This file documents GNUS, the GNU Emacs newsreader.

Copyright (C) 1989, 1990, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.


The GNUS News Reader
Node: Top, Next: Starting Up, Prev: , Up: (dir)

The GNUS News Reader

You can read netnews within Emacs using the GNUS package.  GNUS uses the NNTP protocol to communicate with a news server, which is a repository of news articles.  This need not be the same computer you are logged in on.

While the author of GNUS recommends pronouncing it as "news", we recommend pronouncing it as "gnoose", to avoid confusion.

* Menu:

Starting Up

Buffers of GNUS

Newsgroup Commands

Summary Commands

Article Commands

Startup File

Kill File

Troubleshooting

Customization

Reporting Bugs

Index


Starting GNUS
Node: Starting Up, Next: Buffers of GNUS, Prev: Top, Up: Top

Starting GNUS

This chapter describes how to get started GNUS, how to use a local news spool directly, and how to read private directory.

* Menu:

Getting Started	How to get started GNUS.

Finding the News	Configuring how GNUS gets access to the news.


Getting Started GNUS
Node: Getting Started, Next: Finding the News, Prev: , Up: Starting Up

Getting Started GNUS

To start GNUS, type ^M-x gnus.

^M-x gnus

Run GNUS using the default NNTP server.

^C-u M-x gnus

Run GNUS without using the default NNTP server.


Telling GNUS Where To Find the News
Node: Finding the News, Next: , Prev: Getting Started, Up: Starting Up

Telling GNUS Where To Find the News

Somehow or other, GNUS has to know how to find the current netnews.  Usually this means it has to know the hostname of the NNTP server.

There are several ways that GNUS can get this information.  Most often, it comes from the environment variable NNTPSERVER.  You can specify a default when you install Emacs by setting the variable gnus-nntp-server in the 'site-init.el' file.  If neither this default nor the environment variable is defined, then GNUS reads the server name using the minibuffer when you start it.

You can override the default by specifying a numeric argument for the gnus command.  Then it always reads the hostname to use.

GNUS can also bypass NNTP and read the news directly from the file system.  This reduces the overhead, but the features for retrieving by their message IDs may fail to work (see Spool Variables).  To do this, specify '::' as the NNTP server "machine name".

You can also specify a subdirectory of your home directory to use as the current news spool.  To do this, specify a colon and the subdirectory name as the NNTP server "machine name".  For example, ':Mail' says to use the directory '~/Mail' as the news spool.  This makes it possible to read mail stored in MH folders or articles saved by GNUS.  The files in the directory with numeric names are considered news articles, and the other files in the directory are ignored.

A server specific startup file for each directory must exist before you start GNUS.  For example, a startup file for the directory '~/Mail' should be a file named '.newsrc-:Mail'.  See Startup File, for more information on the server specific startup file.

 Each news server has its own "active file" which lists the numbers of the active articles in each newsgroup.  Reading this file from the server is among the first things GNUS does when it starts.  Commands such as ^g that report additional newly-arrived articles work by rereading the active file.


Buffers Used by GNUS
Node: Buffers of GNUS, Next: Newsgroup Commands, Prev: Starting Up, Up: Top

Buffers Used by GNUS

GNUS uses three Emacs buffers: the Newsgroup buffer, the Summary buffer, and the Article buffer.  Each has its own particular purpose and its own major mode.  GNUS often displays all three buffers at the same time, with a configuration you can customize by setting the variable gnus-window-configuration.

The "Article buffer" is where GNUS displays the text of an article.  Its major mode is always "Article Mode".  Users rarely select this buffer because you can read the text while keeping the Summary buffer selected.

* Menu:

Newsgroup Buffer	A buffer for listing newsgroups.

Summary Buffer	A buffer for listing subjects and other important headers.


Newsgroup Buffer
Node: Newsgroup Buffer, Next: Summary Buffer, Prev: , Up: Buffers of GNUS

Newsgroup Buffer

  "Newsgroup buffer" contains a list of newsgroups.  Its major mode is "Group Mode".  This is the first buffer that GNUS displays when it starts up.

Normally the list contains only the newsgroups which you subscribe to and which contain unread articles.  It is normally empty if there is no such newsgroups.  When you start GNUS, it displays the message 'No news is good news.' in the echo area.

The format of the Newsgroup buffer looks like this:

sm  number: newsgroup

s

A character indicating whether the newsgroup is subscribed to.  'U' means you subscribe to the newsgroup; ' ' means that you don't.  You can change your subscriptions using commands available in Group mode.

m

A character indicating whether there are newly arrived and unread articles in the newsgroup.  '*' means there are no newly arrived articles in the newsgroup.  ' ' means there are newly arrived articles.

number

The number of unread articles in the newsgroup.

newsgroup

The name of the newsgroup.


Summary Buffer
Node: Summary Buffer, Next: , Prev: Newsgroup Buffer, Up: Buffers of GNUS

Summary Buffer

  The "Summary buffer" displays a summary of articles in a single newsgroup, including their subjects, their numbers, and who posted them.  Its major mode is Summary mode.  GNUS creates a Summary buffer for a newsgroup when you select the group in the Newsgroup buffer.

A Summary buffer contains a line for each article.  Each line looks like this:

s number:c[lines:author] subject

Here is what the fields mean:

s

The status code for this article.  ' ' means the article is newly arrived and never read.  'D' means you read the article already.  '-' means you read it but marked it as saved.

number

The number assigned to the article.

c

A character indicating which article is currently selected.  '+' is placed on the current article.

lines

The number of lines of the article body.

author

The mail address of the author of the article.

subject

The subject of the article.

 You can customize the format by setting the variable gnus-optional-headers.


Newsgroup Commands
Node: Newsgroup Commands, Next: Summary Commands, Prev: Buffers of GNUS, Up: Top

Newsgroup Commands

The Newsgroup buffer normally lists the newsgroups which you subscribe to and which contain unread articles.  But not always--some of the things you can do display additional newsgroups.  The commands available in this buffer are mostly concerned with subscribing and unsubscribing.

* Menu:

Browsing Newsgroups	Moving around in the Newsgroup buffer.

Selecting a Newsgroup	Selecting a newsgroup to read articles.

Maintaining Subscriptions	Subscribing and unsubscribing, etc.

Exiting GNUS	How to exit GNUS.

Other Newsgroup Commands	Other miscellaneous commands.


Browsing Newsgroups
Node: Browsing Newsgroups, Next: Selecting a Newsgroup, Prev: , Up: Newsgroup Commands

Browsing Newsgroups

Most of the newsgroup commands operate on the group described by the current line.  To use them, you need to move the cursor to the group you want to act on.  You can use ordinary Emacs motion commands, or these special commands:

^n

Move point to the next newsgroup containing unread articles (gnus-group-next-unread-group).

^p

^DEL

Move point to the previous newsgroup containing unread articles (gnus-group-prev-unread-group).

^C-n

Move point to the next newsgroup (gnus-group-next-group).

^C-p

Move point to the previous newsgroup (gnus-group-prev-group).

^j newsgroup RET

Move point to the newsgroup specified by name (gnus-group-jump-to-group).

^<

Move point to the beginning of the buffer (beginning-of-buffer).

^>

Move point to the end of the buffer (end-of-buffer).

^r

Restrict visible newsgroups to the current region specified by point and the mark (gnus-group-restrict-groups).

 The command ^j (gnus-group-jump-to-group) reads a newsgroup name interactively, and moves point to it.  If there is no such newsgroup in the buffer, a line for the newsgroup is inserted at the beginning of the buffer.

 The command ^r (gnus-group-restrict-groups) restricts visibility in the Newsgroup buffer to the region specified by point and mark.  It is not quite the same as ^C-x n; it includes all of the line that the region starts in, and all of the line that the region ends in.  Type ^C-x w (widen) to widen visibility to the whole buffer.


Selecting a Newsgroup
Node: Selecting a Newsgroup, Next: Maintaining Subscriptions, Prev: Browsing Newsgroups, Up: Newsgroup Commands

Selecting a Newsgroup

 To start reading the articles in a newsgroup, move to that newsgroup in the Newsgroup buffer and type ^SPC (gnus-group-read-group) or ^= (gnus-group-select-group).

^SPC

Select the newsgroup at point, and then select the first unread article automatically (gnus-group-read-group).

^=

Select the newsgroup at point (gnus-group-select-group).

 Normally, when you select a newsgroup, GNUS prepares to read only the unread articles (including saved articles).  If the newsgroup has no unread articles and you select it anyway, GNUS prepares to read all the articles.  You can force GNUS to include all the articles by giving a numeric argument to the commands ^SPC and ^= (gnus-group-read-group and gnus-group-select-group).

 If the number of articles being selected is larger than the variable gnus-large-newsgroup, GNUS prompts for the number of articles to prepare.  If your answer n is positive, GNUS prepares the last n articles.  If n is negative, GNUS prepares the first -n articles.  If you answer with the empty string, GNUS prepares all articles.


Maintaining Subscriptions
Node: Maintaining Subscriptions, Next: Exiting GNUS, Prev: Selecting a Newsgroup, Up: Newsgroup Commands

Maintaining Subscriptions

This section explains how to subscribe and unsubscribe, as well as other related activities.  Most of the commands operate on the newsgroup listed on the current line.

^c

Mark all newly arrived articles in the newsgroup as read, but don't alter articles explicitly marked as saved (gnus-group-catchup).

^C

Mark all articles in the newsgroup  as read (gnus-group-catchup-all).

^l

Show only the newsgroups which you now subscribe to and which now contain unread and saved articles (gnus-group-list-groups).

^L

Show all newsgroups available on your news server (gnus-group-list-all-groups).

^u

Unsubscribe from (or subscribe to) the newsgroup (gnus-group-unsubscribe-current-group).

^U newsgroup RET

Unsubscribe from (or subscribe to) the newsgroup named newsgroup (gnus-group-unsubscribe-group).

^C-k

Kill the newsgroup line that point is in (gnus-group-kill-group).

^C-w

Kill newsgroups in current region (excluding current line) (gnus-group-kill-region).

^C-y

Yank the last newsgroup killed (gnus-group-yank-group).  It is inserted just before the current line.  Successive uses of ^C-y yank earlier kills, in last-in first-out order.

^C-x C-t

Exchange current newsgroup and previous newsgroup.  (gnus-group-transpose-groups).

^M-x gnus-list-killed-groups

^C-c C-l

Display a list of the newsgroups you have killed.  This is so you can copy them back into the startup file.

^b

Delete bogus newsgroups (gnus-group-check-bogus-groups).

^g

Get newly arrived articles for all groups (gnus-group-get-new-news).

 The commands ^c and ^C (gnus-group-catchup and gnus-group-catchup-all) mark all or most of the articles in a newsgroup as read.  They are useful if you have been away from news reading for a while, and you don't want to slog through the backlog of old postings.  These commands do not take account of the cross-reference information in the 'Xref:' field, while the ^c command in Summary Mode does.

Only subscribed newsgroups containing unread and saved articles are usually displayed in the Newsgroup buffer.  Type ^L (gnus-group-list-all-groups) to show all newsgroups which are currently active.  Use ^l (gnus-group-list-groups) to go back to the usual contents--only groups which have news for you to read.

 The command ^U (gnus-group-unsubscribe-group) reads a newsgroup name interactively, and toggles its subscription flag.  This is the usual way to subscribe to new groups.  (You can also type ^L and then use ^u on the groups you want to read.)  You can also arrange to subscribe automatically to some or all newly created newsgroups using the options line in your startup file, '~/.newsrc'.  See Startup File, for more information.

 The command ^C-k (gnus-group-kill-group) kills a newsgroup from both the Newsgroup buffer and the raw startup file.  If you change your mind, type ^C-y (gnus-group-yank-group); this yanks the last newsgroup killed with the ^C-k command.

The command ^C-c C-l (gnus-list-killed-groups) pops up a buffer listing the newsgroups you have killed.  You can yank any of these newsgroups by moving point to the entry for the newsgroup you want, and then typing ^y or ^C-y (gnus-browse-killed-yank).  So a convenient way to change the order of newsgroups is to kill some of them, then go to the list of killed groups and yank them in the order you want.

