
                                   PKNLG.ZIP
                                  ITS Systems 
                      Michael J. Steiner CIS:[76372,370]
                             Phone: 612-426-7270
                      ==================================


                                 Registration
                                 ------------


		This software is released as 'ShareWare' NOT 'FreeWare'
        and your need for registration is based on the programs ability to
        inform you. If this program meets this requirement, please send the
        registration fee of only $10.00. Or register via compuserve
        registration ID# 9342 - GO SWREG.

        TO: (Payable to: Michael J. Steiner)

	ITS Systems
	C/O Michael J. Steiner
	14665 Fitzgerald Ave. N.
	Hugo, Mn 55038-9301

                When registering within the program(F5), it will ask you for
        your name, or company name. When you contact me for a registration
        key, I will require this name, exactly as you intend to input it
        into the registration sign up window (Case Sensitive). This is not
        neccessary when registering VIA compuserve(GO SWREG), I will use
        the name as it is presented to me.



                           Benefits Of Registration
                           ------------------------

                Registration qualifies you for certain privileges not
        granted to unregistered users.

                As a registered user:

        1) - You will no longer be bothered by the delay during the opening
             registration reminder screen (RRS).

        2) - You will have access to the help system.

        3) - Your name, or company name will be recorded within your
             copy of the program, and displayed in the about window.

        4) - The registration key that you receive, can be used to register
             any updated versions of this program.

        5) - You will have the knowledge, that by registering I will be
             able to develope other useful utilites. Thank you...                  

       
                                  Disclaimer
                                  ----------


                "Users of this software must accept this disclaimer
                 of warranty"

                WE hereby disclaim all warranties relating to this software.
	This software is distributed on an "AS IS" basis without
	warranties of any kind, whether expressed or implied,
	including without limitation any implied warranties of
	merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose.

		WE assume no liablity for any damages, including but not
        limited	to, special, incidental, consequential, indirect, loss of
        data, loss of profit, use of software or similar claims, or for any 
	other reason. Even if WE have specifically advised YOU of the 
	possibility of such damage regardless of the form of the claim.  
	The person using the software (End User) bears all risk as to the
	quality and performance of the software.

		The following statement ONLY applies to 'NON public domain'
        and registered 'ShareWare' software. (Your use of this ShareWare
	is limited to it's meeting your needs, at which time continued use
 	requires registration.)
       
		YOU must treat this software just as if it were a book.
	For example, this software may be used by any number of people, 
	and may be freely moved from one computer to another, as long
	as there is NO POSSIBILITY of it being used at one location
	while it is being used at another location. Just as one book
	cannot be read by two different people in two different
	locations at the same time.




                             Distribution Policy 
                             -------------------


		"This distribution policy ONLY applies to 'ShareWare'."

	You are free to use, copy and distribute this software for 
	NON-COMMERCIAL use if:

		1. - No fee is charged for it's use, copying or distribution.

		2. - It is not modified in any way.

		3. - It is distributed in it's original archive package,
		     containing all original files.

	Clubs and user groups may charge a fee not to exceed
	($5) for media and handling for distribution of the
	software contained within this achieve.

	This distribution policy only applies to the software, herein
	contained within this archived media.
	All other distributions of this software can only be made
	by ITS Systems C/O Michael J. Steiner.



                                General Notes
                                -------------
       
		Support - I provide as much support as possible for the 
        programs, functions, procedures, and concepts that I distribute.
        If you have any questions, please write to me via compuserve mail
        or phone me (Messages left with	long distance phone numbers will
        not be returned, so please call me back.). Phone conversations
        are limited to 30 minutes. This is not set in stone, but I do
        need some time for my family.

		Registration remainder screens - In some shareware programs
	I use RRS's and sometimes I do not. I try not to make these
	RRS's to annoying in there frequency or content.

