
              MISCELLANEOUS MATH SOFTWARE PROGRAM DESCRIPTIONS


The following is a list of programs that are in the Public Domain that are
used by the students in the Math Lab at Santa Monica College.  These programs
are for IBM compatible computers.  If you wish to print this file so you can
read from a paper copy you can try importing this file into any word
processor.  Failing that, you can try the DOS command  COPY README.TXT PRN.


THE BACKGROUND AND KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED TO USE THE PROGRAMS
==============================================================================
These programs have been designed to be used by people with little or no
computer background.  All of these programs contain self-documenting help
screens and the more complex programs are accompanied by tutorial lessons
for first-time users that are in text files.  The mathematical background
required to use these programs depends on the nature of each individual
program.  However, each program is designed to be a learning tool to help
motivate an interest in mathematics and computer science, so users may benefit
from trying a program even if they do not fully exploit all of the program's
capabilities.


AVAILABLE DISK FORMATS
==============================================================================
The programs are made available free to anyone who supplies pre-formatted
floppy disks.  Either 5 1/4 inch or 3 1/2 inch floppy disks of either high or
low density can be used.  The 3 1/2 inch disks are more durable and hold more
information and are thus preferable.  A higher density disk is also preferable
to a lower density one, since the higher the density the fewer the number of
disks that need to be handled.  The programs are normally distributed in self-
extracting archive files that are called packages.  The most significant
programs are in the single file called PACKAGE1.XXX which can be copied or
transferred on one high density (1.44MB)  3 1/2 inch floppy disk.  An
accompanying installation program will automatically install all the files for
you.  (You can manually install the files yourself by copying the file
PACKAGE1.XXX to a hard disk, renaming this file as PACKAGE1.EXE and then
executing the file.)  A hard disk is normally required to unpack the programs
if they are received in this archived form.  But once extracted, individual
program and documentation files may be copied to and used with any kind of
floppy or hard disk.  Other files in the list below that are not in the first
PACKAGE1.XXX file are in a second file PACKAGE2.XXX which requires a second
high density floppy disk.  Each package is a very large file which by
definition fills almost all the space on a high density disk.  In fact the
disk size is the limiting factor which determines how much can be placed in a
single package file.  Thus there is only one package available per disk.


THE HARDWARE REQUIRED TO USE THE PROGRAMS
==============================================================================
The hardware required to run these programs is fairly simple.  Some programs
use only a text mode, but those that require a graphics capability can be
used with monochrome display screens if a color monitor is not available.
Several programs require an IBM-compatible graphics adapter card which may be
any one of CGA, or EGA, or VGA capability.  Each program automatically selects
the highest resolution available and each program description indicates when
graphics hardware is required to run the program or when the program runs in a
text mode only.  Some of the programs may use multiple windows and take
advantage of a mouse, if one is available.  But any program that uses a mouse
can usually be used without one.  A hard disk is not required to run any of
these programs, although a hard disk may be needed to acquire and unpack the
archived files.  A printer is optional for a few programs if you want to
produce hard copy output.  Any version of DOS later than version 3.1 should be
compatible.  The programs have all been tested and run under DOS version 6.0.


UPDATE AND VERSION INFORMATION
==============================================================================
This file:  README.TXT  44388  05-29-93   9:00 PM

These programs are periodically updated to make improvements and add new
features (and sometimes to correct bugs!).  The line before each paragraph
description gives the latest filename information about the most recent
version of the program at the time this README.TXT file was made.  This
information includes the file size in bytes and the date and time of
the most recent update.  If you already have a version of one or more of
these programs you may wish to compare your file dates with the corresponding
dates in the list below.


FURTHER TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND USER SUPPORT
==============================================================================
Any technical questions about any of these programs may be referred to the
author.

        John Kennedy                  Touch Tone Telephone Messages
        Mathematics Department        may be left by calling:
        Santa Monica College          (310) 450-5150 Extension 9721.
        1900 Pico Blvd.               A message may be left at any
        Santa Monica, CA  90405       time of day or night.


FILE TYPES & TUTORIAL & ADDITIONAL HELP & DOCUMENTATION INFORMATION
==============================================================================
Files of the type *.EXE are executable program files.  Files with the same
primary name but of the type *.TXT are ASCII text files which contain
important documentation about the corresponding program.  These files may be
imported into any word processor for reading and/or printing.  It is suggested
that you read any text file associated with a program before you try to run
the program.  Many of the *.TXT files contain tutorial lessons for first-time
users that will take you through the beginning steps of using the program.
These tutorial files also illustrate some of the typical uses of the programs.