You are not limited to yanking only the groups that you killed in the current GNUS session.  All the groups you have ever killed are remembered in the quick startup file, and you can restore them any time unless you lose the file.

 A "bogus newsgroup" is one not in the list of active newsgroups in the active file.  Type ^b (gnus-group-check-bogus-groups) to delete all the bogus newsgroups that you subscribe to.  Bogus newsgroups that you have unsubscribed or killed are deleted also.

 The ^g command rereads the active file to get updated lists of articles available to be read.


Exiting GNUS
Node: Exiting GNUS, Next: Other Newsgroup Commands, Prev: Maintaining Subscriptions, Up: Newsgroup Commands

Exiting GNUS

^z

Suspend the current GNUS session (gnus-group-suspend).

^q

Update the startup file '.newsrc', and then exit GNUS (gnus-group-exit).

^Q

Exit GNUS without updating the startup file '.newsrc' (gnus-group-quit).

 Suspending GNUS with ^z (gnus-group-suspend) kills all GNUS buffers except for the Newsgroup buffer.  To resume again, switch to the Newsgroup buffer and type ^g (gnus-group-get-new-news) to get newly arrived articles.  It is a good idea to update the startup file (see Startup File) before suspending GNUS.

 If you want to forget what you read this GNUS session, exit GNUS by the command ^Q (gnus-group-quit).  Otherwise, exit by the command ^q (gnus-group-exit) to update the startup file.

 The hook gnus-exit-gnus-hook is called when exiting GNUS, and the hook gnus-suspend-gnus-hook is called when suspending GNUS.


Miscellaneous Commands
Node: Other Newsgroup Commands, Next: , Prev: Exiting GNUS, Up: Newsgroup Commands

Miscellaneous Commands

Other miscellaneous Group mode commands are described here.

^a

Compose a new article (gnus-group-post-news).  See Posting Articles, for more information.

^M-k

Edit a local kill file (gnus-group-edit-local-kill).  See Kill File, for more information.

^M-K

Edit your global kill file (gnus-group-edit-global-kill).  See Kill File, for more information.


Summary Commands
Node: Summary Commands, Next: Article Commands, Prev: Newsgroup Commands, Up: Top

Summary Commands

The Summary buffer shows you a summary of the contents of a single newsgroup, with one line for each article.  You can move around in the Summary buffer, giving commands to view articles, save them, reply to them, and so on.  When you view an article, its text appears in a separate buffer, but the Summary buffer remains current.  In fact, there is hardly ever a reason to select the Article buffer; you can do almost all news reading tasks while staying in the Summary buffer.

* Menu:

Reading Articles	How to read articles.

Searching Articles	Searching for articles.

Referencing Articles	Referencing parent articles.

Saving Articles	Saving articles in your favorite format.

Sorting Headers	Sorting the Summary buffer.

Posting Articles	How to post a new article or followup article.

Forward and Reply	How to mail a reply to a message, or forward the message by mail.

Exiting Newsgroup	How to exit the current newsgroup.


Reading Articles
Node: Reading Articles, Next: Searching Articles, Prev: , Up: Summary Commands

Reading Articles

 The most basic command for reading articles is SPC (gnus-summary-next-page).  When you are viewing the middle of a article, SPC scrolls the article forward.  When you get to the end of an article, SPC advances to the next article.  You can read all the unread articles straight through using just SPC.

Naturally, though, there are plenty of more advanced features available.

* Menu:

Summary Motion	Special cursor motion commands for Summary.

Reading an Article	Commands for viewing an article differently.

Scrolling	Browsing through a message.

Moving Among Articles	Selecting articles.

Marking Articles	Marking articles as (un)read.

Thread-based Reading	Reading articles based on conversation threads.

Digest Articles	How to read digest articles.


Cursor Motion in the Summary Buffer
Node: Summary Motion, Next: Reading an Article, Prev: , Up: Reading Articles

Cursor Motion in the Summary Buffer

For moving around in the Summary buffer, you can use these special commands as well as the usual cursor motion commands.

^C-n

Move point to the next header (gnus-summary-next-subject).

^C-p

Move point to the previous header (gnus-summary-prev-subject).

^M-n

Move point to the next header, skipping marked articles (gnus-summary-next-unread-subject).

^M-p

Move point to the previous header, skipping marked articles (gnus-summary-prev-unread-subject).

^j number RET

Move point to the line describing an article specified by number with a numeric argument (gnus-summary-goto-subject).


Commands to Read Articles
Node: Reading an Article, Next: Scrolling, Prev: Summary Motion, Up: Reading Articles

Commands to Read Articles

^SPC

SPC in the Summary buffer scrolls the Article buffer to the next screenful or to the next article (gnus-summary-next-page)

^g

Select the article on the current line (gnus-summary-show-article).  This command always rereads the article text from the server even if the same article is already selected.

^=

Expand the Summary buffer's window to occupy all the screen space that GNUS is now using (gnus-summary-expand-window).

^C-t

Toggle truncation of lines in the Summary buffer (gnus-summary-toggle-truncation).

^w

Stop page breaking of article buffer (gnus-summary-stop-page-breaking).

^t

Show all headers of the current article if pruned header currently shown, or vice versa (gnus-summary-toggle-header).

^M-t

Toggle MIME processing (gnus-summary-toggle-mime).

^C-c C-r

Caesar rotate letters by 13 places and Japanese characters by 47 places (gnus-summary-caesar-message).

 The command ^= (gnus-summary-expand-window) expands the Summary window by deleting the Article window.  Use it when you want to concentrate on the Summary buffer.  This command is different from ^C-x 1 when more than two windows exist.

 The command ^C-c C-r (gnus-summary-caesar-message) rotates all letters in the body of the current article by 13/47 places.  (This encoding is often called "rot 13".)  To undo this operation, run it a second time.

 If an article contains multiple pages, GNUS normally displays just one page at a time.  To advance to the next page of an article, simply type SPC.  It advances to the next page whenever the end of a page is on the screen.

 The command ^w (gnus-summary-stop-page-breaking) temporarily suspends page breaking; it makes the entire current article visible.  You can turn off page breaking all the time by setting the variable gnus-break-pages to nil.

 Page boundaries are defined by the variable gnus-page-delimiter, whose value is a regular expression.  The default is to match a formfeed character at the beginning of a line.

 GNUS normally hides many uninteresting header fields when it displays an article.  (The variable gnus-ignored-headers controls which fields are ignored.)  If you want to see the whole header, type t (gnus-summary-toggle-header).  Use ^t a second time to hide the uninteresting header fields again.


Scrolling Within an Article
Node: Scrolling, Next: Moving Among Articles, Prev: Reading an Article, Up: Reading Articles

Scrolling Within an Article

This section describes the commands you can type in the Summary buffer to scroll the Article buffer.  (If you want to scroll the Summary buffer, you can use the usual Emacs scrolling commands.)

^SPC

Scroll to the next page of the current article (gnus-summary-next-page).  Select it first if no article is selected yet.  Select the next unread article automatically at the end of the message.

^DEL

Scroll the current article backward (gnus-summary-prev-page).

^RET

Scroll the current article one (or n) lines forward (gnus-summary-scroll-up).  A negative argument scrolls backward.

^<

Move point to the beginning of the current article (gnus-summary-beginning-of-article).

^>

Move point to the end of the current article (gnus-summary-end-of-article).


Moving Among Articles
Node: Moving Among Articles, Next: Marking Articles, Prev: Scrolling, Up: Reading Articles

Moving Among Articles

These commands move point in the Summary buffer to a different line and display that line's article.

^n

Read the next article, skipping marked articles (gnus-summary-next-unread-article).

^p

Read the previous article, skipping marked articles (gnus-summary-prev-unread-article).

^N

Read the next article (gnus-summary-next-article).

^P

Read the previous article (gnus-summary-prev-article).

^C-M-n

Read the next article with the same subject as the current article (gnus-summary-next-same-subject).

^C-M-p

Read the previous article with the same subject as the current article (gnus-summary-prev-same-subject).

^.

Read the first unread article (gnus-summary-first-unread-article).

^l

Read the article selected last (gnus-summary-goto-last-article).

 If the variable gnus-auto-select-same is non-nil, the commands ^n and ^p (gnus-summary-next-unread-article and gnus-summary-prev-unread-article) skip articles until they come to another article with the same subject.  If you are used to reading news with 'rn -S', set the variable to non-nil to get familiar behavior.

 If the variable gnus-auto-extend-newsgroup is non-nil, the commands ^N and ^P (gnus-summary-next-article and gnus-summary-prev-article) extend visible articles to forward and backward if possible.  The Summary buffer normally displays just a subset of the extant articles; extending the buffer means that if you try to move forward from the last article shown, it looks for later articles that are not shown, and puts them into the buffer so you can move to them.

 The variable gnus-auto-select-next defines the behavior of GNUS when there is no unread article in the current newsgroup and a command selecting the next unread article is executed.  If the variable is non-nil, the next newsgroup containing unread articles is selected automatically.


Marking Articles
Node: Marking Articles, Next: Thread-based Reading, Prev: Moving Among Articles, Up: Reading Articles

Marking Articles

  GNUS uses single-character marks to indicate the status of an article.

' ' (a space)

A newly arrived article.

'-'

An article marked as saved.

anything else

An article marked as read.

Both newly arrived articles and saved articles are considered "unread".

The status is displayed at the beginning of each line of the Summary buffer.  Here are some commands for changing these marks:

^d

Mark this line's article as read, then move point to the following line (gnus-summary-mark-as-read-forward).  This and the following similar commands do not select an article; they only move point in the Summary buffer.

^u

Mark this line's article as saved, then move point to the following line (gnus-summary-mark-as-unread-forward).

^M-u

Clear marks on this line's article, then move point to the next line (gnus-summary-clear-mark-forward).  This sets the status to "newly arrived".

^D

^U

^M-U

Analogous to ^d, ^u and ^M-u, except that they move backwards instead of forwards in the Summary buffer.

^k

Mark as read all articles with the same subject as the current article, then select the next unread article (gnus-summary-kill-same-subject-and-select).  Use this when you decide a certain discussion is not interesting.

^C-k

Mark as read all articles with the same subject as the current article (gnus-summary-kill-same-subject).

^c

Mark all newly arrived articles as read; then exit the current newsgroup (gnus-summary-catchup-and-exit).  This does not change the status of articles that are saved.

^M-x gnus-summary-catchup-all-and-exit

Mark all articles (including saved articles) as read, and then exit the current newsgroup.

^M-x gnus-summary-catchup

Mark all newly arrived articles as read, but don't alter saved articles.

^M-x gnus-summary-catchup-all

Mark all articles as read.

^x

Delete summary lines for articles marked as read (gnus-summary-delete-marked-as-read).

^X marks RET

Delete headers marked with any of marks (gnus-summary-delete-marked-with).

 You can make it easier to see the remaining unread articles in the Summary buffer by deleting the lines describing the already read articles.  To do this, use the command ^x (gnus-summary-delete-marked-as-read).  The command ^X (gnus-summary-delete-marked-with) deletes headers which have certain specified marks.  Thus, ^X D - RET deletes all articles marked with 'D' or '-'--which is to say, all read and saved articles.  (There are no spaces in that command; we inserted spaces for clarity when showing it here.)


Reading Based on Conversation Threads
Node: Thread-based Reading, Next: Digest Articles, Prev: Marking Articles, Up: Reading Articles

Reading Based on Conversation Threads

  A "thread" is defined as a set of articles related by cross-reference.  These references make use of header fields 'References:' and 'In-Reply-To:', which cite the message ID of another article.

Conversations in a newsgroup usually contain several threads under a single subject.  This makes it difficult to know which article follows which without reading references directly.  You can use the thread-based commands to do this automatically.  You can follow threads of conversation, mark entire threads as read, and go up and down thread trees.

