                                 2.  LEADERSHIP      
        
             There are many good, effective supervisors in America and
        the world over.  They work hard, produce results, earn economic
        and social rewards for their efforts, and live lives which can be
        considered admirable.  
        
             Among these individuals, there also exists those supervisors
        who are a cut above the rest.  They too work hard, produce
        results, earn rewards, and yet have an elusive quality which
        makes them an uncommon lot.  They are the supervisors who,
        because of special vision and extraordinary effort assume the
        role of leaders.
        
             Leaders sometimes are not good supervisors.  Some leaders
        may not be able to organize well, and do not possess the other
        skills listed above so that they can perform the other functions
        that supervisors are expected to perform.  On the other hand, if
        a person aspires to become an extraordinary supervisor, it will
        be essential to possess many of the characteristics necessary to
        be a truly great leader.  Many of us recognize a good leader, but
        cannot define precisely what makes one.  
        
             By observing outstanding leaders, it is possible to list a
        few of the qualities which they possess.  In order to be a good
        leader, the supervisor will need to possess the following
        characteristics:
             1.   A desire to excel.  A leader is never content with
                  being second.  He always wants to be out front.  He is
                  a self-starting individual who is willing to work long
                  hours to achieve success.
             2.   A sense of responsibility.  A leader is never afraid to
                  seek and accept obligations to others.  He always 
                  willingly discharges any responsibility he assumes.
             3.   A capacity for work.  Good leaders are always willing
                  to accept the demands of leadership success--long hours
                  and hard work.
             4.   A feel for good human relations.  Leaders are always
                  involved with their fellow workers, studying them,
                  analyzing their needs and demands, and trying to
                  understand their problems.  This interest and ability
                  to discover what their fellow workers need is in all
                  probability the single most important characteristic of
                  a good leader.
             5.   Need to exhibit a contagious enthusiasm.  No one wants
                  to follow a dull, uninspired leader.  Enthusiasm is
                  something like mob appeal--once we are caught up in it,
                  we move along with it.  And once workers are caught up
                  in the web of enthusiasm for their jobs and their work,
                  they take on a new sense of enthusiasm and commitment
                  to the jobs they are asked to do.  
             6.   A need to have a high sense of integrity.  Any leader
                  who succeeds has to be honest with himself and with his
                  followers.  He may fool some of the people for a while,
                  but sooner or later a lack of honesty will force him
                  out of a position of leadership.  Few men who are
                  insecure and undependable succeed as leaders (George,
                  1979, p. 23).
        
             Poor leaders pass the blame along to others.  They are self-
        centered.  They ask employees to do things they would not do
        themselves.  They are aloof, cool, unfriendly.  They are the big
        "I" with their employees.  They drag their feet.  They so "Yes"
        and do not mean it.  They agonize over decisions.  They jump to
        conclusions.  
        
             Many people recognize that leadership is a part of
        supervision, and they sometimes fail to see that supervision is
        not the same thing as leadership.  What is expected of a leader
        is to get others to follow him.  A supervisor is asked to perform
        all of the functions associated with supervision in addition to
        being a leader.  Although a strong leader may be a weak
        supervisor, a strong supervisor must be a good leader.  
        
             Leadership roles are often assumed by members of a work
        group.  This is an informal position.  He or she may be a leader
        today and be replaced tomorrow.  Leadership in a group depends on
        what the group's objectives are.  Sometimes the informal leader
        will be recognized for his or her specific abilities and then
        formally elevated to supervisor status.  This is not often the
        case in Theory X management systems because there is a threat to
        the established power structure by the outsider.  Sometimes this
        is amicably resolved if there is a need to include the outside
        leader.  More often then not this person's skills are not fully
        utilized and he or she moves on to another organization or
        becomes demoralized and eventually loses his or her enthusiasm
        and falls out of a leadership role.  
        
             Whether he or she is an informal or formal leader, there are
        four main types of leaders.
             1.   Dictatorial.
             2.   Authoritarian.
             3.   Democratic.
             4.   Laissez-faire.
        
             The dictatorial leader is a negative leader and holds
        threats of punishment, discharge, and fear over the heads of his
        employees to get them to do his will.  He may get results in the
        short run, but over a period of time he cannot sustain such
        actions.
        
             The authoritarian leader exercises strong control over his
        people.  He or she resists help from others, and plays his or her
        "cards close to the chest" withholding information from the
        people and making them dependent on him or her for decisions.  He
        or she is a strong "captain of the ship" and controls all
        coordination and interface between workers in achieving the
        group's goals.  
        
