting
breakpoints.  This command is defined globally because you need to use
it in the source files' buffers.

@table @kbd
@item C-x @key{SPC}
@kindex C-x @key{SPC}
Set a breakpoint on the line that point is on.
@end table

@kindex C-x C-a @r{(GUD)}
  Here are the other commands provided by GUD.  The keys starting with
@kbd{C-c} are available only in the GUD interaction buffer.  The
bindings that start with @kbd{C-x C-a} are available in the GUD buffer
and also in source files.

@table @kbd
@item C-c C-l
@kindex C-c C-l @r{(GUD)}
@itemx C-x C-a C-l
@findex gud-refresh
Display in another window the last line referred to in the GUD
buffer (that is, the line indicated in the last location message).
This runs the command @code{gud-refresh}.

@item C-c C-s
@kindex C-c C-s @r{(GUD)}
@itemx C-x C-a C-s
@findex gud-step
Execute a single line of code (@code{gud-step}).  If the code contains
a function call, execution stops after entering the called function.

@item C-c C-n
@kindex C-c C-n @r{(GUD)}
@itemx C-x C-a C-n
@findex gud-next
Execute a single line of code, stepping across entire function calls
at full speed (@code{gud-next}).

@item C-c C-i
@kindex C-c C-i @r{(GUD)}
@itemx C-x C-a C-i
@findex gud-stepi
Execute a single machine instruction (@code{gud-stepi}).

@item C-c C-c
@kindex C-c C-c @r{(GUD)}
@itemx C-x C-a C-c
@findex gud-cont
Continue execution until the next breakpoint, or other event that would
normally stop the program (@code{gud-cont}).

@item C-c C-d
@kindex C-c C-d @r{(GUD)}
@itemx C-x C-a C-d
@findex gud-remove
Delete the breakpoint(s) on the current source line, if any
(@code{gud-remove}).  If you use this command in the GUD interaction
buffer, it applies to the line where the program last stopped.

@item C-c C-t
@kindex C-c C-t @r{(GUD)}
@itemx C-x C-a C-t
@findex gud-tbreak
Set a temporary breakpoint on the current source line, if any.
If you use this command in the GUD interaction buffer,
it applies to the line where the program last stopped.
@end table

  The above commands are common to all supported debuggers.  If you are
using GDB or (some versions of) DBX, these additional commands are available:

@table @kbd
@item C-c <
@kindex C-c < @r{(GUD)}
@itemx C-x C-a <
@findex gud-up
Select the next enclosing stack frame (@code{gud-up}).  This is
equivalent to the @samp{up} command.

@item C-c >
@kindex C-c > @r{(GUD)}
@itemx C-x C-a >
@findex gud-down
Select the next inner stack frame (@code{gud-down}).  This is
equivalent to the @samp{down} command.
@end table

  If you are using GDB, two additional keybindings are available:

@table @kbd
@item C-c C-f
@kindex C-c C-f @r{(GUD)}
@itemx C-x C-a C-f
@findex gud-finish
Run the program until the selected stack frame returns (or until it
stops for some other reason).
@end table

  These commands interpret a prefix argument as a repeat count, when that
makes sense.

@node GUD Customization
@subsection GUD Customization

@vindex gdb-mode-hook
@vindex dbx-mode-hook
@vindex sdb-mode-hook
@vindex xdb-mode-hook
  On startup, GUD runs one of the following hooks: @code{gdb-mode-hook},
if you are using GDB; @code{dbx-mode-hook}, if you are using DBX;
@code{sdb-mode-hook}, if you are using SDB; and @code{xdb-mode-hook}, if
you are using XDB.  You can use these hooks to define custom keybindings
for the debugger interaction buffer.  @xref{Hooks}.

  Here is a convenient way to define a command that sends a particular
command string to the debugger, and set up a key binding for it in the
debugger interaction buffer:

@findex gud-def
@example
(gud-def @var{function} @var{cmdstring} @var{binding} @var{docstring})
@end example

  This defines a command named @var{function} which sends
@var{cmdstring} to the debugger process, with documentation string
@var{docstring}.  You can use the command thus defined in any buffer.
If @var{binding} is non-@code{nil}, @code{gud-def} also binds the
command to @kbd{C-c @var{binding}} in the GUD buffer's mode and to
@kbd{C-x C-a @var{binding}} generally.

