          
          In this book we will study the history, where to buy the
     paper products, what types of backing you should get etc.
          Filigree work, (quillwork), we think was started way back in
     ancient times.  Starting with the Egyptian, Greek and Etruscan
     tombs.  The delicate patterns and shapes of animals, flowers etc
     were found on the outside of the tombs.
          Later on, this open work was made of very fine wires that
     formed lacy scrolls and leaves.  Some were fanciful interlaced
     patterns that looked like fruits, flowers, even some were shaped
     like animal figures.  Some were figures of people.  Some of the
     patterns were geometric in shape, or gracefully, flowing, twining
     and spiraling.  Some designs were found on ancient type vases,
     pillars, mosaics, fancy lettering and any kind of decorative art
     work.
          Paper Art (filigree) was in its finest form back in Greece
     during the fourth and fifth centuries.  It was also in Italy during
     the seventeenth century.  Probably as early as the thirteenth
     century, nuns were said to have begun working with paper filigree
     to decorate medallions with elaborate designs, and they decorated
     the inside of the monasteries and churches.  When paper filigree
     was rolled loosely and put on edge, as in quilling, it looked
     like metal filigree, especially when the exposed edge was gilded or
     silvered.  The gilded edges looked just like wire or metal, it even
     fooled art experts at first glance.  If the coils were left in its
     natural color, it looked just like ivory.  The rolled paper art
     looked like the more expensive filigree work, but in fact, it was
     only paper.  Mosaic was another art form that quilling does
     resemble a lot.  Mosaic art work was used by the Greeks and Romans
     and its elaborate forms were in Persia and Turkey.  Their marbled
     designs were small pieces fastened together with glass, colored
     stones, or other materials.  This made quilling very unique because
     the paper fit right into the mosaic design and was less expensive. 
     Actually, churches were the first to use the filigree because it
     was the least expensive and produced brilliant results that fooled
     people into thinking more expensive materials were being used to
     decorate the churches.                             
          Paper folding, the craft of folding paper into objects without
     cutting, pasting, or additional decoration, has been practiced in
     the Orient for centuries.  Although its origins are unknown, it may
     have been derived from the older tradition of cloth folding.  In
     Japan, paper folding--called origami--evolved into a highly
     sophisticated mode employing hundreds of intricate folds and was
     valued for its ceremonial and decorative functions.  As decorative
     playthings, origami commonly takes the form of birds, fish,
     insects, animals, and figures, sometimes with movable parts to
     imitate the action of the object depicted, as well as furnishings
     and flowers.  In the West, the educator Friedrich Froebel
     (1782-1852) introduced paper folding into his kindergarten movement
     in Germany during the 19th century.  Later the Bauhaus, the
     influential German school of art and design, utilized the craft for
     training its students in functional design.  During the 1930's an
     interest in paper folding emerged in Spain and South America,
     perhaps stimulated by the Spanish writer Miguel de Unamuno, who
     exposed it as a hobby and invented several original folded forms. 
     In the United States and England, paper folding also was enjoyed,
     not only as a recreational pastime but also as a type of
     mathematical construction.  A characteristic example is the
     flexagon (discovered 1939);  when correctly flexed, this paper
     structure undergoes radical alterations in its faces. 
          Art Deco is an architectural and decorative-arts style,
     popular from 1910 to 1940, that is characterized by highly stylized
     natural and geometric forms and ornaments, usually strongly
     symmetrical.  Outstanding American examples of Art Deco are the
     Chrysler Building and the Radio City Music Hall in New York City.
     Some of the century's most significant artists, such as Pablo
     Picasso, Fernand Leger, Sonia Delaunay, all produced work in this
     style, as did designers of furnishings, textiles, jewelry, and
     advertising.  This was some of the ways that filigree was used. 
     Art Deco themes were often classical motifs reduced to geometric
     stylizations.  Edgar Brandt decorated wrought-iron screens with
     symmetrical fountains;  Emil Ruhlman inlaid ebony cabinets with
     ivory to depict floral arrangements of geometrical precision.  This
     was all forms of quilling, now in modern times some other materials
     were used, but the technique was the same. Different geometric
     forms is the foundation for quilling.
          Pictures of castles dated back in 1789 and the resemblance to 
     mosaic is strong.   Portraits were made with fancy filigree and
     cribbage boards with added quilling to make it unique.  Quillwork
     in America that survived is mainly sconces.  These sconces are
     basically shadow box frames with candle holders extending from the
     bottoms of the frames.  Most of these have come from the Boston
     areas.  Some had birds, others flowers.  Very elaborate pictures
     were created with this kind of filigree.  Decorative boxes with
     quilling on it.  Some made with rolled and fluted paper made an
     interesting design.  Endless wall hangings were created in early
     times.  Others in the 1950s were created and put in antique
     magazines.  A lot of the filigree has been restored by Mrs.
     Margaret Carlson of Kansas City, Missouri.  Once she achieved this
     she started the quilling up again.  Using wood stain and liquid
     wax, adds a beautiful finish to boxes such as jewelry boxes after
     the quilling has been finished.
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