 The command ^M-C-t (gnus-summary-toggle-threads) toggles showing conversation threads in Summary mode.  If it is turned on, Summary buffer is displayed in a tree structured form which shows the thread structure.

^C-M-t

Toggle thread-based reading (gnus-summary-toggle-threads).

^C-M-s

Show the thread subtree of the current line (gnus-summary-show-thread).

^M-x gnus-summary-show-all-threads

Show all thread subtrees.

^C-M-h

Hide the thread subtrees of the current line (gnus-summary-hide-thread).

^M-x gnus-summary-hide-all-threads

Hide all thread subtrees.

^C-M-f

Go to the next thread at the same level (gnus-summary-next-thread).

^C-M-b

Go to the previous thread at the same level (gnus-summary-prev-thread).

^C-M-d

Go down to next thread subordinate to the current line.  (gnus-summary-down-thread).

^C-M-u

Go up to the parent thread of the current line (gnus-summary-up-thread).

^C-M-k

Mark all articles under current thread as read (gnus-summary-kill-thread).

 Thread subtrees can be hidden by using the command ^C-M-h (gnus-summary-hide-thread), and the hidden subtrees can be shown by using the command ^C-M-s (gnus-summary-show-thread).

 If the variable gnus-thread-hide-killed is non-nil, thread subtrees killed by the command ^C-M-k (gnus-summary-kill-thread) are hidden automatically.

 If you want to hide thread subtrees initially, set the variable gnus-thread-hide-subtree to non-nil.

 If you want to enable thread-based reading automatically, set the variable gnus-show-threads to non-nil.


Reading Digest Articles
Node: Digest Articles, Next: , Prev: Thread-based Reading, Up: Reading Articles

Reading Digest Articles

  "Digest article" is a message containing many messages in "digest" format.  Since a digest article contains many messages in one article, it is a little bit difficult to read it on a per message basis.  The following commands make it easier to read each message in a digest.

^C-c C-n

Scroll to the next digest message of the current article (gnus-summary-next-digest).

^C-c C-p

Scroll to the previous digest message of the current article (gnus-summary-prev-digest).

^C-d

Read the current digest article using Rmail (gnus-summary-rmail-digest).

 The commands ^C-c C-n and ^C-c C-p (gnus-summary-next-digest and gnus-summary-prev-digest) scroll a digest article to the next and previous digested message, respectively.  The variable gnus-digest-separator specifies a regexp which separates digested messages.

 The command ^C-d (gnus-summary-rmail-digest) runs Rmail on a digest article and makes it possible to read messages not in digest form using Rmail Mode.  See Rmail, for more information on Rmail Mode.  Use the hook gnus-select-article-hook to run Rmail on digest articles automatically.

 Some newsgroups use a digest format that cannot be read using Rmail.  In this case, ^C-d displays 'Article is not a digest' in the echo area.  It is, however, possible to read these incomplete digest articles by modifying the message headers or bodies appropriately using the hook gnus-select-digest-hook.  See Hooks, to modify incomplete digest articles.

 If the variable gnus-digest-show-summary is non-nil, a summary of the digest article is also displayed automatically when Rmail is invoked.


Searching Articles
Node: Searching Articles, Next: Referencing Articles, Prev: Reading Articles, Up: Summary Commands

Searching Articles

^s

Do incremental search on the current article (gnus-summary-isearch-article).

^M-s regexp RET

Search for articles containing a match for regexp forward (gnus-summary-search-article-forward).  If regexp is empty, the last regexp used is used again.

^M-r regexp RET

Search for articles containing a match for regexp backward (gnus-summary-search-article-backward).  If regexp is empty, the last regexp used is used again.

^& field RET regexp RET command RET

Execute command on articles containing a match for regexp in field of the headers (gnus-summary-execute-command).  If field is empty, the entire article is searched for.

 The command ^s (gnus-summary-isearch-article) does an incremental search on the current article.  This is like switching to the Article buffer and typing ^C-s except that the Summary buffer remains selected.  The command ^M-s (gnus-summary-search-article-forward) searches for articles containing a match for regexp.  The search starts from the current point of the current article.  To search backwards, use the command ^M-r (gnus-summary-search-article-backward).

 The command ^& (gnus-summary-execute-command) interactively reads a header field name, a regular expression, and a valid key sequence.  It then searches for all articles in which that regular expression matches the contents of the specified header field.  It executes the key sequence in each such message.


Referencing Articles
Node: Referencing Articles, Next: Saving Articles, Prev: Searching Articles, Up: Summary Commands

Referencing Articles

^^

Refer to parent of the current article in terms of the 'References' field (gnus-summary-refer-parent-article).  With a numeric argument, go back to the child.

^M-^ Message-ID RET

Refer to the article by using the Message-ID (gnus-summary-refer-article).

 The command ^^ (gnus-summary-refer-parent-article) refers to parent article of the current article.  You can go back to the child article with ^C-u ^.

^^ and ^M-^ select a new article without moving point in the Summary buffer.  As a consequence, you can use ^g to go back to the article in which you started the last sequence of ^^ and ^M-^ commands.

You can use the ^r command in Article mode to follow a reference contained in the text of an article.  See Article Commands.


Saving Articles
Node: Saving Articles, Next: Sorting Headers, Prev: Referencing Articles, Up: Summary Commands

Saving Articles

  GNUS supports four different formats for saving articles: Rmail format, Unix mailbox format, MH folder, and article format.

^o

Save the current article in Rmail format (gnus-summary-save-article).

^C-o

Save the current article in Unix mail file format (gnus-summary-save-in-mail).

^| command RET

Send contents of the current article through a pipe to a subprocess running command (gnus-summary-pipe-output).

The variable gnus-default-article-saver controls the formats used by the ^o command.  By default, it uses Rmail format.  If you set the variable to gnus-summary-save-in-folder, ^o uses MH format.  If you set it to gnus-summary-save-in-file, ^o saves the article text verbatim.  The default value is gnus-summary-save-in-rmail.  (All three of these values are commands that you can bind to other keys.)

 The variable gnus-article-save-directory specifies the default directory for saving articles.  If you don't set this variable explicitly, it is initialized from the SAVEDIR environment variable, or, as a last resort, '~/News'.


Sorting Headers
Node: Sorting Headers, Next: Posting Articles, Prev: Saving Articles, Up: Summary Commands

Sorting Headers

  GNUS can sort the Summary buffer by number, subject, date, or author of articles.

^C-c C-s C-n

Sort the headers by number (gnus-summary-sort-by-number).

^C-c C-s C-s

Sort the headers by subject (gnus-summary-sort-by-subject).

^C-c C-s C-d

Sort the headers by date (gnus-summary-sort-by-date).

^C-c C-s C-a

Sort the headers by author (gnus-summary-sort-by-author).

Sorting is "stable", which means that it does not disturb the relative order of articles whose sort keys are equal.  So you can sort on multiple keys by using several sort commands in a row; the last sort command specifies the most powerful sort key.  Thus, ^C-c C-s C-a C-c C-s C-d C-c C-s C-n sorts by author, and sorts the messages for each author by date, and any messages with the same author and date are sorted by number.

To sort in reverse order, give a numeric argument to the sort commands.  K It is also possible to sort the headers automatically when a newsgroup is selected using the hook gnus-select-group-hook (see Hooks).


Posting Articles
Node: Posting Articles, Next: Forward and Reply, Prev: Sorting Headers, Up: Summary Commands

Posting Articles

^a

Compose a new article (gnus-summary-post-news).

^f

Compose a followup to the current article (gnus-summary-followup).

^F

Compose a followup, and insert the original article right away (gnus-summary-followup-with-original).

^C

Cancel the current article you posted (gnus-summary-cancel-article).

 Type ^a (gnus-summary-post-news) to post a new article.  If the variable gnus-interactive-post is non-nil, this command reads the newsgroup, subject, and distribution interactively.  The command ^f (gnus-summary-followup) fills these values in automatically from those of the selected article; thus, the article you post will be a "followup" to the selected article.

 Type ^C-c C-y (news-reply-yank-original) to include the original article in the text of the followup.  Unless the original article is quite short, you should edit it to keep only the particular sentences you are directly responding to.

 The command ^F (gnus-summary-followup-with-original) yanks the original article automatically.  If you want to followup to several articles in a single article and want to include them in it, type ^F for each of them.  You will be asked if a text being edited should be erased.  You should answer 'n' to the question.

 If the variable gnus-novice-user is non-nil, your confirmations will be required for composing a new article.

 The major mode for composing a new article is "News Mode" which is borrowed from 'rnewspost.el'.  Type ^C-h m (describe-mode) to get more help on News Mode.

 Suppose you post an article and then later realize that you made a horrible mistake.  You really do not want anyone to see your article.  You want the article to be removed from any machines that it may have reached.  The command ^C (gnus-summary-cancel-article) is intended to do this.  First select the offending article as current, then type ^C.

 The variable user-mail-address specifies what GNUS should use as your mailing address.  Its value is a string.  If Emacs doesn't get this right on its own, you can specify the address to use by setting this variable.


Forwarding Messages and Replying To Them
Node: Forward and Reply, Next: Exiting Newsgroup, Prev: Posting Articles, Up: Summary Commands

Forwarding Messages and Replying To Them

^r

Reply to the author of the current article (gnus-summary-reply).

^R

Reply to the author of the current article with the original article (gnus-summary-reply-with-original).

^C-c C-f

Forward current message to someone else.  (gnus-summary-mail-forward).

^m

Compose a mail message in other window (gnus-summary-mail-other-window).

 Use the command ^r (gnus-summary-reply) to mail a reply to the author of the article.  Type ^C-c C-y to yank the text of the article you are replying to.  The command ^R (gnus-summary-reply-with-original) yanks the original article automatically.

See Mail Mode, for information on how to finish sending the reply.


Exiting the Current Newsgroup
Node: Exiting Newsgroup, Next: , Prev: Forward and Reply, Up: Summary Commands

Exiting the Current Newsgroup

"Exiting" a newsgroup means going back to the Newsgroup buffer and (normally) saving the changes you have made in the status of articles.

^q

Exit the current newsgroup, and return to Group Mode (gnus-summary-exit).  This updates the startup file to indicate the changes in article status in this newsgroup.

^Q

Exit the current newsgroup without saving information about article status (gnus-summary-quit).  The effect is to cancel all the status changes that took place while you were reading this newsgroup.

^C-x C-s

Save the article status changes, but keep the newsgroup selected (gnus-summary-reselect-current-group).

 The command ^C-x C-s (gnus-summary-reselect-current-group) selects the current newsgroup again after temporary exiting the newsgroup.  If no articles remain unread, all articles in the newsgroup will be selected.  A numeric argument to the command means to select all articles in the newsgroup.


Article Commands
Node: Article Commands, Next: Startup File, Prev: Summary Commands, Up: Top

Article Commands

GNUS displays one article at a time, in a buffer called the Article buffer.  When you select an article, GNUS puts the Article buffer on the screen and displays the article there.

 If the Article buffer is not visible, it appears on the screen whenever you select an article for display.  You can specify the height of the Article buffer as a fraction of the screen height by setting the variable gnus-window-configuration.

The Article buffer has a special major mode, Article mode.  It provides these commands:

^SPC

Scroll this window forward (gnus-article-next-page).

^DEL

Scroll this window backward (gnus-article-prev-page).

^r

Select another article by following a cross reference (gnus-article-refer-article).  A cross reference is specified by a Message-ID included in the text of the article.  Move point to a message ID before using this command.

^o

Return to the previous article from the referenced article (gnus-article-pop-article).

^h

Reconfigure Emacs windows to show the Summary buffer above the Article buffer and select the Summary buffer (gnus-article-show-summary).  The occasion to use this is when you have been editing a message to send or article to post.


The Startup File
Node: Startup File, Next: Kill File, Prev: Article Commands, Up: Top

The Startup File

Each user who reads news has a file called the "startup file" which records which groups he or she subscribes to and which articles have been read.