Files of the type *.HLP are compiled binary files that must accompany the
*.EXE program with the same primary filename.  These files are NOT intended to
be read or printed because they contain some special binary codes.  For the
most part however, they only contain specially formatted ASCII text that is
part of a context-sensitive hypertext on-line help system.  Files of the type
*.EXE and *.HLP with the same primary filename must normally reside in the
same subdirectory.  Programs that use *.HLP files first search for them in
their own subdirectories, and if not found there, they will search for a
matching *.HLP file in all subdirectories listed in your DOS PATH.

Each program contains some form of Help information which can be accessed by
either pressing key H (or Alt+H for Help) or by pressing function key F1 from
within most menus or dialog boxes.  By reading all the Help information you
may learn about some of the more subtle features of each program.



 1. MATRIX.EXE  217424  03-14-93  7:33 PM
    ==========================================================================
    The MATRIX program is designed to teach row operations on matrices.  The
    program can be used to find complete solutions to systems of linear
    equations, to find determinants and inverses of matrices, to solve
    standard and non-standard Linear Programming problems, and to perform some
    special algorithms which include the Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization
    process, and the calculation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors.  The program
    can calculate sets of basis vectors for the kernel, range, and row space
    of a matrix.  The inter-matrix operations include addition, subtraction,
    and multiplication of matrices as well as scalar multiplication.  The
    program allows easy entry and editing of matrices which may be up to 20x20
    in size.  Matrices may be re-dimensioned and rows and columns can easily
    be inserted or deleted.  Matrices may be saved to and/or read from disk
    files.  The program can work in a decimal floating-point mode in which
    calculations are carried out to 18 significant digits, or the program can
    work in a fraction mode with exact rational arithmetic.  The fraction mode
    is more useful for instructional purposes while the decimal mode is more
    appropriate for scientific or engineering applications.  You can easily
    switch between fractions and decimals at any time.  A mouse is recommended
    but is also optional.  Each matrix occupies a window and as many as 9
    overlapping windows may be open on the desktop at once.  This program
    works in a text display mode only and does not require any graphics
    hardware.  There is context sensitive help in the file MATRIX.HLP which
    normally must reside in the same subdirectory as MATRIX.EXE.  There is an
    independent tutorial file, MATRIX.TXT, which is for first-time users.
    MATRIX.TXT may be imported into any word processor and/or printed on any
    printer.


 2. YFUNX.EXE  205040  05-29-93  9:57 AM
    ==========================================================================
    The YFUNX program is designed to graph and analyze functions which are
    written in the form Y=F(X), in which Y is a function of X; thus the name
    YFUNX.  This program provides a set of 24 basic operators (those found on
    most scientific calculators), but you can compose any or all of these to
    build function expressions of arbitrary complexity.  The program can then
    be used to graph the function.  Any number of function curves may be
    combined in one graph.  An XY-plane rectangular window may be any size and
    centered anywhere in the plane.  The X- and Y-axes may be scaled
    independent of one another and a local coordinate system may be located
    anywhere in the window.  The user can perform automatic zooming in and out
    to make a smaller or a larger window, or they can explicitly mark the
    contents of a zoom-in window.  After a graph has been made the user can
    enter a Coordinate Trace Mode in which they can move a cursor anywhere
    across the screen and track the world coordinates of the points it traces
    out.  This can be used to find points of intersection of two curves or to
    approximate the X- and Y-intercepts of a function.  There is also a line
    drawing mode in which the user can spin a line around an anchor point,
    usually to manually approximate the tangent or normal line to a graph at a
    particular point on the graph.  The user can also enter a Tangent/Normal
    Line Mode in which they can move either a tangent line or a normal line
    along the graph to study the variation in the tangent or normal directions
    along the curve.  At each point on the curve the tangent line equation (or
    normal) and the coordinates of the point of tangency (normality) are
    given.  This program provides seven different kinds of numerical
    integration and for each kind it dynamically displays the resulting areas
    when in in graphics mode.  In addition to the lower, midpoint, and upper
    Riemann sums, and the Trapezoid and Simpson's Rules, the program performs
    Gaussian Quadrature and Romberg integration.  This program also calculates
    the arc length between any two points on the graph of a function.  In
    graphics mode it dynamically displays the arc length elements.  Three
    additional integration techniques are provided for finding volumes and
    surface areas associated with 3-dimensional rotations.  Either the disk
    method or the method of cylindrical shells can be animated.  The program
    simulates the drawing of 3-dimensional disk and shell volume slices.  The
    lateral surface area for the volume of rotation of a plane region over a
    horizontal line can also be performed.  In still another mode the user can
    apply Newton's Method or the method of Successive Bisections to
    dynamically solve for the zeros of the function.  In graphics mode the
    program animates each convergence process.  In text mode the user can
    observe the convergence of a table of values to the zero of the function.
    Another feature is the ability to automatically find the the max/min
    extrema of any function over a closed interval.  This feature can be
    applied in either graphics or text modes.  This program requires some form
    of graphics such as CGA or EGA or VGA hardware.  The program automatically
    adapts to the highest graphics resolution of the hardware it finds.  There
    is an independent tutorial file, YFUNX.TXT, which is for first-time users.
    YFUNX.TXT may be imported into any word processor and/or printed on any
    printer.