		Documentation - Documenting a program can be more difficult
        than writing the program itself. I try and supply as much and as
        detailed documentation as I can. I find that often documentation
        contains too much unnecessary detail, and not enough raw how to's.
        So I try and keep my descriptions as strait forward as possible,
        without the trivialities and eccentricities.



                                 Packing List
                                 ------------

        PKNLG.EXE  - The Disk Usage Analysis program.
        PKNLG.TXT  - Documentation file.
        PKNLG.INI  - The initialization file for PKNLG.EXE
        PKNLG.HLP  - The help file for PKNLG.EXE
        READ.EXE   - A text based file viewer. Used by default by PKNLG.EXE
        README.EXE - Patch to the PKNLG.TXT file. For DOS viewing(Printing).
        LICENSE.DOC- Site license terms.
        ORDER.DOC  - Site license application.




                              Application Notes
                              -----------------

                The main purpose of this program, is to assist you in the
        choice of how to partition you hard drive(s). This is accomplished
        by analyzing your current partition usage, and displaying a list
        of possible alternative partition-cluster sizes, that may work
        better than your current partition configuration.

                In a perfect disk world, each file would occupy only the
        space needed for that file on your hard drive. Well it isn't a
        perfect disk world. Each file or directory must fit to within
        the nearest number of allocation units. Allocation units are
        called clusters, and a cluster defines the smallest allocatable
        space available on your hard drive. What this means is that, even
        if a file, were to have a size of zero, it would require one cluster
        (allocation unit). Lets say for instance you have a 540MB hard
        drive, and it's all one partition. In this case your cluster size
        would be 16KB(16384), so if you have say 100 50 Byte files, the
        space you would expect to be allocated, would be 5000 Bytes, but
        the space that would actually be allocated would be 1,638,400
        Bytes, a difference of 1,633,400 wasted bytes. In diskies this
        wasted space would be called SLACK SPACE, and this slack space
        could be reduced, by changing the partition configuration of this
        example disk. For example, if you partitioned this 540MB drive into
        a 256MB partition, and a 284MB partition, the cluster sizes would be
        4KB(4096) and 8KB(8192) respectively. If you then moved the 100
        50 Byte files onto the 256MB partition, the amount of space
        allocated to these 50 files would be 20,345 Bytes, a space savings
        of 1,618,055 Bytes. It is not uncommon to have many small files
        located on a typically loaded hard drive. Most hard drives today
        contain between 200-500 directories, each of which takes up a
        cluster. Also large applications have small support files in there
        directories. And if you are using Windows 95, every folder off
        of the START menu, and each sub menu folder is a directory. These
        directories contain some number of shortcuts. Each of these
        shortcuts is actually a .LNK file, and these .LNK file are
        small in size(200-500 Bytes). Because of this the drive containing
        Windows 95 may be a good candidate for re partitioning.

                Here is a listing of the different partition sizes and
        there cluster size association.

        Partition    Cluster
        Size         Size
        -------------------------
        FLOPPY/OS2   .5KB.(512)
         128MB.     2KB.(2048)
         256MB.     4KB.(4096)
         512MB.     8KB.(8192)
         1GB.       16KB.(16384)
         2GB.       32KB.(32768)
         4GB.       64KB.(65536)

                You may be asking yourself, why not just set the disk
        cluster sizes to 512 Bytes or less, and be done with it. This
        would be nice, but there is one thing holding us up. It's called
        the FAT (File Allocation Table). This is the filing system used
        most often. There are two basic FAT types, and these are FAT12
        and FAT16. As there names imply, the FAT12 type uses a 12 Bit
        layout system, while comparatively the FAT16 type uses a 16 Bit
        layout system. These systems are limited in scope to there
        respective BIT size magnitudes minus overhead. All disks containing
        4,080 or fewer clusters use the FAT12 system, whereas all disks
        with more then 4,080 clusters use the FAT16 system. With each of
        these two systems, there is a finite number of cluster positions
        which can be addressed. 2^12 = 4,096 - 16 = 4,080, this is the
        maximum number of clusters addressable by the FAT12 system. And
        2^16 = 65,536 - 16 = 65,520, and this is the maximum number of
        clusters addressable by the FAT16 system. The -16 Bytes, this
        is the number of reserved bytes, these are used to indicate:
        RESERVED, BAD, and EOF markings, within the FAT table. As can
        be demonstrated by the limits set above, specific partition
        sizes require specific minimum cluster sizes.