  The command string @var{cmdstring} may contain certain escape
sequences that are filled in with varying data at the time
@var{function} is called:

@table @samp
@item %f
Name of the current source file.  If the current buffer is the GUD buffer,
then the ``current source file'' is the file that the program stopped in.
@c This said, ``the name of the file the program counter was in at the last breakpoint.''
@c But I suspect it is really the last stop file.

@item %l
Number of the current source line.  If the current buffer is the GUD
buffer, then the ``current source line'' is the line that the program
stopped in.

@item %e
Text of the C lvalue or function-call expression surrounding point.

@item %a
Text of the hexadecimal address surrounding point.

@item %p
Prefix (numeric) argument of the called function (if any) as a number.
(If you don't use @samp{%p} in the command string, the command you
define ignores any prefix argument.)
@end table

@node Executing Lisp
@section Executing Lisp Expressions

  Emacs has several different major modes for Lisp and Scheme.  They are
the same in terms of editing commands, but differ in the commands for
executing Lisp expressions.

@table @asis
@item Emacs-Lisp mode
The mode for editing source files of programs to run in Emacs Lisp.
This mode defines @kbd{C-M-x} to evaluate the current defun.
@xref{Lisp Libraries}.
@item Lisp Interaction mode
The mode for an interactive session with Emacs Lisp.  It defines
@key{LFD} to evaluate the sexp before point and insert its value in the
buffer.  @xref{Lisp Interaction}.
@item Lisp mode
The mode for editing source files of programs that run in Lisps other
than Emacs Lisp.  This mode defines @kbd{C-M-x} to send the current defun
to an inferior Lisp process.  @xref{External Lisp}.
@item Inferior Lisp mode
The mode for an interactive session with an inferior Lisp process.
This mode combines the special features of Lisp mode and Shell mode
(@pxref{Shell Mode}).
@item Scheme mode
Like Lisp mode but for Scheme programs.
@item Inferior Scheme mode
The mode for an interactive session with an inferior Scheme process.
@end table

@iftex
  The editing commands for working with Lisp programs are in fact
available globally.  @xref{Programs}.
@end iftex
@menu
These subnodes of the chapter on editing programs describe the editing
commands for working with Lisp programs, which are in fact available
globally.

* Lists::               Expressions with balanced parentheses.
* List Commands::       The commands for working with list and sexps.
* Defuns::              Each program is made up of separate functions.
                          There are editing commands to operate on them.
* Program Indent::      Adjusting indentation to show the nesting.
* Matching::            Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open.
* Comments::            Inserting, killing, and aligning comments.
@end menu

@node Lisp Libraries
@section Libraries of Lisp Code for Emacs
@cindex libraries
@cindex loading Lisp code

  Lisp code for Emacs editing commands is stored in files whose names
conventionally end in @file{.el}.  This ending tells Emacs to edit them in
Emacs-Lisp mode (@pxref{Executing Lisp}).

@findex load-file
  To execute a file of Emacs Lisp code, use @kbd{M-x load-file}.  This
command reads a file name using the minibuffer and then executes the
contents of that file as Lisp code.  It is not necessary to visit the
file first; in any case, this command reads the file as found on disk,
not text in an Emacs buffer.

@findex load
@findex load-library
  Once a file of Lisp code is installed in the Emacs Lisp library
directories, users can load it using @kbd{M-x load-library}.  Programs can
load it by calling @code{load-library}, or with @code{load}, a more primitive
function that is similar but accepts some additional arguments.

  @kbd{M-x load-library} differs from @kbd{M-x load-file} in that it
searches a sequence of directories and tries three file names in each
directory.  Suppose your argument is @var{lib}; the three names are
@file{@var{lib}.elc}, @file{@var{lib}.el}, and lastly just
@file{@var{lib}}.  If @file{@var{lib}.elc} exists, it is by convention
the result of compiling @file{@var{lib}.el}; it is better to load the
compiled file, since it will load and run faster.

  If @code{load-library} finds that @file{@var{lib}.el} is newer than
@file{@var{lib}.elc} file, it prints a warning, because it's likely that
somebody made changes to the @file{.el} file and forgot to recompile
it.

  Because the argument to @code{load-library} is usually not in itself
a valid file name, file name completion is not available.  Indeed, when
using this command, you usually do not know exactly what file name
will be used.