             The democratic leader solicits aid and advice from
        employees--trying to get them involved in work problems and their
        solutions.  This is the type of leader whose group can function
        effectively even during his prolonged absences.  The reason is
        because the employees in the group are used to working with
        problems and their solutions and are aware of the group's
        situation and progress.  In the leader's absence, they can take
        over and move ahead.  
        
             The laissez-faire leader is not really much of a leader at
        all.  He or she is a leader in name only, and his or her position
        of leadership is one decreed by upper management.  This leader is
        more or less a figurehead with little or no power is virtually
        never listened to or respected by the employees (George, 1979, p.
        27).  
             
             What type is the best?  It depends upon the situation.  In
        an emergency, an authoritarian type leader may be the best.  If
        supervising a group of highly skilled self-starters, then the
        laissez faire leadership style may be best.  
        
             No one is a "born leader."  Every person has the capacity to
        become a leader, but each will have to work hard at it.  What
        capacities are necessary for a person who has some abilities to
        develop into a successful leader?  George (1985) described these
        characteristics.
        
             1.   Intelligence.  Leaders are usually a bit smarter or a
                  bit more intelligent than their followers.  This does
                  not mean that a successful leader must have an excess
                  of intelligence over his average follower.  But it does
                  mean that he is a bright and alert person with above
                  average intelligence.
             2.   Understanding.  A leader needs to have an understanding
                  of and feeling for other people.  Because a leader
                  works with people and gets things done through the
                  efforts of others, he must be accurately attuned to the
                  feelings of others, to their goals, and to their
                  problems.  A good coaching leader should be sensitive
                  to the values of the entire group in addition to those
                  of the individuals. 
             3.   Social Activity.  A good leader needs to be active
                  socially.  He needs to participate actively in group
                  functions.  He needs to initiate actions for others and
                  for the group as a whole.
             4.   Communication.  A good leader needs to be able to make
                  his employees understand him and his ideas.  He needs
                  to be able to communicate messages accurately and
                  clearly.  If he can't communicate his "million dollar"
                  idea, it is worthless.
             5.   Criticism.  A good leader can't let other people "get
                  under his skin" with their criticisms.  If he does,
                  he's headed for failure.  A good leader can and does
                  take and welcome deserved criticism while shrugging off
                  tactless, heavy-handed attacks from his adversaries
                  (pp. 30-31).  
        
             Harrison (1989) captured and isolated the essence of
        leadership by studying some of the most famous leaders in
        Twentieth Century history.  Here are a few selections describing
        leadership and certain themes related to it.  They catalogue many
        aspects of the leader's position and activities.  The people who
        made these comments certainly demonstrated in their lives the
        ability to "practice what they preached."  
        
                                   LEADERSHIP
        
                                     Ideals
        
             The time is always right to do what is right.
                             Martin Luther King Jr.
        
                                      Style
        
             A true leader always keeps an element of surprise up his
        sleeve, which others cannot grasp but which keeps his public
        excited and breathless.
                                Charles de Gaulle
        
                                     Vision
        
             The empires of the future are empires of the mind.
                                Winston Churchill
        
                                   Excellence
        
             Don't be afraid to give your best to what seemingly are
        small jobs.  Every time you conquer one it makes you that much
        stronger.  If you do the little jobs well, the big ones tend to
        take care of themselves.
                                  Dale Carnegie
        
                               Servant Leadership
        
             The noblest service comes from nameless hands.  And the best
        servant does his work unseen.
                              Oliver Wendell Holmes
        
        
        
                                      Power
        
             If a man can accept a situation in a place of power with the
        thought that it's only temporary, he comes out all right.  But
        when he thinks he is the cause of the power, that can be his
        ruination.
                                 Harry S. Truman
        
                                 Responsibility
        
             There are no office hours for leaders.
                                Cardinal Gibbons
        
                                    Character
        
             Good character is more to be praised than outstanding
        talent.  Most talents are to some extent a gift.  Good character,
        by contrast, is not given to us.  We have to build it piece by
        piece--by thought, choice, courage, and determination.
                                   John Luther
        
                                     Honesty
        
             I hope I shall possess firmness and virtue enough to
        maintain what I consider the most enviable of all titles, the
        character of an honest man.
                                George Washington
        
                                    Integrity
        
             The supreme quality for a leader is unquestionable
        integrity.  Without it, no real success is possible, no matter
        whether it is on a section gang, a football field, in an army, or
        in an office.
                              Dwight D. Eisenhower
        
                                   Enthusiasm
        
             Every great and commanding moment in the annals of the world
        is the triumph of some enthusiasm.
                               Ralph Waldo Emerson
        
                                Positive Attitude
        
             If you can dream it, you can do it.
                                   Walt Disney
        
                                     Courage
        
             The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in
        moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times
        of challenge and controversy.
                             Martin Luther King, Jr.
        