                Example:  (1.44 Floppy)
                        Given - Partition size = 1,474,560 
                                Bytes per Sector = 512
                                Sectors per Cluster = 1
                                Number of FATs = 2
                                Total Sectors = 2,880
                                Sectors per FAT = 9
                                Boot Sectors = 1
                                Directory Entries = 224

                   Therefore -  Clusters = 2847

                                Sectors per Directory =
                                (Directory Entries * 32) / Bytes per Sector

                                Clusters = (Total Sectors - Boot Sectors -
                                (Sectors per FAT * Number of FATs) -
                                Sectors per Directory) / Sectors per Cluster
        
                        This would fall well below the FAT12 addressable
                        cluster limit of 4,080. And the FAT12 system
                        would be used.

                Below is a list of maximum partition sizes based on cluster
        size. Using the FAT16 system.

        Cluster     Maximum      (Real)  (Partition) (Advertise)
        Size        Disk Size     2^20    2^10*1000  1*10^6
        --------------------------------------------------------
        .5K(512)       33,546,240 (32)    (32.76)    (33.55)
        2K(2048)      134,184,960 (128)   (131.04)   (134.18)
        4K(4096)      268,369,920 (256)   (262.08)   (268.37)
        8K(8192)      536,739,840 (512)   (524.16)   (536.74)
        16K(16384)  1,073,479,680 (1.024) (1.048)    (1.073)
        32K(32768)  2,146,959,360 (2.048) (2.097)    (2.147)
        64K(65536)  4,293,918,720 (4.096) (4.193)    (4.294)


                It is not necessary to analyze the slack space of a
        compressed drive. Compressed drives contain no slack space.
        The reason for this is that the logical disk characteristics,
        as presented are for your benefit. And the cluster size as
        stated, is computed based on the current drive size. Since
        the compressed drive is actually a large file, which is on
        the host (Physical Drive), the logical disk characteristics
        as seen, are synthesized by the disk compression device driver.
        And these logical disk characteristics can change, without
        having any seemingly responsive reasoning associated with
        these changes. The reason the changes are so unpredictable,
        is based on the nature of the operations which are taking
        place. The volatility of the size and redundancy, with which
        the files placed on the compressed volume are constituted,
        prohibits reliable prediction of any changes which will
        take place.


                                  Interface
                                  ---------

                PKNLG.EXE uses the MSDTPLAT interface, and a list of
        all command line arguments can be obtained by entering /?
        and -? on the command line. The PKNLG.INI file is commented,
        although not all switches are applicable with PKNLG.EXE.



                             Screen Descriptions
                             -------------------

                The following is a screen similar to the main menu.
        There are three main portion to this menu, first the drive
        selection portion, second the function action buttons, and
        third the action button description area.

  PKNLG V01.25  Ŀ
                                                                         
  Drive Ŀ                                                       
  A B C                                                                
                                                        
                                                                         
         Analyze           Analysis of drive cluster configuration.     
                                                 
           Exit            Quit and return to DOS.                      
                                                 
     Disk Information      View the current disks characteristics.      
                                                 
     Partition Chain       View the partition chain information.        
                                                 
    Directory Analysis     Analysis of directory cluster configuration. 
                                                 
     Directory Report      Prioritized slack report for each directory. 
                                                 
 F1-Help F2-Additional Selections 



                The following screen is a screen similar to a typical
        "Disk Information" screen. In the screen, you are presented with
        the physical characteristics of the current disk. These
        characteristics may differ from those you will see in the
        analysis screen (As these are logical characteristics), if
        you are analyzing a compressed disk.