@vindex load-path
  The sequence of directories searched by @kbd{M-x load-library} is
specified by the variable @code{load-path}, a list of strings that are
directory names.  The default value of the list contains the directory where
the Lisp code for Emacs itself is stored.  If you have libraries of
your own, put them in a single directory and add that directory
to @code{load-path}.  @code{nil} in this list stands for the current default
directory, but it is probably not a good idea to put @code{nil} in the
list.  If you find yourself wishing that @code{nil} were in the list,
most likely what you really want to do is use @kbd{M-x load-file}
this once.

@cindex autoload
  Often you do not have to give any command to load a library, because the
commands defined in the library are set up to @dfn{autoload} that library.
Running any of those commands causes @code{load} to be called to load the
library; this replaces the autoload definitions with the real ones from the
library.

  If autoloading a file does not finish, either because of an error or
because of a @kbd{C-g} quit, all function definitions made by the file are
undone automatically.  So are any calls to @code{provide}.  As a consequence,
if you use one of the autoloadable commands again, the entire file will be
loaded a second time.  This prevents problems where the command is no
longer autoloading but it works wrong because not all the file was loaded.
Function definitions are undone only for autoloading; explicit calls to
@code{load} do not undo anything if loading is not completed.

@cindex byte code
  Emacs Lisp code can be compiled into byte-code which loads faster,
takes up less space when loaded, and executes faster.  @xref{Byte
Compilation,, Byte Compilation, elisp, the Emacs Lisp Reference
Manual}.

  By convention, the compiled code for a library goes in a separate file
whose name consists of the library source file with @samp{c} appended.
Thus, the compiled code for @file{foo.el} goes in @file{foo.elc}.
That's why @code{load-library} searches for @samp{.elc} files first.

@node Lisp Eval
@section Evaluating Emacs-Lisp Expressions
@cindex Emacs-Lisp mode
@cindex mode, Emacs-Lisp

@findex emacs-lisp-mode
  Lisp programs intended to be run in Emacs should be edited in
Emacs-Lisp mode; this happens automatically for file names ending in
@file{.el}.  By contrast, Lisp mode itself is used for editing Lisp
programs intended for other Lisp systems.  To switch to Emacs-Lisp mode
explicitly, use the command @kbd{M-x emacs-lisp-mode}.

  For testing of Lisp programs to run in Emacs, it is often useful to
evaluate part of the program as it is found in the Emacs buffer.  For
example, after changing the text of a Lisp function definition,
evaluating the definition installs the change for future calls to the
function.  Evaluation of Lisp expressions is also useful in any kind of
editing, for invoking noninteractive functions (functions that are
not commands).

@table @kbd
@item M-@key{ESC}
Read a single Lisp expression in the minibuffer, evaluate it, and print
the value in the echo area (@code{eval-expression}).
@item C-x C-e
Evaluate the Lisp expression before point, and print the value in the
echo area (@code{eval-last-sexp}).
@item C-M-x
Evaluate the defun containing or after point, and print the value in
the echo area (@code{eval-defun}).
@item M-x eval-region
Evaluate all the Lisp expressions in the region.
@item M-x eval-current-buffer
Evaluate all the Lisp expressions in the buffer.
@end table

@kindex M-ESC
@findex eval-expression
  @kbd{M-@key{ESC}} (@code{eval-expression}) is the most basic command for evaluating
a Lisp expression interactively.  It reads the expression using the
minibuffer, so you can execute any expression on a buffer regardless of
what the buffer contains.  When the expression is evaluated, the current
buffer is once again the buffer that was current when @kbd{M-@key{ESC}} was
typed.

  @kbd{M-@key{ESC}} can easily confuse users who do not understand it,
especially on keyboards with autorepeat where it can result from holding
down the @key{ESC} key for too long.  Therefore, @code{eval-expression} is
normally a disabled command.  Attempting to use this command asks for
confirmation and gives you the option of enabling it; once you enable the
command, confirmation will no longer be required for it.
@xref{Disabling}.@refill

@kindex C-M-x @r{(Emacs-Lisp mode)}
@findex eval-defun
  In Emacs-Lisp mode, the key @kbd{C-M-x} is bound to the command
@code{eval-defun}, which parses the defun containing or following point
as a Lisp expression and evaluates it.  The value is printed in the echo
area.  This command is convenient for installing in the Lisp environment
changes that you have just made in the text of a function definition.