                                  Determination
        
             Most people give up just when they're about to achieve
        success.  They quit on the one yard line.  They give up at the
        last minute of the game one foot from a winning touchdown.
                                  H. Ross Perot
        
                                    Ambition
        
             Show me a thoroughly satisfied man -- and I will show you a
        failure.
                                  Thomas Edison
        
                               Setting the Example
        
             Example is not the main thing in influencing others.  It is
        the only thing.
                                Albert Schweitzer
        
                               Inspiring Employees
        
             Techniques don't produce quality products or pick up the
        garbage on time; people do, people who care, people who are
        treated as creatively contributing adults.
                                   Tom Peters
        
                            Communicating Effectively
        
             When employees no longer believe that their manager listens
        to them, they start looking around for someone who will.
                                     Ken Eye
        
                             Developing Subordinates
        
             It is only as we develop others that we permanently succeed.
                               Harvey S. Firestone
        
                                 Decision Making
        
             Even though you're on the right track - you'll get run over
        if you just sit there.
                                Will Rogers, Jr.
        
                                 Time Management
        
             Most time is wasted, not in hours, but in minutes.  A bucket
        with a small hole in the bottom gets just as empty as a bucket
        that is deliberately emptied.
                                  Paul J. Meyer
        
                                 Life's Lessons
        
             As a man grows older...
                  ...He values the voice of experience more and the 
                                 voice of prophecy less.
                  ...He finds more of life's wealth in the common
                  pleasures - home, health and children.
                  ...He thinks more about the work of men and less about
                  their wealth.
                  ...He begins to appreciate his own father a little
                  more.
                  ...He hurries less and usually makes more progress.
                  ...He esteems the friendship of God a little higher.
                                  Roy L. Smith
        
                                     Failure
        
             Failure is the opportunity to begin again more
        intelligently.
                                   Henry Ford
        
                                    Happiness
             
             Most people are about as happy as they make up their minds
        to be.
                                 Abraham Lincoln
        
                                      Faith
        
             Faith is the courage to face reality with hope.
                             Dr. Robert H. Schuller
        
                                      Hope
        
             We should not let our fears hold us back from pursuing our
        hopes.
                                 John F. Kennedy
        
                                      Love
        
             Where there is love there is life.
                               Mohandas K. Gandhi
        
                                    Kindness
        
             Be kind.  Remember everyone you meet is fighting a hard
        battle.
                                  T.H. Thompson
        
                                  Possibilities
        
             Be brave enough to live creatively.  The creative is the
        place where no one else has ever been.  You have to leave the
        city of your comfort and go into the wilderness of your
        intuition.  You can't get there by bus, only by hard work,
        risking, and by not quite knowing what you're doing.  What you'll
        discover will be wonderful: yourself.
                                    Alan Alda
        
                                Self-Development
        
             Anyone who stops learning is old, whether at twenty or
        eighty.  Anyone who keeps learning stays young.  The greatest
        thing in life is to keep your mind young.
                                   Henry Ford
        
                                     Success
        
             Success in life is nothing you do with what you gain in life
        or accomplish for yourself.  It's what you do for others.
                                  Danny Thomas
        
                            Requirements for Success
        
             If one advances confidently in the direction of his dreams,
        and endeavors to live the life which he has imagined, he will
        meet with success unexpected in common hours.
                               Henry David Thoreau
        
             The quotes from these famous leaders may inspire the
        supervisor who is striving to achieve a greater measure of
        success in his or her career.  There is no easy path to
        greatness.  Most of the individuals quoted were or are unique
        individuals who through their own initiative, intelligence,
        communication, and other skills served mankind as well as
        themselves.  Their efforts forged the Twentieth Century into an
        age of unbelievable growth and development for mankind.  Yet all
        were born, lived, and died on the earth like any other man or
        woman who came before them.  As each leader passed on his or her
        torch to the next generation, new leaders emerged.  As the 21st
        Century knocks at our front door, many of these leaders will be
        gone and it will be the province of this new generation to assume
        responsibility for the next century of leadership.