 Physical Disk Characteristics ** From Disk ** Ŀ
                                                                             
  Bytes Per Sector....:512             Drive...............:B:               
  Sectors Per Cluster.:1               Physical Drive......:00 Hex.          
  Number Of FATs......:2               Fat1Start-Fat1End...:1-7              
  Maximum Dir. Entries:224             Fat2Start-Fat2End...:8-14             
  Hidden Sectors......:0               DirStart-DirEnd.....:15-28            
  Total Sectors.......:2,400           DatStart-DatEnd.....:29-2,399         
  Media Descriptor....:F9 Hex.         Directory Sectors...:14               
  Sectors Per FAT.....:7               System Sectors......:29               
  Sectors Per Track...:15              Volume Serial Number:0FF7:346A        
  Number Of Heads.....:2               Volume Label........:NO.NAME....      
  Number Of Tracks....:80              OEM.................:MSDOS5.0         
  Number Of Clusters..:2,371           File Type...........:FAT12            
  Total Disk Space....:1,228,800       Extd. Boot Record...:29 Hex.          
  Drive Space.........:1.20    MEG.    Advertised Space....:1.20    meg.     
                                                                             
                                                                             
                                     Ok                                     
                                                                   
 F1-Help 



                The following is a screen similar to a typical analysis
        screen. The disk cluster-partition analysis screen is made up of
        three main portions, first the logical disk characteristics area,
        next is the cluster slack space reporting area, and lastly is the
        analysis progress reporting area. The main area of interest here,
        is a feature that I cannot display within this text medium, so I
        will try to describe it. Within the cluster slack space reporting
        area, you will see seven partition-cluster association lines, while
        the analysis is taking place one of these lines will be highlighted
        green, to indicate your current cluster size. Some of the lines may
        also become highlighted red, this indicates that the number of
        allocated clusters required has gone over the maximum addressable
        clusters.

 Drive(C:) General Analysis Ŀ
                                                                             
 Cluster size......: 32,768          Volume Serial Number: 2D07:0ED4         
 Total clusters....: 49,510          Total disk space....: 1,622,343,680     
 Used clusters.....: 14,582          Used disk space.....:   477,822,976     
 Available clusters: 34,928          Available disk space: 1,144,520,704     
                                                                             
 Partition-Clus.   Allocated     Allocated     Slack       Slack   #Files    
 Association       Clusters      Bytes         Bytes       %       <1 Clus.  
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------  
 FLOPPY/OS2 .5K        616,739   315,770,368     1,490,678 0.5         785   
  128MB.... 2K        157,076   321,691,648     6,857,462 2.1       1,952   
  256MB.... 4K         80,633   330,272,768    14,699,254 4.5       2,576   
  512MB.... 8K         42,596   348,946,432    31,894,262 9.1       3,185   
  1GB......16K         23,702   388,333,568    68,324,086 17.6      3,964   
  2GB......32K         14,411   472,219,648   146,295,542 31.0      4,814   
  4GB......64K         10,034   657,588,224   319,834,870 48.6      5,396   
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------  
 Processing 6,216     files in 361     directories.  Remaining: 0            
 Dir.:                                                                       
 File:                                                                       
                                                                             
                                     OK                                     
                                                                   
 F1-Help 



                The following is a screen similar to a typical directory
        analysis screen. In the screen below the cluster size was
        8K, and the slack was 6.7% of total alloacted space. This
        directory contains a reasonable amount of slack space, but
        as you can see, if it where located on a partition with 16K
        clusters it would have a slack percentage of 13.2 . In this
        case, you may want to think about moving this directory, to
        a partition with a smaller cluster size ie. 8K and save
        5 megs. The directory analysis function is most useful to
        users, that have their applications arranged in a manner so
        that, each individual application is installed in a unique
        subdirectory off of the root directory. If that is not the
        case, you may get a better understanding of your cluster slack
        to application usage, if you use the Directory Report function.