@kindex C-x C-e
@findex eval-last-sexp
  The command @kbd{C-x C-e} (@code{eval-last-sexp}) performs a similar job
but is available in all major modes, not just Emacs-Lisp mode.  It finds
the sexp before point, reads it as a Lisp expression, evaluates it, and
prints the value in the echo area.  It is sometimes useful to type in an
expression and then, with point still after it, type @kbd{C-x C-e}.

  If @kbd{C-M-x} or @kbd{C-x C-e} is given a numeric argument, it prints the value
by insertion into the current buffer at point, rather than in the echo
area.  The argument value does not matter.

@findex eval-region
@findex eval-current-buffer
  The most general command for evaluating Lisp expressions from a buffer
is @code{eval-region}.  @kbd{M-x eval-region} parses the text of the
region as one or more Lisp expressions, evaluating them one by one.
@kbd{M-x eval-current-buffer} is similar but evaluates the entire
buffer.  This is a reasonable way to install the contents of a file of
Lisp code that you are just ready to test.  After finding and fixing a
bug, use @kbd{C-M-x} on each function that you change, to keep the Lisp
world in step with the source file.

@node Lisp Interaction
@section Lisp Interaction Buffers

  The buffer @samp{*scratch*} which is selected when Emacs starts up is
provided for evaluating Lisp expressions interactively inside Emacs.

  Thus, the way to use the @samp{*scratch*} buffer is to insert Lisp
expressions at the end, ending each one with @key{LFD} so that it will
be evaluated.  This command reads the Lisp expression before point,
evaluates it, and inserts the value in printed representation before
point.  The result is a complete typescript of the expressions you have
evaluated and their values.

  The @samp{*scratch*} buffer's major mode is Lisp Interaction mode, which
is the same as Emacs-Lisp mode except for the binding of @key{LFD}.

@findex lisp-interaction-mode
  The rationale for this feature is that Emacs must have a buffer when
it starts up, but that buffer is not useful for editing files since a
new buffer is made for every file that you visit.  The Lisp interpreter
typescript is the most useful thing I can think of for the initial
buffer to do.  Type @kbd{M-x lisp-interaction-mode} to put the current
buffer in Lisp Interaction mode.

@node External Lisp
@section Running an External Lisp

  Emacs has facilities for running programs in other Lisp systems.  You can
run a Lisp process as an inferior of Emacs, and pass expressions to it to
be evaluated.  You can also pass changed function definitions directly from
the Emacs buffers in which you edit the Lisp programs to the inferior Lisp
process.

@findex run-lisp
@vindex inferior-lisp-program
  To run an inferior Lisp process, type @kbd{M-x run-lisp}.  This runs
the program named @code{lisp}, the same program you would run by typing
@code{lisp} as a shell command, with both input and output going through
an Emacs buffer named @samp{*lisp*}.  That is to say, any ``terminal
output'' from Lisp will go into the buffer, advancing point, and any
``terminal input'' for Lisp comes from text in the buffer.  (You can
change the name of the Lisp executable file by setting the variable
@code{inferior-lisp-program}.)

  To give input to Lisp, go to the end of the buffer and type the input,
terminated by @key{RET}.  The @samp{*lisp*} buffer is in Inferior Lisp
mode, which combines the special characteristics of Lisp mode and Shell
mode (@pxref{Shell Mode}).@refill

@findex lisp-mode
  For the source files of programs to run in external Lisps, use Lisp mode.
This mode can be selected with @kbd{M-x lisp-mode}, and is used automatically
for files whose names end in @file{.l} or @file{.lisp}, as most Lisp
systems usually expect.

@kindex C-M-x @r{(Lisp mode)}
@findex lisp-send-defun
  When you edit a function in a Lisp program you are running, the easiest
way to send the changed definition to the inferior Lisp process is the key
@kbd{C-M-x}.  In Lisp mode, this runs the function @code{lisp-send-defun},
which finds the defun around or following point and sends it as input to
the Lisp process.  (Emacs can send input to any inferior process regardless
of what buffer is current.)

  Contrast the meanings of @kbd{C-M-x} in Lisp mode (for editing programs
to be run in another Lisp system) and Emacs-Lisp mode (for editing Lisp
programs to be run in Emacs): in both modes it has the effect of installing
the function definition that point is in, but the way of doing so is
different according to where the relevant Lisp environment is found.
@xref{Executing Lisp}.