 3. POLAR.EXE  168848  05-29-93  10:01 AM
    ==========================================================================
    The POLAR program is designed to graph and analyze relations which are
    written in terms of Polar Coordinates.  This program does for polar graphs
    what the YFUNX program does with graphs of rectangular functions.  Polar
    functions may be of the form R=f(@) or the radius may be squared,
    R^2=f(@).  You can quickly switch between these two forms and you can
    enter arbitrarily complex function expressions.  This program also
    provides an XY-plane window, a Coordinate Trace Mode, a Tangent/Normal
    Line Mode, zooming features, and can perform two types of numerical
    integration in terms of polar coordinates.  The Coordinate Trace Mode
    together with the overlapping graph feature makes it easy to find points
    of intersection of two or more polar graphs.  The program is particularly
    useful to observe the shape and dynamic tracing out of the circular
    sectors that are employed with polar graph integrals.  Setting up the
    limits of integration in polar coordinates is more subtle than setting up
    the limits in rectangular coordinates.  The numerical integration features
    can be used to dynamically show the tracings of either the circular
    sectors for areas or the tracings of line segments for arc length
    calculations.  Max/min extrema of X and Y coordinates can be found
    automatically for any polar curve.  This program requires some form of
    graphics such as CGA or EGA or VGA hardware.  The program automatically
    adapts to the highest graphics resolution of the hardware it finds.  There
    is an independent tutorial file, POLAR.TXT, which is for first-time users.
    POLAR.TXT may be imported into any word processor and/or printed on any
    printer.


 4. PARAM.EXE  166576  05-29-93  10:04 AM
    ==========================================================================
    The PARAM program is designed to graph and analyze relations which are
    written in terms of parametric equations.  This program is analogous to
    the POLAR and YFUNX programs, but handles X-Y plane relations of the form
    X=f(t), Y=g(t), where the parameter t may be considered to represent time.
    This program also has an XY-plane window, a Coordinate Trace Mode, a
    Tangent/Normal Line Mode, zooming features, and performs numerical
    integration in terms of areas and arc length. The program can animate the
    tracings of area and arc length elements whenever numerical integration is
    performed.  Max/min extrema of X and Y coordinates can be found
    automatically for any parametric curve.  This program requires some form
    of graphics such as CGA or EGA or VGA hardware.  The program automatically
    adapts to the highest graphics resolution of the hardware it finds.  There
    is an independent tutorial file, PARAM.TXT, which is for first-time users.
    PARAM.TXT may be imported into any word processor and/or printed on any
    printer.


 5. POLPM.EXE  167760  05-29-93  10:08 AM
    ==========================================================================
    The POLPM program is designed to graph and analyze relations which are
    written in terms of polar coordinates, where both the radius and angle are
    expressed in terms of a parameter variable.  This program is analogous to
    the YFUNX, POLAR, and PARAM programs.  The polar coordinates R and @ are
    represented by two functions, R=f(t) and @=g(t), where the parameter t may
    be considered to represent time.  This program also has an XY-plane window,
    a Coordinate Trace Mode, a Tangent/Normal Line Mode, zooming features, and
    performs numerical integration in terms of areas and arc length. The
    program can animate the tracings of area and arc length elements whenever
    numerical integration is performed.  Max/min extrema of X and Y coordinates
    can be found automatically for any section of a curve.  This program
    requires some form of graphics such as CGA or EGA or VGA hardware.  The
    program automatically adapts to the highest graphics resolution of the
    hardware it finds.