GNUS actually uses two startup files that contain the same information.  The "raw" startup file, named '~/.newsrc', is the master copy of the information; this is the same file that other news readers use, and it is kept in the standard format.  The "quick" startup file contains the same information in a format convenient for Lisp to read.  GNUS automatically updates the quick startup file from the raw startup file whenever the latter is newer; but normally it saves time by reading only the quick startup file.

These commands in Group mode operate on the startup files:

^R

Restart GNUS, using the raw startup file instead of the quick one, and get newly arrived articles (gnus-group-restart).

^s

Update both startup files based on changes you have made in the Newsgroups buffer (gnus-group-force-update).


Kill File
Node: Kill File, Next: Troubleshooting, Prev: Startup File, Up: Top

Kill File

  A "kill" file contains lisp expressions to be applied to a selected newsgroup.  The purpose is to mark articles as read on the basis of some set of regexps.

 There are two kinds of kill files, global and local.  A global kill file is applied to every newsgroup, and a local kill file to a specified newsgroup.

* Menu:

Making a Kill File	How to make a kill file.

Editing Kill Files	How to edit kill files.

Kill File Example	A real example of a kill file.

Names of Kill Files	Where kill files are kept in the file system.

Background Kills	Background kill processing.

Advanced Kills	Advanced kill processing.


Making a Kill File
Node: Making a Kill File, Next: Editing Kill Files, Prev: , Up: Kill File

Making a Kill File

A kill file is simply a file of Lisp code that is loaded (i.e., evaluated) while the Summary buffer is current.  In order to work properly, the contents of the file must be designed to interact properly with GNUS.  To make it easier to write a valid kill file, GNUS provides a general function which does the things users typically want to do in a kill file.

(gnus-kill field regexp &optional command all)

The gnus-kill function performs an action on each article that matches a specified condition.

The two required arguments specify the condition.  The argument field specifies a portion of an article; it is either the name of a header field to search, or "", which says to search the entire article body.  The argument regexp says what to search for.  The condition is this: an article is eligible if the specified portion of the article contains a match for regexp.

The argument command says what to do when an article fits the condition.  It is either a valid key sequence in Summary mode, or a Lisp expression which is a list, or nil.  A key sequence stands for its command definition in Summary mode; it means to execute that command.  A Lisp expression means to evaluate that expression.  nil says to mark the article with the character 'X'.

If all is omitted or nil, gnus-kill checks only newly arrived articles for meeting the condition.  If all is non-nil, it checks all articles.

Here as an example is how to mark all articles whose subjects contain the string 'AI':

(gnus-kill "Subject" "AI")

If you want to mark articles with 'D' instead of 'X', you can use the following expression, which works by executing the ^d command.

(gnus-kill "Subject" "AI" "d")

The usual aim of a kill file is to delete certain articles.  The way to do this is to mark them with 'X' and then call gnus-expunge, like this:

(gnus-expunge "X")

gnus-expunge takes one argument, a string containing a number of mark characters, and deletes all the lines that are marked with any of those characters.

It works to use gnus-expunge for the marker 'D', but you may not like what it does, because this prevents you from ever rereading an article marked as read in a previous session.  That's why the default marker for gnus-kill is 'X' rather than 'D'.

Searching in the Summary buffer normally ignores case; this includes the searching inside of gnus-kill.  If you do not want to ignore the case, set the variable case-fold-search to nil.

After GNUS has finished applying the appropriate kill files, if the newsgroup has no articles left, GNUS exits that newsgroup right away.


Editing Kill Files
Node: Editing Kill Files, Next: Kill File Example, Prev: Making a Kill File, Up: Kill File

Editing Kill Files

You can use these GNUS commands to find a kill file for editing:

^M-k

Edit a local KILL file applied to the current newsgroup (gnus-summary-edit-local-kill).

^M-K

Edit a global KILL file applied to all newsgroups (gnus-summary-edit-global-kill).

The same key sequences (^M-k and ^M-K) are available in Group mode also, but the commands that implement them are gnus-group-edit-local-kill and gnus-group-edit-global-kill.

 The major mode of these buffers is Kill-File mode, which is like Emacs Lisp mode but with the following additional commands:

^C-c C-k C-s

Insert a template of a kill command on subject (gnus-kill-file-kill-by-subject).

^C-c C-k C-a

Insert a template of a kill command on author (gnus-kill-file-kill-by-author).

^C-c C-a

Evaluate the whole current buffer, but do so with the Summary buffer current (gnus-kill-file-apply-buffer).  This is a convenient way to try out a kill file you have been editing.

^C-c C-e

Evaluate the sexp before point in current buffer, but do so with the Summary buffer current (gnus-kill-file-apply-last-sexp).

^C-c C-c

Save the kill file and then return to the previous buffer (gnus-kill-file-exit).

The effects of ^C-c C-k C-s and ^C-c C-k C-a depend on how you began editing the kill file.  If you gave the command ^M-k or ^M-K while in the Summary buffer, then the article that was current at that time supplies the string to search for, from its own subject or author.


Example of a Kill File
Node: Kill File Example, Next: Names of Kill Files, Prev: Editing Kill Files, Up: Kill File

Example of a Kill File

This is a real example of a local kill file for newsgroup 'control'.

;; Apply to the newsgroup `control' if the NNTP server is flab.
(if (string-equal gnus-nntp-server "flab")
    (progn
      (gnus-kill "Subject" "ihave flab\\|sendme")
      (gnus-kill "Subject" "cancel\\|newgroup\\|rmgroup" "d")
      (gnus-expunge "X")))


Names of Kill Files
Node: Names of Kill Files, Next: Background Kills, Prev: Kill File Example, Up: Kill File

Names of Kill Files

Kill files are kept in the directory specified by the variable gnus-kill-files-directory; its default value is '~/News'.  The variable gnus-kill-file-name specifies the global kill file's name within that directory; the default is 'KILL'.

The name of a local kill file is based on the newsgroup's name.  If the variable gnus-use-long-file-name is non-nil, then the file name is 'newsgroup.KILL'.  Otherwise, it is 'news/group/KILL', where the subdirectory name is made from the newsgroup name by changing all periods to slashes.


Background Kill Processing
Node: Background Kills, Next: Advanced Kills, Prev: Names of Kill Files, Up: Kill File

Background Kill Processing

  Kill processing can take a long time.  If you don't want to wait for it, try background kill processing using the following shell command:

emacs -batch -l gnus -f gnus-batch-kill newsgroups...

where newsgroups are newsgroup names separated by whitespace.  '!' preceding a newsgroup name means negation, and 'all' specifies all newsgroups not yet decided.  These interpretations are the same as the options line of the startup file (see Startup File).


Advanced Kill Processing
Node: Advanced Kills, Next: , Prev: Background Kills, Up: Kill File

Advanced Kill Processing

 Internally, applying kills means to run the hook gnus-apply-kill-hook.  It is called after the Summary buffer is prepared for a selected newsgroup.  The default hook is the function gnus-apply-kill-file which loads a global kill file and a local kill file in this order.  A different style of the kill processing can be implemented by customizing this hook.

For example, if you don't have a global kill file, you can use the following hook which applies only a local kill file.  This change can save the time for checking the existence of a global kill file.

;; Get rid of the default hook.
(setq gnus-apply-kill-hook nil)
(add-hook 'gnus-apply-kill-hook
  '(lambda ()
     ;; Apply a local kill file.
     (load (gnus-newsgroup-kill-file gnus-newsgroup-name) t nil t)))

(As usual, you can put as many functions as you wish into this hook.  What is not usual is the fact that the hook is not initially empty.  Therefore, if you don't want the default hook value, you must set the hook variable to nil.)

In contrast, the following example enables only a global kill file.

;; Get rid of the default hook.
(setq gnus-apply-kill-hook nil)
(add-hook 'gnus-apply-kill-hook
  '(lambda ()
     ;; Apply a global kill file.
     (load (gnus-newsgroup-kill-file nil) t nil t)))

Here is an advanced example that drastically reduces the time for applying kill files.  This hook does the kill processing directly without loading the kill files.

;; Get rid of the default hook.
(setq gnus-apply-kill-hook nil)
(add-hook 'gnus-apply-kill-hook
  '(lambda ()
     ;; Apply to the newsgroup `control'
     ;; if the NNTP server is flab.
     (and (string-equal gnus-nntp-server "flab")
          (string-equal gnus-newsgroup-name "control")
          (progn
            (gnus-kill "Subject" "ihave flab\\|sendme")
            (gnus-kill "Subject" "cancel\\|newgroup\\|rmgroup" "d")
            (gnus-expunge "X")))))


Customizing GNUS
Node: Customization, Next: Reporting Bugs, Prev: Troubleshooting, Up: Top

Customizing GNUS

Appendix A describes the variables and hooks for simple customization and the variables for localization.

* Menu:

Variables	Variables for customizing GNUS.

NNTP Variables	Variables for localizing NNTP environment.

Spool Variables	Variables for localizing news spool environment.

Directory Variables	Variables for localizing private directory environment.

Hooks	Function hooks for customizing GNUS.


Common Variables
Node: Variables, Next: NNTP Variables, Prev: , Up: Customization

Common Variables

gnus-nntp-server

Specifies the name of the host running the NNTP server.  The variable is initialized from the NNTPSERVER environment variable.  If the server name is preceded by a colon such as ':Mail', the user's private directory '~/Mail' is used as a news spool.  See Finding the News, for more information.

gnus-nntp-service

Specifies a service name of NNTP, usually a string "nntp".  In a few instances, it must be the number 119.  To use a local news spool of your machine rather than NNTP, set the variable to nil.  See Finding the News, for more information.

gnus-local-domain

Specifies the domain which is the domain part of your mail address excluding the local host name of your machine.  The environment variable DOMAINNAME is used instead if defined.  If the function system-name returns the full Internet name, there is no need to define the domain.

gnus-local-organization

Specifies the organization you belong to.  The environment variable ORGANIZATION is used instead if defined.  If the value begins with a slash, it is taken as the name of a file whose contents are read for the value.

gnus-local-timezone

Specifies the local time zone you belong to.  The value can be either a time zone name such as '"JST"' or a difference in hour from GMT such as '+0900'.  If the variable is non-nil, a general time zone handling package 'timezone.el' is used to generate a valid date for 'Date:' field in terms of RFC822.  Otherwise, if it is nil, GNUS generate a date ignoring the local time zone.  If you are using Bnews, it is okay since 'inews' will rewrite the invalid date.  However, if you are using Cnews or INN, you must set the variable to the correct time zone or remove Date from the variable gnus-required-headers since their 'inews' do not rewrite the wrong 'Date:' field.

If you want to display the time of articles in your local time zone, call the function gnus-gmt-to-local from the hook gnus-article-prepare-hook.

gnus-local-distributions

Specifies a list of distributions.  The head of the list is used as default.  Each element of the list must be a string.  If distributions file is available, its content is also used as distributions.

gnus-use-generic-from

Non-nil means the local host name of your machine will not appear in the 'From:' field of article headers.  If the variable is a string, it is used as your domain instead of the definition by the variable gnus-local-domain or the environment variable DOMAINNAME.

gnus-use-generic-path

Non-nil means the NNTP server name will not appear in the 'Path:' field of article headers.  If the variable is a string, it is used in the 'Path:' field as the NNTP server name instead of the definition by the variable gnus-nntp-server.

gnus-ignored-newsgroups

Specify a regular expression used to ignore uninterested newsgroups in the active file.  Any lines in the active file matching this regular expression are removed from the newsgroup list before anything else is done to it, thus making them effectively invisible.  There is no way to know what newsgroups there are if they are ignored.

gnus-ignored-headers

Specifies header fields which should be ignored in an article.

gnus-required-headers

Specifies header fields which should be included in an article you will post.  RFC977 and RFC1036 require From, Date, Newsgroups, Subject, Message-ID and Path fields.  Organization, Distribution and Lines are optional.  If you want GNUS not to generate some fields, remove them from the variable.  If news system is Cnews, you may have to remove Date and to add Lines.

gnus-startup-file

Specifies a startup file of the Bnews system, usually '.newsrc'.  If there is a file named '.newsrc-server', it is used instead when talking to server.  See Startup File, for more information.

gnus-signature-file

Specifies a signature file of the Bnews system, usually '.signature'.  The signature file is processed by the function gnus-inews-insert-signature called from the hook gnus-prepare-article-hook by default.  If there is a file named '.signature-distribution', it is used instead when the distribution of the article is distribution.  Set the variable to nil to prevent appending the signature file automatically.

gnus-use-cross-reference

Specifies what to do with cross references ('Xref:' field).  If it is nil, cross references are ignored.  If it is t, articles in subscribed newsgroups are only marked as read.  Otherwise, if it is not nil nor t, articles in all newsgroups are marked as read.

gnus-use-followup-to

Specifies what to do with 'Followup-To:' field.  If it is nil, its value is ignored.  If it is non-nil, its value is used as followup newsgroups.  Especially, if it is t and you are going to followup to an article in which poster is specified, your confirmation is required.

gnus-use-full-window

Non-nil means to take up the entire screen of Emacs.  If the variable is nil, the windows used by GNUS will be restricted to the bounds of the original window.  This is very useful if you want to read articles while you do other work in other windows.

gnus-window-configuration

Specifies the configuration of the Group Mode window, the Summary Mode window, and the Article Mode window.  The window configuration can be specified for each action of GNUS (e.g. selecting a newsgroup or selecting an article).  This is quite useful if you are using a slow terminal since the update of Emacs windows can be minimized by displaying these three windows same time.