 Analysis of "WINDOWS" 12 of 23 Directories On Drive C: Ŀ
                                                                             
 Partition-Clus.   Allocated     Allocated     Slack       Slack   #Files    
 Association       Clusters      Bytes         Bytes       %       <1 Clus.  
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------  
 FLOPPY/OS2 .5K        123,302    63,130,624       265,421 0.4         166   
  128MB.... 2K         31,358    64,221,184     1,355,981 2.1         287   
  256MB.... 4K         16,051    65,744,896     2,879,693 4.4         345   
  512MB.... 8K          8,404    68,845,568     5,980,365 8.7         453   
  1GB......16K          4,607    75,481,088    12,615,885 16.7        615   
  2GB......32K          2,726    89,325,568    26,460,365 29.6        824   
  4GB......64K          1,848   121,110,528    58,245,325 48.1      1,012   
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------  
 Files Processed: 1,246                                                      
 File:                                                                       
                                                                             
                  Continue                     Discontinue                 
                                               
 F1-Help 



                The following is a screen similar to a typical partition
        chain information screen. The important thing of note, in the
        partition chain is, that is carries the physical characteristics
        of each partition contained within a disk. With this information
        you can determine the partition location, size, and type.

 Partition Chain Information ͻ
                                                                       
                     Partn#      Partn#      Partn#      Partn#        
  Description          1           2           3           4           
  -------------------------------------------------------------------  
  Bootable.........: Yes         No          No          No            
  Starting head....: 1           0           0           0             
  Starting Sector..: 1           1           0           0             
  Starting Cylinder: 0           259         0           0             
  System ID........: BigDos      Extended    Unused      Unused        
  Ending Head......: 31          31          0           0             
  Ending Sector....: 63          63          0           0             
  Ending Cylinder..: 258         541         0           0             
  Relative Sectors.: 63          522144      0           0             
  Partition Sectors: 522081      570528      0           0             
  Partition Size...: 255         279         0           0             
                                                                       
                                                                       
                                  Ok                                  
                                                             
 F1-Help ͼ



                The following is a list of screens similar to a typical
        Directory Report screen list. The first screen is presented, while
        the statistics for each directory are being gathered, and a primary
        report file is being generated. The second screen is presented, while
        the primary report file is being prioritized, and the final report
        file is being generated.

 Analysis Progress Ŀ
                                       
 Ananlyzing each individual directory  
  on drive C: for slack space usage,   
   and creating a report file in the   
            root directory.            
                                       
 Complete: 11 %                        
                                       

 Prioritizing Progress Ŀ
                                           
 The report file is being prioritized in a 
  descending manner. Directories that are  
   wasting the most space will be listed   
                  first.                   
                                           
 Complete: 77 %                            
                                           



                                   History
                                   -------

        November,15,1995
                Started work on PKNLG.EXE, in response to many forum threads
                concerning partition-cluster association, and new larger
                hard disk sizes, and Windows 95.

        December,15,1995
                First release date of PKNLG.EXE (version 1.00)

        December,27,1995
                Fixed bug in math.

        January,08,1996
                Second release when out. (version 1.10)

        January,09,1996
                Fixed bug in video, and general analysis window.

        January,10,1996
                Decided to release complete version PKNLG.EXE, in response
                to the number of downloads of second release. (version 1.12)

        Febuary,6,1996
                Fixed bug in Partition information window, and a problem
                with open windows in Disk Information function.

        Febuary, 10, 1996
                Tidied up the analysis displays to make them more readable,
                and more user friendly. (version 1.14)

        Febuary, 11, 1996
                Added the Directory Report function and viewer. Added to
                the help system, and enhanced it for registered users.
                
Thanks in advance for registering this product.
Michael J Steiner
ITS Systems.