 6. DIFEQ.EXE  151392  05-29-93  10:11 AM
    ==========================================================================
    The DIFEQ program is designed to graph and solve first order differential
    equations.  The program can make the graph of the direction field that is
    associated with the differential equation.  It also dynamically shows the
    solution graph to an initial value problem which can be overlaid on the
    direction field.  This provides an insightful view of the family of
    solution curves and demonstrates how equations are sensitive to the
    initial conditions.  The graphing features include an XY-plane window,
    scalable axes, a Coordinate Trace Mode, and zooming features similar to
    those found in the YFUNX program.  The numerical methods for solutions to
    initial value problems include the standard Euler and modified Euler
    methods as well as a 4th order Runge-Kutta method.  Solutions to initial
    value problems can be animated using a single-step mode which graphically
    demonstrates the convergence process.  In text mode the same convergence
    processes can be observed with a table of values.  This program requires
    some form of graphics such as CGA or EGA or VGA hardware.  The program
    automatically adapts to the highest graphics resolution of the hardware it
    finds.  There is an independent tutorial file, DIFEQ.TXT, which is for
    first-time users.  DIFEQ.TXT may be imported into any word processor
    and/or printed on any printer.


 7. CURVE3D.EXE  125952  05-29-93  10:22 AM
    ==========================================================================
    The CURVE3D program is designed to graph and analyze a curve given in the
    form X=f(t), Y=g(t), and Z=h(t).  Thus the curve is parametrized in
    3-dimensions.  The 3-dimensional graphing scheme allows the curve to be
    viewed from any point in space.  The program draws a true-perspective 3D
    picture.  This program requires some form of graphics such as CGA or EGA
    or VGA hardware.  The program automatically adapts to the highest graphics
    resolution of the hardware it finds.


 8. SURF3D.EXE  138880  05-29-93  10:15 AM
    ==========================================================================
    The SURF3D program is designed to graph 3-dimensional surfaces of the form
    Z=f(X,Y).  The program allows the resulting surface to be viewed from any
    point in space.  This program draws a true-perspective 3D picture.  The
    surface can be realized in the form of a fishnet, or it can be viewed with
    surface traces with lines of constant X or constant Y.  The program also
    has a hidden line feature that allows for even more realistic pictures.
    The user can move their perspective eye-point to view the surface from any
    direction in 3-dimensions.  This program requires some form of graphics
    such as CGA or EGA or VGA hardware.  The program automatically adapts to
    the highest graphics resolution of the hardware it finds.  There is an
    independent tutorial file, SURF3D.TXT, which is for first-time users.
    SURF3D.TXT may be imported into any word processor and/or printed on any
    printer.


 9. CFIT.EXE  182464  05-10-93  4:50 PM
    ==========================================================================
    The CFIT program is designed to perform curve fits to data.  Thus this
    program is a statistical program that can be used to analyze data and
    discover a functional relationship between two variables.  The program can
    employ any one of four kinds of regression functions which include linear
    functions, exponential functions, logarithmic functions, and power
    functions.  The user can select any particular function or they can let
    the program automatically choose the function of best fit for the given
    data.   Once a curve has been fit to the data the user can predict new
    points along the curve.  The program employs a recursive process for
    accumulating statistical sums which provides more accurate than usual
    statistics.  The program makes easy entry and editing of data.  The
    program can graph a scatter diagram of the data and it can graph the
    fitted function curve that passes through the data.  The graphing features
    include an XY-plane window, scalable axes, a Coordinate Trace Mode, and
    zooming features similar to those found in the YFUNX program.  All of the
    data and/or statistics may be saved to or read from disk files, or printed
    on a printer.  This program requires some form of graphics such as CGA or
    EGA or VGA hardware.  The program automatically adapts to the highest
    graphics resolution of the hardware it finds.  There is an independent
    tutorial file, CFIT.TXT, which is for first-time users.  CFIT.TXT may be
    imported into any word processor and/or printed on any printer.


10. GALTON.EXE  106112  03-09-93  6:20 PM
    ==========================================================================
    The GALTON program was designed to simulate an experiment in mathematical
    probability.  The idea is derived from a board which contains several rows
    of staggered but equally spaced nails, named after its inventor, Francis
    Galton (1822-1911).  Objects are dropped across this board and stack up in
    collection bins at its bottom.  The user can control the left-right
    probabilities and can observe either coins or ping-pong balls in
    conjunction with the board.  Given the correct parameters, you can
    visually see how nature produces the binomial coefficients from Pascal's
    Triangle and their relation to a Gaussian bell-shaped normal curve.  The
    program can also simulate coin tossing experiments with biased coins which
    result in skewed distributions.  This program requires some form of
    graphics such as CGA or EGA or VGA hardware.  The program automatically
    adapts to the highest graphics resolution of the hardware it finds.  There
    is an independent tutorial file, GALTON.TXT, which is for first-time
    users.  GALTON.TXT may be imported into any word processor and/or printed
    on any printer.