The variable must be a list of '(action (g s a))', where action is an action being performed, and g, s, and a are the relative heights of the Group Mode window, the Summary Mode window, and the Article Mode window, respectively.  action is summary, newsgroups, or article.

The following example is the default window configuration:

(setq gnus-window-configuration
      '((summary        (0 1 0))
        (newsgroups     (1 0 0))
        (article        (0 3 10))))

The following is an example of yet another two windows mode.  Article buffer is always displayed on a screen.  This is useful on a slow terminal.

(setq gnus-window-configuration
      '((summary        (0 1 0))
        (newsgroups     (1 0 3))
        (article        (0 1 3))))

The following is an example of three windows mode.  Three buffers are always displayed on a screen.  This is also useful on a slow terminal.

(setq gnus-window-configuration
      '((summary        (1 4 0))
        (newsgroups     (1 1 3))
        (article        (1 1 3))))

gnus-large-newsgroup

Specifies the number of the articles which indicates a large newsgroup.  If the number of articles in a newsgroup is greater than this value, the number of articles to be selected is asked for.  If the given value n is positive, the last n articles are selected.  If n is negative, the first n articles are selected.  An empty string means to select all articles.

gnus-author-copy

Specifies a file name saving a copy of an article posted using 'FCC:' field.  The variable is initialized from the AUTHORCOPY environment variable.  The specified file name is inserted in 'FCC:' field, so you have a chance to change the file name or disable saving a copy by editing this field.

The 'FCC:' field is processed by the function gnus-inews-do-fcc called from the hook gnus-inews-article-hook by default.  Unless the first character of the field is `|', the article is saved to the specified file using the function specified by the variable gnus-author-copy-saver.  The default function rmail-output saves in Unix mailbox format.  Instead, if the first character is `|', the contents of the article is send to a program specified by the rest of the value.  For example, articles can be saved in an MH folder by the following:

(setq gnus-author-copy
      "|/usr/local/lib/mh/rcvstore +Article")

gnus-author-copy-saver

Specifies a function to save an author copy to.  The function is called with a file name to save a copy to.  The default function rmail-output saves in Unix mailbox format.

gnus-use-long-file-name

Non-nil means that a newsgroup name is used as a default file name to save articles to.  If it is nil, the directory form of a newsgroup name is used instead.  It is set to nil by default if the variable system-type is either 'usg-unix-v' or 'xenix'.

gnus-mail-save-name

gnus-rmail-save-name

gnus-folder-save-name

gnus-file-save-name

Specifies a function generating a file name to save articles to.  The function is called with newsgroup, headers, and optional last-name.  Newsgroup is a string representing the current newsgroup name.  Headers is a vector containing headers of the current article.  Macros and functions accessing contents of the headers are defined as nntp-header-field and gnus-header-field, respectively.  The following functions are provided as file name generators by default:

gnus-numeric-save-name

Return a file name like 'news.group/number' or 'news/group/number' according to the variable gnus-use-long-file-name.

gnus-Numeric-save-name

Return a file name like 'News.group/number' or 'news/group/number' according to the variable gnus-use-long-file-name.

gnus-plain-save-name

Return a file name like 'news.group' or 'news/group/news' according to the variable gnus-use-long-file-name.

gnus-Plain-save-name

Return a file name like 'News.group' or 'news/group/news' according to the variable gnus-use-long-file-name.

gnus-folder-save-name

Return a folder name like '+news.group' or '+news/group' according to the variable gnus-use-long-file-name.

gnus-Folder-save-name

Return a folder name like '+News.group' or '+news/group' according to the variable gnus-use-long-file-name.

gnus-default-article-saver

Specifies a function to save articles in your favorite format using the command gnus-summary-save-article.  The function must be interactively funcallable.  In other words, it must be an Emacs command.  The functions currently provided are as follows:

gnus-summary-save-in-mail

Save articles in Unix mailbox format.

gnus-summary-save-in-rmail

Save articles in Rmail format.

gnus-summary-save-in-folder

Save articles in an MH folder.

gnus-summary-save-in-file

Save articles in article format.

gnus-article-save-directory

Specifies a directory name to save articles in using the commands gnus-summary-save-in-mail, gnus-summary-save-in-rmail, and gnus-summary-save-in-file.  The variable is initialized from the SAVEDIR environment variable.  Its default value is '~/News'.

gnus-kill-files-directory

Specifies a directory name to save KILL files in using the commands gnus-edit-global-kill, and gnus-edit-local-kill.  The variable is initialized from the SAVEDIR environment variable.  Its default value is '~/News'.

gnus-kill-file-name

Specifies a file name of kill file (see Kill File).  Its default value is 'KILL'.

gnus-novice-user

Non-nil means you are a novice to USENET.  If it is non-nil, verbose messages may be displayed or your confirmations may be required.

gnus-interactive-catchup

Non-nil means that your confirmation is required when catching up a newsgroup in Group mode.

gnus-interactive-post

Non-nil means that newsgroup, subject, and distribution are asked for interactively when composing a new article.

gnus-interactive-exit

Non-nil means that your confirmation is required when exiting GNUS.

gnus-user-login-name

Specifies your login name.  The login name is got from the LOGNAME and USER environment variables and the function user-login-name, if undefined.

gnus-user-full-name

Specifies your full name.  The full name is got from the NAME environment variable and the function user-full-name, if undefined.

gnus-show-all-headers

Non-nil means all headers of an article are shown.

gnus-save-all-headers

Non-nil means all headers of an article are saved in a file.

gnus-show-mime

Non-nil means process a MIME message.  The message is processed by the function specified by the variable gnus-show-mime-method.

gnus-show-threads

Non-nil means conversation threads are displayed in a tree structured form according to references in Summary Mode.

gnus-thread-hide-subject

Non-nil means subjects of lower level threads are hidden if the thread-based reading is turned on.

gnus-thread-hide-subtree

Non-nil means thread subtrees are hidden initially.  If thread subtrees are hidden, you have to run the command gnus-summary-show-thread by hand or by using gnus-select-article-hook to show them.

gnus-thread-hide-killed

Non-nil means killed thread subtrees are hidden automatically.

gnus-thread-ignore-subject

Non-nil means subject differences are ignored but only references are taken into account in constructing threads trees.  If it is non-nil and thread subtrees are hidden, some commands that work with subjects may not work properly.

gnus-thread-indent-level

Specifies indentation level of thread subtrees.

gnus-auto-extend-newsgroup

Non-nil means visible articles are automatically extended to forward and backward if possible when the commands ^N and ^P (gnus-summary-next-article and gnus-summary-prev-article) are executed in Summary Mode.

gnus-auto-select-first

Non-nil means the first unread article is selected automatically when a newsgroup is selected.  If you'd like to prevent automatic selection of the first unread article in some newsgroups, set the variable to nil in the hook gnus-select-group-hook or gnus-apply-kill-hook (see Hooks).

gnus-auto-select-next

Non-nil means the next newsgroup is selected automatically at the end of the newsgroup.  If the value is t and the next newsgroup is empty (no unread articles), GNUS will exit Summary Mode and go back to Group Mode.  If the value is neither nil nor t, GNUS won't exit Summary Mode but will select the following unread newsgroup.  If the value is 'quietly', the next unread newsgroup will be selected without any confirmations.

gnus-auto-select-same

Non-nil means an article with the same subject as the current article is selected automatically like 'rn -S'.

gnus-auto-center-summary

Non-nil means that the cursor is always kept centered in the Summary Mode window.

gnus-auto-mail-to-author

Non-nil means that inserts 'To:' field which is filled with the author of the article when followuping.  Mail is sent using the function specified by the variable gnus-mail-send-method.

gnus-break-pages

Non-nil means an article is broken into pages at page delimiters.  The page delimiter is specified by the variable gnus-page-delimiter.  This may not work with some versions of GNU Emacs earlier than version 18.50.

gnus-page-delimiter

Specifies regexp describing line-beginnings that separate pages of articles.  Its default value is "^\^L".

gnus-digest-show-summary

Non-nil means that a summary of digest messages is shown when reading a digest article using the command gnus-summary-rmail-digest.

gnus-digest-separator

Specifies a regexp which separates messages in a digest article.  Changes to this variable only affect the commands gnus-summary-next-digest and gnus-summary-prev-digest, but not the command gnus-summary-rmail-digest.

gnus-optional-headers

Specifies a function which generates an optional string displayed in the Summary buffer.  The function is called with an article headers, and must return a string excluding '[' and ']'.  Headers is a vector containing headers of the current article.  Macros and functions accessing contents of the headers are defined as nntp-header-field and gnus-header-field, respectively.

GNUS provides two functions as follows:

gnus-optional-lines-and-from

Return a string like "nnn:author", where nnn is the number of lines in an article and author is the name of the author.

gnus-optional-lines

Return a string like "nnn", where nnn is the number of lines in an article.

See Hooks, to change optional headers according to selected newsgroups.

gnus-show-mime-method

Specifies a function to process a MIME message in current buffer.  The function metamail-buffer which process the buffer through 'metamail' is called by default.

gnus-mail-reply-method

Specifies a function to begin composing reply mail messages.  The function will be called with an optional argument which means yank original article automatically if non-nil.  To use Mail Mode, set the variable to gnus-mail-reply-using-mail.  To use mh-e letter Mode, set the variable to gnus-mail-reply-using-mhe.

gnus-mail-forward-method

Specifies a function to forward the current message to another user.  To use Mail Mode, set the variable to gnus-mail-forward-using-mail.  To use mh-e letter Mode, set the variable to gnus-mail-forward-using-mhe.

gnus-mail-other-window-method

Specifies a function to begin composing mail messages in other window.  To use Mail Mode, set the variable to gnus-mail-other-window-using-mail.  To use mh-e letter Mode, set the variable to gnus-mail-other-window-using-mhe.

gnus-mail-send-method

Specifies a function to mail a message too which is being posted as an article.  The message must have 'To:' or 'Cc:' field.  The value of the variable send-mail-function is the default function which uses sendmail mail program.

gnus-subscribe-newsgroup-method

Specifies a function called with a newsgroup name when a new newsgroup is found.  GNUS provides the following three functions:

gnus-subscribe-randomly

Inserts a new newsgroup at the beginning of newsgroups.  Thus, newsgroups are in random order.

gnus-subscribe-alphabetically

Inserts a new newsgroup in strict alphabetic order.

gnus-subscribe-hierarchically

Inserts a new newsgroup in hierarchical newsgroup order.

gnus-subscribe-interactively

Asks for your decision about a new newsgroup subscription, and inserts it in hierarchical newsgroup order if it is subscribed.  Unless, it is killed.