11. PROPC.EXE  88384  05-12-92   6:02 PM
    ==========================================================================
    The PROPC program performs analysis of formulas from the Propositional or
    Sentential Calculus, a branch of symbolic logic.  PROPC can be used to
    perform a complete truth table analysis of propositional formulas of
    arbitrary complexity.  Up to 9 independent variables are allowed which
    implies tables may contain as many as 512 truth value lines.  The program
    can print all lines, print only the true lines, or print only the false
    lines, or it may simply test a formula as a tautology.  The program can
    also display the parse tree structure that corresponds to any formula,
    and it can translate formulas from the common infix notation to Polish
    notation.  This program also generates and displays the Karnaugh Map that
    is associated with a given formula or a given truth table which is
    comprised of 2, 3, or 4 variables.  The program also displays a minimal
    length formula that generates the same truth table as determined by the
    Karnaugh Map.  Truth tables and formulas can be printed on a printer or
    saved in disk files.  This program works in a text display mode only and
    does not require any graphics hardware.  There is an independent tutorial
    file, PROPC.TXT, which is for first-time users.  PROPC.TXT may be imported
    into any word processor and/or printed on any printer.


12. RPNDEMO.EXE  69120  03-31-92   6:45 PM
    ==========================================================================
    The RPNDEMO program was designed to simulate a programmable RPN calculator
    that is very similar to the HP-41 calculator.  This calculator provides an
    integrated programming environment which includes a built-in editor with
    complete syntax checking.  The environment includes an interpreted
    language that provides full run-time error checking.  You can learn to
    program a computer with this program.  Programs you create may be saved to
    or read from disk files.  This program is an excellent tool for learning
    how a Reverse Polish logic calculator works.  It can also be used to
    simulate a type of assembly language that is simple, yet is rich with
    features which include conditional comparisons and flag testing, indirect
    memory addressing, and the ability to make subroutine calls and watch the
    build-up and break-down of the subroutine return stack.  Programs may be
    executed in a Slow Mode which animates the internal workings of the
    machine.  The Fast Mode turns off the animation when speed is desired.
    This program works in a text display mode only and does not require any
    graphics hardware.  Included with this program are 5 demonstration program
    files called DEMO1.TXT, DEMO2.TXT, DEMO3.TXT, DEMO4.TXT, and DEMO 5.TXT.
    There is also a 75-page User's Manual for this program in the files named
    RPNMAN1.TXT, RPNMAN2.TXT, RPNMAN3.TXT, and RPNMAN4.TXT.  A background
    paper which discusses some of the history of the Reverse Polish Notation
    (RPN) is provided in the file BKGRND.TXT.  Any of these *.TXT files may be
    imported into any word processor and/or printed on any printer.


13. CALC.EXE  191616  02-21-93  10:34 AM
    ==========================================================================
    The program called CALC.EXE is a general purpose calculator that works
    with five basic data types which include real numbers, complex numbers,
    fractions, integers (with binary logic, base b=2, b=8, b=10, or b=16), and
    polynomials.  Thus CALC.EXE is really five calculators combined into one.
    The real numbers have between 19 and 20 significant digits with a dynamic
    range between 3.4 x 10^-4932  and 1.1 x 10^4932.  Real number functions
    include the basic four +, -, *, /, reciprocals, squares and square roots,
    powers, nth roots, trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions
    (in degrees or radians modes), logarithmic and power functions (base 10
    and base e), hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions, factorials,
    permutations, combinations, prime factorizations of integers, greatest
    common factor, least common multiple, and the group order of one integer
    modulo another.  The complex number functions include all of the real
    number functions for which the analogous operations are well-defined.  Of
    significance are complex values for nth roots, complex powers, complex
    logarithms, complex trigonometric and complex inverse trigonometric and
    complex hyperbolic and complex inverse hyperbolic functions.  In fraction
    mode you can perform basic operations on fractions which may be displayed
    in both improper and mixed number form.  There are special functions for
    working with both simple and general continued fractions.  In the integer
    mode you can specify the word size in terms of the number of bits per
    integer.  The word size may be any multiple of 4 up to a maximum width of
    32 bits.  Integer display options include binary, octal, decimal, or
    hexadecimal formats.  Integers may be signed or unsigned.  If signed,
    integers may be in either 1's or 2's complement format.  In addition to
    normal arithmetic, there are logical operators which include bitwise NOT,
    AND, OR, NAND and XOR.  The polynomial mode operators include +,-,* and /.
    Polynomial division yields both quotient and remainder polynomials.  A
    special function allows any polynomial with integer coefficients to be
    completely factored using exact rational linear factors.  Polynomials may
    be up to degree 25 and are easily entered, edited, and evaluated.  Other
    special functions include the ability to determine the fixed and periodic
    parts of any repeating decimal that represents any fraction.  In addition
    to base 10, repeating decimals may be analyzed and displayed with respect
    to binary, octal, and hexadecimal formats.  Another special function
    converts any decimal to a simple continued fraction and displays all the
    convergent terms as fractions and decimals.  CALC.EXE provides all this
    functionality in a model of a calculator that operates using reverse
    Polish logic.  Each number (data type) occupies its own window.  Use of a
    mouse is recommended, but is optional.  There can be multiple overlapping
    windows.  The program automatically detects the presence of a hardware
    numeric coprocessor.  If not present, a numeric coprocessor will be
    simulated via software.  This program works in a text display mode only
    and does not require any graphics hardware.  This program has context
    sensitive help in the file CALC.HLP.  Normally CALC.EXE and CALC.HLP must
    reside in the same subdirectory.  There is an independent tutorial file,
    CALC.TXT, which is for first-time users.  CALC.TXT may be imported into 
    any word processor and/or printed on any printer.


14. LOAN.EXE  71872  05-12-92   5:56 PM
    ==========================================================================
    The LOAN program was designed to be part of a financial program that
    handles the two standard cases of compound interest.  Either a lump sum
    or a series of periodic constant payments may be considered to earn
    compound interest.  This program works with the 5 standard financial
    variables n, i, PV, FV, PMT and can calculate these in any meaningful
    combination.  n is the number of compounding time periods. i is the
    periodic interest rate.  PV, FV, and PMT represent the Present Value,
    Future Value, and periodic payment amounts in terms of dollars.  When
    working with loans this program can also print out a complete amortization
    schedule for the loan with any specified beginning and ending periods.
    For any series of payments this program will calculate and display the
    payment number, the amount of the payment that goes to interest and the
    amount that is applied to the principle and the new remaining balance.
    The amortization schedules may be saved in disk files or printed on a
    printer.  This program works in a text display mode only and does not
    require any graphics hardware.  There is an independent tutorial file,
    LOAN.TXT, which is for first-time users.  LOAN.TXT may be imported into
    any word processor and/or printed on any printer.


15. FCARD.EXE  52560  05-12-92   5:38 PM
    ==========================================================================
    The FCARD program is a general Flash Card program.  Although initially
    designed to aid the learning of formulas for a 2nd semester calculus
    class, this program can be used to help learn any set of simple facts.
    The user may write their facts in a file using any word processor and
    then bring them into this program which has one of three display modes.
    This program can present the items in a given order, or it can present
    them in a random order, or it can flash them in a timed sequence, where
    the user sets the timing in seconds between each question and answer.
    This program accommodates up to 150 questions and related answers per
    file.  Each question and each answer occupies one line in the file.  This
    program works in a text display mode only and does not require any
    graphics hardware.  Two sample data files included with this program are
    MATH8.FC and SAMPLE.FC which are text files which may be imported into any
    word processor and/or printed on any printer.


16. THANOI.EXE  28208  03-14-93  9:28 PM
    ==========================================================================
    The THANOI program was designed to show a recursive process which is
    known as the Towers of Hanoi game.  The user can direct the game moves,
    or the user can watch the program run in an automatic, or a semi-automatic
    mode.  The main logic in this program is only three lines long!  The game
    illustrates a process which doubles in both complexity and the time
    required to complete the game by incrementing a single parameter.  Up to
    511 consecutive game moves can be animated.  This program works in a text
    display mode only and does not require any graphics hardware.


17. TRIANGLE.EXE  90432  03-18-93  8:40 PM
    ==========================================================================
    The TRIANGLE program solves triangle problems using applications of the
    Law of Sines and/or the Law of Cosines.  In a typical problem, three known
    parts of a triangle are entered and the program will calculate the other
    three parts.  There are 19 possible cases and this program handles all of
    them, including the ambiguous case of the Law of Sines.  So if two
    triangles match the given input, this program yields both answers.  This
    program also draws the triangle solutions to scale on a graphics screen
    and in addition to calculating all the sides and angles it also calculates
    the area and the perimeter.  This program requires some form of graphics
    such as CGA or EGA or VGA hardware.  The program automatically adapts to
    the highest graphics resolution of the hardware it finds.