The following two definitions illustrate how to write your favorite subscribing method.  The following definition (is the definition of the function gnus-subscribe-randomly) adds new newsgroup at the beginning of newsgroups:

(setq gnus-subscribe-newsgroup-method
      '(lambda (newsgroup)
         (gnus-subscribe-newsgroup newsgroup
                                   (car (car gnus-newsrc-assoc)))))

Instead, if you want to add new newsgroup at the end of newsgroups, use the following:

(setq gnus-subscribe-newsgroup-method
      '(lambda (newsgroup)
         (gnus-subscribe-newsgroup newsgroup nil)))

If you want to prevent adding new newsgroups automatically and want to subscribe them later using the command ^U (gnus-group-unsubscribe-group) in the Newsgroup buffer, use the following:

(setq gnus-subscribe-newsgroup-method
      '(lambda (newsgroup) nil))        ;Do nothing.

The following final example must be the most useful for you who want not to add new newsgroups automatically.  This definition subscribes a new newsgroup first, and then kills it.  The killed newsgroups can be added to the subscription list interactively using Browse-Killed Mode (see Maintaining Subscriptions).

(setq gnus-subscribe-newsgroup-method
      '(lambda (newsgroup)
         (gnus-subscribe-newsgroup newsgroup)
         (gnus-kill-newsgroup newsgroup)))


NNTP Specific Variables
Node: NNTP Variables, Next: Spool Variables, Prev: Variables, Up: Customization

NNTP Specific Variables

nntp-buggy-select

Non-nil means the select routine of your operating system is buggy.  GNUS may hang up while waiting for NNTP server responses.  The problem may be solved by setting the variable to t.

nntp-maximum-request

Specifies the maximum number of requests to be sent to the NNTP server at one time.  GNUS may hang up while retrieving headers of a large newsgroup because sending many requests to the NNTP server without reading replies to them causes deadlock.  In this case, set the variable to a lower number.

nntp-large-newsgroup

Specifies the number of articles which indicates a large newsgroup.  If the number of articles is greater than the value, verbose messages will be shown to indicate the current status.

nntp-debug-read

Non-nil means display dots "..." every 10000 bytes of a message being received.  If it is a number, dots are displayed per the number.  Set the variable to nil if you are annoyed about verbose messages while reading news from slow terminal.

tcp-program-name

This variable specifies the name of the program which establishes communications between Emacs and the NNTP server.  Its default value is "tcp".  (the program tcp comes with GNU Emacs.)  This variable is relevant only if you load the library 'tcp.el', which you should do only if your Emacs does not have the function open-network-stream.


Local News Spool Specific Variables
Node: Spool Variables, Next: Directory Variables, Prev: NNTP Variables, Up: Customization

Local News Spool Specific Variables

nnspool-inews-program

Specifies a program to post news.  This is default to the variable news-inews-program which is default to 'inews'.

nnspool-inews-switches

Specifies switches for the function nnspool-request-post to pass to the command 'inews' for posting news.  Its default value is ("-h").

nnspool-spool-directory

Specifies a directory of a local news spool.  This is default to the variable news-path which is default to '/usr/spool/news'.

nnspool-active-file

Specifies an active file of the system for a local news spool.  Its default value is '/usr/lib/news/active'.

nnspool-newsgroups-file

Specifies an newsgroups file of the system for a local news spool.  Its default value is '/usr/lib/news/newsgroups'.

nnspool-distributions-file

Specifies an distributions file of the system for a local news spool.  Its default value is '/usr/lib/news/distributions'.

nnspool-history-file

Specifies a history file of the system for a local news spool.  Its default value is '/usr/lib/news/history'.  Some machines may not have this file.  In this case, commands to refer to articles by Message-IDs will not work at all (see Referencing Articles).


Private Directory Specific Variables
Node: Directory Variables, Next: Hooks, Prev: Spool Variables, Up: Customization

Private Directory Specific Variables

mhspool-list-folders-method

Specifies a function to fill the current buffer with file and directory names for a given directory name.  The output format must be the same as that of the Unix command 'ls -R1'.  Two functions mhspool-list-folders-using-ls and mhspool-list-folders-using-sh are provided now.

mhspool-list-directory-switches

Specifies switches for the function mhspool-list-folders-using-ls to pass to the command 'ls' for getting file listings in a private directory.  There should be one entry for each line.  Its default value is ("-R").  Some machines may require the ("-R1") switch.


Function Hooks
Node: Hooks, Next: , Prev: Directory Variables, Up: Customization

Function Hooks

gnus-group-mode-hook

Called with no arguments after initializing Group Mode if its value is non-nil.  This hook is intended to customize Group Mode only once.  It is possible to define or change the NNTP server as you like in this hook since the hook is called before GNUS is connected to an NNTP server.

gnus-summary-mode-hook

Called with no arguments after initializing Summary Mode if its value is non-nil.  This hook is intended to customize Summary Mode only once.  All sorts of searches in Summary Mode normally ignore the case of the text they are searching through.  If you do not want to ignore the case, set the variable case-fold-search to nil in this hook.

The following example shows how to assign the functions gnus-summary-next-group and gnus-summary-prev-group to keys in Summary Mode.

(setq gnus-summary-mode-hook
      '(lambda ()
         (local-set-key "\C-cn" 'gnus-summary-next-group)
         (local-set-key "\C-cp" 'gnus-summary-prev-group)))

gnus-article-mode-hook

Called with no arguments after initializing Article Mode if its value is non-nil.  This hook is intended to customize Article Mode only once.

gnus-kill-file-mode-hook

Called with no arguments after initializing Kill-File Mode if its value is non-nil.

gnus-browse-killed-mode-hook

Called with no arguments after initializing Browse-Killed Mode if its value is non-nil.

gnus-open-server-hook

Called with no arguments just before opening a connection to NNTP server if its value is non-nil.

gnus-startup-hook

Called with no arguments after an NNTP server is successfully connected to if its value is non-nil.  It is possible to change the behavior of GNUS according to the server.

gnus-group-prepare-hook

Called with no arguments after a list of newsgroups is prepared in the Newsgroup buffer.  This hook is intended to modify the buffer.

gnus-summary-prepare-hook

Called with no arguments after list of subjects is prepared in the Summary buffer.  This hook is intended to modify the buffer.

gnus-article-prepare-hook

Called with no arguments after an article is prepared in the Article buffer.  This hook is intended to modify the buffer.  For example, kanji code conversion or un-ROT13/47-ing can be done in this hook.

gnus-select-group-hook

Called with no arguments when a newsgroup is selected.  This hook is intended to change the behavior of GNUS according to the selected newsgroup.

The following is an example of sorting the headers listed in the Summary buffer by date and then by subject.  Preceding 'Re:' of subjects is ignored while comparing subjects.

(setq gnus-select-group-hook
      '(lambda ()
         ;; First of all, sort by date.
         (gnus-keysort-headers
          (function string-lessp)
          (function
           (lambda (a)
             (gnus-sortable-date (gnus-header-date a)))))
         ;; Then sort by subject ignoring `Re:'.
         (gnus-keysort-headers
          (function string-lessp)
          (function
           (lambda (a)
             (if case-fold-search
                 (downcase (gnus-simplify-subject (gnus-header-subject a) t))
               (gnus-simplify-subject (gnus-header-subject a) t)))))
        ))

The following is an example of simplifying subjects like the gnus-summary-next-same-subject command does:

(setq gnus-select-group-hook
      '(lambda ()
         (mapcar (function
                  (lambda (header)
                    (nntp-set-header-subject
                     header
                     (gnus-simplify-subject
                      (gnus-header-subject header) 're-only))))
                 gnus-newsgroup-headers)))

In some newsgroups, author names are meaningless.  It is possible to prevent listing author names in the Summary buffer as follows:

(setq gnus-select-group-hook
      '(lambda ()
         (cond ((string-equal "comp.sources.unix"
                              gnus-newsgroup-name)
                (setq gnus-optional-headers
                      (function gnus-optional-lines)))
               (t
                (setq gnus-optional-headers
                      (function
                         gnus-optional-lines-and-from))))))

gnus-select-article-hook

Called with no arguments when an article is selected if its value is non-nil.

The default hook definition shows conversation thread subtrees of the selected article automatically as follows:

(setq gnus-select-article-hook
      '(lambda ()
         (gnus-summary-show-thread)))

It is possible to run Rmail on a digest article automatically as follows:

(setq gnus-select-article-hook
      '(lambda ()
         (gnus-summary-show-thread)
         (cond ((string-equal "comp.sys.sun"
                              gnus-newsgroup-name)
                (gnus-summary-rmail-digest))
               ((and (string-equal "comp.text"
                                   gnus-newsgroup-name)
                     (string-match "^TeXhax Digest"
                                   (gnus-header-subject
                                      gnus-current-headers)))
                (gnus-summary-rmail-digest)
                ))))

gnus-select-digest-hook

Called with no arguments when reading digest messages using Rmail if its value is non-nil.  This hook is intended to modify an article so that Rmail can work with it.  See Digest Articles, for more information on digest articles.

The following example is the default hook definition to modify incomplete digest articles:

(setq gnus-select-digest-hook
      '(lambda ()
         ;; Reply-To: is required by
         ;; `undigestify-rmail-message'.
         (or (mail-position-on-field "Reply-to" t)
             (progn
               (mail-position-on-field "Reply-to")
               (insert (gnus-fetch-field "From"))))))

gnus-rmail-digest-hook

Called with no arguments when reading digest messages using Rmail if its value is non-nil.  This hook is intended to customize Rmail Mode for reading digest articles.

gnus-apply-kill-hook

Called with no arguments when a newsgroup is selected and the Summary buffer is prepared if its value is non-nil.  This hook is intended to apply kill files to the selected newsgroup.  It is set to the function gnus-apply-kill-file by default.

Since a general kill file is too heavy to use only for a few newsgroups, a lighter hook function is recommended.  For example, if you'd like to apply kills to articles which contain the string 'rmgroup' in subject in newsgroup 'control', you can use the following hook:

(setq gnus-apply-kill-hook
      '(lambda ()
         (cond ((string-match "control" gnus-newsgroup-name)
                (gnus-kill "Subject" "rmgroup")
                (gnus-expunge "X")))))

See Kill File, for more information on kill files.

gnus-mark-article-hook

Called with no arguments when an article is selected for the first time if its value is non-nil.  The hook is intended to mark an article as read (or saved) automatically when it is selected.

The following example is the default definition of the hook:

(setq gnus-mark-article-hook
      '(lambda ()
         ;; Mark the selected article as read.
         (or (memq gnus-current-article gnus-newsgroup-marked)
             (gnus-summary-mark-as-read gnus-current-article))
         ;; Put "+" on the current subject.
         (gnus-summary-set-current-mark "+")
         ))

It is possible to mark as saved ('-') instead when an article is selected as follows:

(setq gnus-mark-article-hook
      '(lambda ()
         ;; Mark the selected article as saved.
         (gnus-summary-mark-as-unread gnus-current-article)
         ;; Put "+" on the current subject.
         (gnus-summary-set-current-mark "+")
         ))

gnus-prepare-article-hook

Called with no arguments after preparing message body, but before preparing header fields which is automatically generated if its value is non-nil.  Text changes made by this hook does not affect on the editing text.  The default hook inserts a signature file by calling the function gnus-inews-insert-signature.

gnus-inews-article-hook

Called with no arguments before posting an article if its value is non-nil.  This hook is called just before sending an article to the NNTP server or calling the 'inews' program.  Text changes made by this hook does not affect on the editing text.  It is no recommended to alter the number of lines of the article since 'Lines:' field may be already there.  The default hook does FCC (save an article to the specified file) by calling the function gnus-inews-do-fcc.

gnus-exit-group-hook

Called with no arguments when exiting the current newsgroup if its value is non-nil.  If your machine is so slow that exiting from Summary Mode takes a long time, you can inhibit marking articles as read by using cross-reference information in the 'Xref:' field by setting the variable gnus-newsgroup-headers to nil in this hook.

gnus-exit-gnus-hook

Called with no arguments when exiting GNUS if its value is non-nil.  If you want to clear out Emacs buffers which were created by GNUS and remain afterwards, you can use this hook.

The following example shows how to kill a buffer which was used for posting news.

(setq gnus-exit-gnus-hook
      '(lambda ()
         ;; Kill a buffer used for posting news.
         (and (get-buffer "*post-news*")
              (kill-buffer "*post-news*"))))

gnus-suspend-gnus-hook

Called with no arguments when suspending GNUS if its value is non-nil.  The purpose is the same as the hook gnus-exit-gnus-hook.

gnus-save-newsrc-hook

Called with no arguments before saving the startup file '.newsrc' if its value is non-nil.  This hook is intended to change the way of backing up the startup file.


Troubleshooting GNUS
Node: Troubleshooting, Next: Customization, Prev: Kill File, Up: Top

Troubleshooting GNUS

 Emacs may hang up while waiting for NNTP server responses.  This may be caused by a buggy select routine of your operating system.  If so, the problem may be solved by loading the source code for the library 'nntp.el' instead of running the byte-compiled version.  If you still have problems with it, set the variable nntp-buggy-select to t.

 Emacs may hang up while retrieving headers of a large newsgroup.  The reason is that too many requests have been sent to the NNTP server without reading replies to them.  This causes a deadlock of Emacs and the server.  In this case, the number of requests sent to the server at one time must be reduced.  Set the variable nntp-maximum-request to a lower value than the default.  The optimal value depends on your computing environment.


Reporting Bugs
Node: Reporting Bugs, Next: Index, Prev: Customization, Up: Top

Reporting Bugs

Mailing Lists and USENET Newsgroup

  There are two mailing lists and one USENET newsgroup for discussing GNUS related topics.  These are intended for exchanging useful information about GNUS, such as bug reports, useful hooks, and extensions of GNUS.  If you have any questions or problems, feel free to ask about them.  Suggestions are also welcome.

gnu.emacs.gnus

This is a USENET newsgroup under the gnu.all hierarchy which is concerned with the GNU Project of the Free Software Foundation.

info-gnus-english@tut.cis.ohio-state.edu

This is an Internet mailing list which is gated bi-directionally with the gnu.emacs.gnus newsgroup.  English is the official language of the list.  Please send subscription requests to:

info-gnus-english-request@tut.cis.ohio-state.edu

info-gnus@flab.Fujitsu.CO.JP

This is a JUNET mailing list.  Messages of info-gnus-english and gnu.emacs.gnus are forwarded to this list.  English and Japanese are the official languages of the list.  Please send subscription requests to:

info-gnus-request@flab.Fujitsu.CO.JP

The major difference between info-gnus-english/gnu.emacs.gnus and info-gnus is the official language.  There is no need to subscribe to info-gnus if you cannot read messages written in Japanese since most discussions and important announcements will be sent to info-gnus-english.

How to Report a Bug

  If you find a bug, it is important to report it and to report it in a way which is useful.  If it is a bug of a lisp program, what is the most useful is an exact backtrace information of the lisp program together with the version number of GNUS that you are using.

To make the backtrace information, you must set the Emacs variable debug-on-error to t before the error happens.  A backtrace obtained from a byte-compiled lisp program is not usually understandable.  To make a human readable backtrace, load the source program which is not byte-compiled yet and then produce the error.

See Reporting Bugs, for more information.


Index
Node: Index, Next: , Prev: Reporting Bugs, Up: Top

Index

& (Summary Mode):	See Searching Articles.

. (Summary Mode):	See Moving Among Articles.

.newsrc <1>:	See Startup File.

.newsrc:	See Variables.

.signature:	See Variables.

/usr/lib/news/active:	See Spool Variables.

/usr/lib/news/distributions:	See Spool Variables.

/usr/lib/news/history:	See Spool Variables.

/usr/lib/news/newsgroups:	See Spool Variables.

< (Group Mode):	See Browsing Newsgroups.

< (Summary Mode):	See Scrolling.

= (Group Mode):	See Selecting a Newsgroup.

= (Summary Mode):	See Reading an Article.

> (Group Mode):	See Browsing Newsgroups.

> (Summary Mode):	See Scrolling.

SAVEDIR environment variable:	See Saving Articles.

a (Group Mode):	See Other Newsgroup Commands.

a (Summary Mode):	See Posting Articles.

active file <1>:	See Finding the News.

active file <1>:	See Spool Variables.

active file:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

add newsgroups <1>:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

add newsgroups:	See Variables.

Article buffer:	See Buffers of GNUS.

Article mode:	See Buffers of GNUS.

article status:	See Marking Articles.

AUTHORCOPY:	See Variables.

b (Group Mode):	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

batch kill processing:	See Background Kills.

Bnews:	See Variables.

bogus newsgroups:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

break into pages:	See Variables.

break into pages (GNUS):	See Reading an Article.

buffers of GNUS:	See Buffers of GNUS.

bug report:	See Reporting Bugs.

C (Group Mode):	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

c (Summary Mode):	See Marking Articles.

C (Summary Mode):	See Posting Articles.

C-c C-a (Kill-File Mode):	See Editing Kill Files.

C-c C-c (Kill-File Mode):	See Editing Kill Files.

C-c C-e (Kill-File Mode):	See Editing Kill Files.

C-c C-f (Summary Mode):	See Forward and Reply.

C-c C-k C-a (Kill-File Mode):	See Editing Kill Files.

C-c C-k C-s (Kill-File Mode):	See Editing Kill Files.

C-c C-l (Group Mode):	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

C-c C-n (Summary Mode):	See Digest Articles.

C-c C-p (Summary Mode):	See Digest Articles.

C-c C-r (Summary Mode):	See Reading an Article.

C-c C-s C-a (Summary Mode):	See Sorting Headers.

C-c C-s C-d (Summary Mode):	See Sorting Headers.

C-c C-s C-n (Summary Mode):	See Sorting Headers.

C-c C-s C-s (Summary Mode):	See Sorting Headers.

C-c C-y (News Mode):	See Posting Articles.

C-d (Summary Mode):	See Digest Articles.

C-h m:	See Posting Articles.

C-k (Group Mode):	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

C-k (Summary Mode):	See Marking Articles.

C-M-b (Summary Mode):	See Thread-based Reading.

C-M-d (Summary Mode):	See Thread-based Reading.

C-M-f (Summary Mode):	See Thread-based Reading.

C-M-h (Summary Mode):	See Thread-based Reading.

C-M-k (Summary Mode):	See Thread-based Reading.

C-M-n (Summary Mode):	See Moving Among Articles.

C-M-p (Summary Mode):	See Moving Among Articles.

C-M-s (Summary Mode):	See Thread-based Reading.

C-M-t (Summary Mode):	See Thread-based Reading.

C-M-u (Summary Mode):	See Thread-based Reading.

C-n (Group Mode):	See Browsing Newsgroups.

C-n (Summary Mode):	See Summary Motion.

C-o (Summary Mode):	See Saving Articles.

C-p (Group Mode):	See Browsing Newsgroups.

C-p (Summary Mode):	See Summary Motion.

C-t (Summary Mode):	See Reading an Article.

C-u M-x gnus:	See Getting Started.

C-w (Group Mode):	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

C-x C-s (Summary Mode):	See Exiting Newsgroup.

C-x C-t (Group Mode):	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

C-x w:	See Browsing Newsgroups.

C-y (Group Mode):	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

caesar messages:	See Reading an Article.

cancel article:	See Posting Articles.

catch up <1>:	See Marking Articles.

catch up <1>:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

catch up:	See Marking Articles.

change the order of newsgroups:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

Cnews:	See Variables.

configure windows <1>:	See Variables.

configure windows:	See Buffers of GNUS.

conversation threads:	See Variables.

cross-references <1>:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

cross-references:	See Variables.

d (Summary Mode):	See Marking Articles.

Date field:	See Variables.

debug NNTP communication:	See NNTP Variables.

DEL (Article Mode):	See Article Commands.

DEL (Group Mode):	See Browsing Newsgroups.

DEL (Summary Mode):	See Scrolling.

delete newsgroups:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

describe-mode:	See Posting Articles.

digest articles:	See Digest Articles.

digest separator <1>:	See Variables.

digest separator:	See Digest Articles.

digest summary <1>:	See Digest Articles.

digest summary:	See Variables.

distributions:	See Variables.

distributions file:	See Spool Variables.

domain:	See Variables.

DOMAINNAME:	See Variables.

edit global KILL file:	See Editing Kill Files.

edit kill file:	See Other Newsgroup Commands.

edit local KILL file:	See Editing Kill Files.

encrypted articles:	See Reading an Article.

entire screen:	See Variables.

f (Summary Mode):	See Posting Articles.

followup to article <1>:	See Posting Articles.

followup to article:	See Variables.

Followup-To field:	See Variables.

forward article:	See Variables.

From field:	See Variables.

full name of user:	See Variables.

full window:	See Variables.

g (Group Mode):	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

g (Summary Mode):	See Reading an Article.

GENERICFROM:	See Variables.

GENERICPATH:	See Variables.

global kill file:	See Kill File.

gnu.emacs.gnus:	See Reporting Bugs.

gnus:	See Getting Started.

GNUS buffers:	See Buffers of GNUS.

GNUS major modes:	See Buffers of GNUS.

GNUS windows:	See Buffers of GNUS.

gnus-apply-kill-file:	See Advanced Kills.

gnus-apply-kill-hook <1>:	See Hooks.

gnus-apply-kill-hook:	See Advanced Kills.

gnus-article-mode-hook:	See Hooks.

gnus-article-next-page:	See Article Commands.

gnus-article-pop-article:	See Article Commands.

gnus-article-prepare-hook <1>:	See Variables.

gnus-article-prepare-hook:	See Hooks.

gnus-article-prev-page:	See Article Commands.

gnus-article-refer-article:	See Article Commands.

gnus-article-save-directory <1>:	See Variables.

gnus-article-save-directory:	See Saving Articles.

gnus-article-show-summary:	See Article Commands.

gnus-author-copy:	See Variables.

gnus-author-copy-saver:	See Variables.

gnus-auto-center-summary:	See Variables.

gnus-auto-extend-newsgroup <1>:	See Variables.

gnus-auto-extend-newsgroup:	See Moving Among Articles.

gnus-auto-mail-to-author:	See Variables.

gnus-auto-select-first:	See Variables.

gnus-auto-select-next <1>:	See Moving Among Articles.

gnus-auto-select-next:	See Variables.

gnus-auto-select-same <1>:	See Variables.

gnus-auto-select-same:	See Moving Among Articles.

gnus-batch-kill:	See Background Kills.

gnus-break-pages <1>:	See Variables.

gnus-break-pages:	See Reading an Article.

gnus-browse-killed-mode-hook:	See Hooks.

gnus-current-article:	See Hooks.

gnus-current-headers:	See Hooks.

gnus-date-lessp:	See Hooks.

gnus-default-article-saver:	See Variables.

gnus-digest-separator <1>:	See Digest Articles.

gnus-digest-separator:	See Variables.

gnus-digest-show-summary <1>:	See Variables.

gnus-digest-show-summary:	See Digest Articles.

gnus-edit-global-kill:	See Variables.

gnus-edit-local-kill:	See Variables.

gnus-exit-gnus-hook <1>:	See Hooks.

gnus-exit-gnus-hook:	See Exiting GNUS.

gnus-exit-group-hook:	See Hooks.

gnus-expunge <1>:	See Making a Kill File.

gnus-expunge:	See Kill File Example.

gnus-fetch-field:	See Hooks.

gnus-file-save-name:	See Variables.

gnus-Folder-save-name:	See Variables.

gnus-gmt-to-local:	See Variables.

gnus-group-catchup:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

gnus-group-catchup-all:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

gnus-group-check-bogus-groups:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

gnus-group-edit-global-kill:	See Other Newsgroup Commands.

gnus-group-edit-local-kill:	See Other Newsgroup Commands.