18. EXPMCON.EXE  51840  05-12-92   5:30 PM
    ==========================================================================
    The EXPMCON program is a simple utility program that works with files
    saved by the program called MATRIX.EXE.  When a matrix is saved by the
    MATRIX.EXE program, it is saved in an ASCII text file that is both
    displayable and printable on any standard device.  The EXPMCON program
    takes such a file as input and converts it to another file that can be
    read by the commercial scientific word processor called EXP.  Thus EXPMCON
    is only of use to those who use both MATRIX and EXP.  The name of this
    program is suggestive of EXP Matrix Conversion.  The EXP word processor
    requires special formatting codes for matrices, and this program can be
    used to convert an ASCII formatted matrix file into a file that can be
    read into an EXP-formatted document.  This program works in a text display
    mode only and does not require any graphics hardware.


19. BMPLOT.EXE  129360  05-29-93  10:19 AM
    ==========================================================================
    The BMPLOT plot program can be used to make high resolution monochrome
    bitmap function plots.  Thus BMPLOT stands for bitmap plotter.  The kinds
    of graphs made by this program match those made by the programs YFUNX,
    POLAR, PARAM, and POLPM.  But the graphs made by this program are stored
    in files that can be read into other programs such as paint or drawing or
    desktop publishing programs.  This program can also make graphs using the
    HP-GL/2 plotter language which is provided as part of the PCL 5 printer
    language on HP LaserJet III and later printers.  Plotter graphs may be
    easily sized and placed anywhere on a page with either portrait or
    landscape orientation.  For bitmap files, the user can specify both the
    resolution (in terms of dots per inch) and the size of the bitmap (in
    inches).  Virtually any resolution or size bitmap may be made.  The
    default resolution is 300 dots per inch to match high quality output on
    laser printers.  But within the limits of memory, even higher resolutions
    may be used.  The output file formats include PCX, TIFF, and BMP files.
    TIFF (Tag Image File Format) files may be uncompressed, or may be
    compressed using a pack bits scheme or the CCITT/3 compression algorithm.
    In particular, the TIFF or PCX files made by this program may be read
    directly into any EXP graphics library.  (EXP is a commercial scientific
    word processor.)  Other scientific word processors or desktop publishing
    or paint or drawing programs may be used to read in the bitmap files to
    add labels and titles and/or to print the bitmap.  640K of RAM is
    recommended if large bitmaps are desired.  A PCL 5 class laser printer is
    required if you plan to use the plotter functions.  But any bitmap file
    made by this program can be printed on any dot matrix or laser printer
    that does not have the PCL 5 plotting capability.  The variable resolution
    and size features allow you to match virtually any output device.  This
    program works in a text display mode only and does not require any
    graphics hardware.


20. XPRES.EXE  149696  02-26-93  9:29 AM
    ==========================================================================
    The XPRES program is for performing multiple precision arithmetic with
    large integers.  Thus the name XPRES stands for extended precision.  This
    program is useful whenever you need to work with numbers that would
    overflow the 10-digit capacity of your calculator.  The program works with
    nonnegative integers with a dynamic range between 1 and 20,000 digits.
    The special computational algorithms include unusually large factorials,
    powers, permutations, and combinations.  For example, you can use XPRES to
    compute the exact value of 1000 factorial which is a number 2,568 digits
    long.  Or you can compute the number of combinations of 3000 objects
    chosen 1500 at a time which results in a number 902 digits long.  The
    number 2 raised to the 5,000th power is a number 1,506 digits long.  The
    need for computing exact values of large integers may seldom arise, but
    when it does, XPRES may satisfy the need.  XPRES warns you whenever any
    calculation would overflow the 20,000 digit capacity of any single number.
    The program employs a model of a Reverse Polish Logic calculator.  There
    are multiple overlapping windows.  Each number occupies its own window and
    can be displayed in any one of three formats.  Numbers may be displayed as
    long strings of continuous digits.  Digits may also be grouped three at a
    time separated by commas.  The third format displays a number with 5-digit
    groups separated by spaces.  A clipboard may be used to copy temporary
    results.  Numbers may be saved to or read from disk files.  The program
    will automatically count and display the count of the number of digits in
    each number.  The program can also be used to automatically compare any
    two extended precision numbers; a task that would be extremely tedious if
    done manually.  It also has a built-in timer that automatically computes
    the elapsed time of any calculation.  The speaker may also be used to
    alert you when a long time-consuming calculation finishes.  This program
    works in a text display mode only and does not require any graphics
    hardware.  Use of a mouse is recommended but is also optional.  This
    program has context sensitive help in the file XPRES.HLP.  Normally
    XPRES.EXE and XPRES.HLP must reside in the same subdirectory.  There is an
    independent tutorial file, XPRES.TXT, which is for first-time users.
    XPRES.TXT may be imported into any word processor and/or printed on any
    printer.



                           +------------------------+
                           | INDEX OF ALL THE FILES |
                           +------------------------+


 NAME   .TYPE  ##  BRIEF 1-LINE DESCRIPTION OF THE FILE
 ============  ==  ===========================================================

 BKGRND  .TXT  12  Historical origins of RPN notation (RPNDEMO.EXE program).
 BMPLOT  .EXE  19  Bitmap File/Plotter program file.
 CALC    .EXE  13  General purpose RPN Calculator program file.
 CALC    .HLP  13  Help file to accompany CALC.EXE program.
 CALC    .TXT  13  Tutorial text file for the CALC.EXE program.
 CFIT    .EXE   9  Curve Fit program file.
 CFIT    .TXT   9  Tutorial text file for the CFIT.EXE program.
 CURVE3D .EXE   7  3-Dimensional parametric curve graphing program.
 DEMO1   .TXT  12  1st of 5 demonstration programs for RPNDEMO.EXE program.
 DEMO2   .TXT  12  2nd of 5 demonstration programs for RPNDEMO.EXE program.
 DEMO3   .TXT  12  3rd of 5 demonstration programs for RPNDEMO.EXE program.
 DEMO4   .TXT  12  4th of 5 demonstration programs for RPNDEMO.EXE program.
 DEMO5   .TXT  12  5th of 5 demonstration programs for RPNDEMO.EXE program.
 DIFEQ   .EXE   6  Differential Equations program file.
 DIFEQ   .TXT   6  Tutorial text file for the DIFEQ.EXE program.
 EXPMCON .EXE  18  EXP matrix conversion program file.
 FCARD   .EXE  15  Flash Card program file.
 GALTON  .EXE  10  Galton Board Simulator program file.
 GALTON  .TXT  10  Tutorial file for the GALTON.EXE program.
 LOAN    .EXE  14  Loan program file.
 LOAN    .TXT  14  Tutorial text file for the LOAN.EXE program.
 MATH8   .FC   15  Sample calculus questions for the FCARD.EXE program.
 MATRIX  .EXE   1  Matrix program file.
 MATRIX  .HLP   1  Help file to accompany the MATRIX.EXE program.
 MATRIX  .TXT   1  Tutorial text file for the MATRIX.EXE program.
 PARAM   .EXE   4  Parametric Functions (2-dimensional) program.
 PARAM   .TXT   4  Tutorial text file for the PARAM.EXE program.
 POLAR   .EXE   3  Polar Functions program.
 POLAR   .TXT   3  Tutorial text file for the POLAR.EXE program.
 POLPM   .EXE   5  Parametrized Polar Functions program.
 PROPC   .EXE  11  Propositional Calculus program file.
 PROPC   .TXT  11  Tutorial text file for the PROPC.EXE program.
 README  .TXT      Text file with detailed descriptions of all the files.
 RPNDEMO .EXE  12  Programmable RPN calculator program.
 RPNMAN1 .TXT  12  1st part of 75 page user's manual for RPNDEMO.EXE program.
 RPNMAN2 .TXT  12  2nd part of 75 page user's manual for RPNDEMO.EXE program.
 RPNMAN3 .TXT  12  3rd part of 75 page user's manual for RPNDEMO.EXE program.
 RPNMAN4 .TXT  12  4th part of 75 page user's manual for RPNDEMO.EXE program.
 SAMPLE  .FC   15  Sample file for the FCARD.EXE program.
 SURF3D  .EXE   8  3-Dimensional Surface Graphing program.
 SURF3D  .TXT   8  Tutorial text file for the SURF3D.EXE program.
 THANOI  .EXE  16  Towers of Hanoi Game program file.
 TRIANGLE.EXE  17  Triangle Solver program file.
 XPRES   .EXE  20  Extended Precision program file.
 XPRES   .HLP  20  Help file to accompany XPRES.EXE program.
 XPRES   .TXT  20  Tutorial text file for the XPRES.EXE program.
 YFUNX   .EXE   2  Rectangluar Functions Y=F(X) program.
 YFUNX   .TXT   2  Tutorial text file for the YFUNX.EXE program.