gnus-group-exit:	See Exiting GNUS.

gnus-group-force-update:	See Startup File.

gnus-group-get-new-news:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

gnus-group-jump-to-group:	See Browsing Newsgroups.

gnus-group-kill-group:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

gnus-group-kill-region:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

gnus-group-list-all-groups:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

gnus-group-list-groups:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

gnus-group-mode-hook:	See Hooks.

gnus-group-next-group:	See Browsing Newsgroups.

gnus-group-next-unread-group:	See Browsing Newsgroups.

gnus-group-post-news:	See Other Newsgroup Commands.

gnus-group-prepare-hook:	See Hooks.

gnus-group-prev-group:	See Browsing Newsgroups.

gnus-group-prev-unread-group:	See Browsing Newsgroups.

gnus-group-quit:	See Exiting GNUS.

gnus-group-read-group:	See Selecting a Newsgroup.

gnus-group-restart:	See Startup File.

gnus-group-restrict-groups:	See Browsing Newsgroups.

gnus-group-select-group:	See Selecting a Newsgroup.

gnus-group-suspend:	See Exiting GNUS.

gnus-group-transpose-groups:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

gnus-group-unsubscribe-current-group:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

gnus-group-unsubscribe-group <1>:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

gnus-group-unsubscribe-group:	See Variables.

gnus-group-yank-group:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

gnus-header-field:	See Variables.

gnus-header-date:	See Hooks.

gnus-header-subject:	See Hooks.

gnus-ignored-headers <1>:	See Reading an Article.

gnus-ignored-headers:	See Variables.

gnus-ignored-newsgroups:	See Variables.

gnus-inews-article-hook <1>:	See Variables.

gnus-inews-article-hook:	See Hooks.

gnus-inews-do-fcc <1>:	See Hooks.

gnus-inews-do-fcc:	See Variables.

gnus-inews-insert-signature <1>:	See Variables.

gnus-inews-insert-signature:	See Hooks.

gnus-interactive-catchup:	See Variables.

gnus-interactive-exit:	See Variables.

gnus-interactive-post <1>:	See Variables.

gnus-interactive-post:	See Posting Articles.

gnus-kill <1>:	See Making a Kill File.

gnus-kill:	See Hooks.

gnus-kill-file-apply-buffer:	See Editing Kill Files.

gnus-kill-file-apply-last-sexp:	See Editing Kill Files.

gnus-kill-file-exit:	See Editing Kill Files.

gnus-kill-file-kill-by-author:	See Editing Kill Files.

gnus-kill-file-kill-by-subject:	See Editing Kill Files.

gnus-kill-file-mode-hook:	See Hooks.

gnus-kill-file-name <1>:	See Names of Kill Files.

gnus-kill-file-name:	See Variables.

gnus-kill-files-directory <1>:	See Variables.

gnus-kill-files-directory:	See Names of Kill Files.

gnus-kill-newsgroup:	See Variables.

gnus-large-newsgroup <1>:	See Variables.

gnus-large-newsgroup:	See Selecting a Newsgroup.

gnus-list-killed-groups:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

gnus-local-distributions:	See Variables.

gnus-local-domain:	See Variables.

gnus-local-organization:	See Variables.

gnus-local-timezone:	See Variables.

gnus-mail-forward-method:	See Variables.

gnus-mail-forward-using-mail:	See Variables.

gnus-mail-forward-using-mhe:	See Variables.

gnus-mail-other-window-method:	See Variables.

gnus-mail-other-window-using-mail:	See Variables.

gnus-mail-other-window-using-mhe:	See Variables.

gnus-mail-reply-method:	See Variables.

gnus-mail-reply-using-mail:	See Variables.

gnus-mail-reply-using-mhe:	See Variables.

gnus-mail-save-name:	See Variables.

gnus-mail-send-method:	See Variables.

gnus-mark-article-hook:	See Hooks.

gnus-newsgroup-headers:	See Hooks.

gnus-newsgroup-kill-file:	See Advanced Kills.

gnus-newsgroup-marked:	See Hooks.

gnus-newsgroup-name <1>:	See Advanced Kills.

gnus-newsgroup-name:	See Hooks.

gnus-newsrc-assoc:	See Variables.

gnus-nntp-server <1>:	See Kill File Example.

gnus-nntp-server <1>:	See Variables.

gnus-nntp-server:	See Advanced Kills.

gnus-nntp-service:	See Variables.

gnus-novice-user <1>:	See Variables.

gnus-novice-user:	See Posting Articles.

gnus-numeric-save-name:	See Variables.

gnus-open-server-hook:	See Hooks.

gnus-optional-headers <1>:	See Summary Buffer.

gnus-optional-headers <1>:	See Hooks.

gnus-optional-headers:	See Variables.

gnus-optional-lines <1>:	See Variables.

gnus-optional-lines:	See Hooks.

gnus-optional-lines-and-from <1>:	See Variables.

gnus-optional-lines-and-from:	See Hooks.

gnus-page-delimiter <1>:	See Variables.

gnus-page-delimiter <1>:	See Reading an Article.

gnus-page-delimiter:	See Variables.

gnus-plain-save-name:	See Variables.

gnus-prepare-article-hook <1>:	See Hooks.

gnus-prepare-article-hook:	See Variables.

gnus-required-headers:	See Variables.

gnus-rmail-digest-hook:	See Hooks.

gnus-rmail-save-name:	See Variables.

gnus-save-all-headers:	See Variables.

gnus-save-newsrc-hook:	See Hooks.

gnus-select-article-hook <1>:	See Digest Articles.

gnus-select-article-hook:	See Hooks.

gnus-select-digest-hook <1>:	See Hooks.

gnus-select-digest-hook:	See Digest Articles.

gnus-select-group-hook <1>:	See Hooks.

gnus-select-group-hook:	See Sorting Headers.

gnus-show-all-headers:	See Variables.

gnus-show-mime:	See Variables.

gnus-show-mime-method:	See Variables.

gnus-show-threads <1>:	See Thread-based Reading.

gnus-show-threads:	See Variables.

gnus-signature-file:	See Variables.

gnus-simplify-subject:	See Hooks.

gnus-sort-headers:	See Hooks.

gnus-startup-file:	See Variables.

gnus-startup-hook:	See Hooks.

gnus-string-lessp:	See Hooks.

gnus-subscribe-alphabetically:	See Variables.

gnus-subscribe-hierarchically:	See Variables.

gnus-subscribe-interactively:	See Variables.

gnus-subscribe-newsgroup:	See Variables.

gnus-subscribe-newsgroup-method:	See Variables.

gnus-subscribe-randomly:	See Variables.

gnus-summary-beginning-of-article:	See Scrolling.

gnus-summary-caesar-message:	See Reading an Article.

gnus-summary-cancel-article:	See Posting Articles.

gnus-summary-catchup:	See Marking Articles.

gnus-summary-catchup-all:	See Marking Articles.

gnus-summary-catchup-all-and-exit:	See Marking Articles.

gnus-summary-catchup-and-exit:	See Marking Articles.

gnus-summary-clear-mark-forward:	See Marking Articles.

gnus-summary-delete-marked-as-read:	See Marking Articles.

gnus-summary-delete-marked-with:	See Marking Articles.

gnus-summary-down-thread:	See Thread-based Reading.

gnus-summary-edit-global-kill:	See Editing Kill Files.

gnus-summary-edit-local-kill:	See Editing Kill Files.

gnus-summary-end-of-article:	See Scrolling.

gnus-summary-execute-command:	See Searching Articles.

gnus-summary-exit:	See Exiting Newsgroup.

gnus-summary-expand-window:	See Reading an Article.

gnus-summary-first-unread-article:	See Moving Among Articles.

gnus-summary-followup:	See Posting Articles.

gnus-summary-followup-with-original:	See Posting Articles.

gnus-summary-goto-last-article:	See Moving Among Articles.

gnus-summary-goto-subject:	See Summary Motion.

gnus-summary-hide-all-threads:	See Thread-based Reading.

gnus-summary-hide-thread:	See Thread-based Reading.

gnus-summary-isearch-article:	See Searching Articles.

gnus-summary-kill-same-subject:	See Marking Articles.

gnus-summary-kill-same-subject-and-select:	See Marking Articles.

gnus-summary-kill-thread:	See Thread-based Reading.

gnus-summary-mail-forward:	See Forward and Reply.

gnus-summary-mail-other-window:	See Forward and Reply.

gnus-summary-mark-as-read:	See Hooks.

gnus-summary-mark-as-read-forward:	See Marking Articles.

gnus-summary-mark-as-unread:	See Hooks.

gnus-summary-mark-as-unread-forward:	See Marking Articles.

gnus-summary-mode-hook:	See Hooks.

gnus-summary-next-article:	See Moving Among Articles.

gnus-summary-next-digest <1>:	See Digest Articles.

gnus-summary-next-digest <1>:	See Variables.

gnus-summary-next-digest:	See Digest Articles.

gnus-summary-next-page <1>:	See Reading an Article.

gnus-summary-next-page <1>:	See Scrolling.

gnus-summary-next-page:	See Reading Articles.

gnus-summary-next-same-subject:	See Moving Among Articles.

gnus-summary-next-subject:	See Summary Motion.

gnus-summary-next-thread:	See Thread-based Reading.

gnus-summary-next-unread-article:	See Moving Among Articles.

gnus-summary-next-unread-subject:	See Summary Motion.

gnus-summary-pipe-output:	See Saving Articles.

gnus-summary-post-news:	See Posting Articles.

gnus-summary-prepare-hook:	See Hooks.

gnus-summary-prev-article:	See Moving Among Articles.

gnus-summary-prev-digest <1>:	See Variables.

gnus-summary-prev-digest:	See Digest Articles.

gnus-summary-prev-page:	See Scrolling.

gnus-summary-prev-same-subject:	See Moving Among Articles.

gnus-summary-prev-subject:	See Summary Motion.

gnus-summary-prev-thread:	See Thread-based Reading.

gnus-summary-prev-unread-article:	See Moving Among Articles.

gnus-summary-prev-unread-subject:	See Summary Motion.

gnus-summary-quit:	See Exiting Newsgroup.

gnus-summary-refer-article:	See Referencing Articles.

gnus-summary-refer-parent-article:	See Referencing Articles.

gnus-summary-reply:	See Forward and Reply.

gnus-summary-reply-with-original:	See Forward and Reply.

gnus-summary-reselect-current-group:	See Exiting Newsgroup.

gnus-summary-rmail-digest <1>:	See Variables.

gnus-summary-rmail-digest:	See Digest Articles.

gnus-summary-save-article <1>:	See Saving Articles.

gnus-summary-save-article:	See Variables.

gnus-summary-save-in-file:	See Variables.

gnus-summary-save-in-folder:	See Variables.

gnus-summary-save-in-mail <1>:	See Variables.

gnus-summary-save-in-mail:	See Saving Articles.

gnus-summary-save-in-rmail:	See Variables.

gnus-summary-scroll-up:	See Scrolling.

gnus-summary-search-article-backward:	See Searching Articles.

gnus-summary-search-article-forward:	See Searching Articles.

gnus-summary-set-current-mark:	See Hooks.

gnus-summary-show-all-threads:	See Thread-based Reading.

gnus-summary-show-article:	See Reading an Article.

gnus-summary-show-thread <1>:	See Thread-based Reading.

gnus-summary-show-thread <1>:	See Hooks.

gnus-summary-show-thread:	See Thread-based Reading.

gnus-summary-sort-by-author:	See Sorting Headers.

gnus-summary-sort-by-date:	See Sorting Headers.

gnus-summary-sort-by-number:	See Sorting Headers.

gnus-summary-sort-by-subject:	See Sorting Headers.

gnus-summary-stop-page-breaking:	See Reading an Article.

gnus-summary-toggle-header:	See Reading an Article.

gnus-summary-toggle-mime:	See Reading an Article.

gnus-summary-toggle-threads:	See Thread-based Reading.

gnus-summary-toggle-truncation:	See Reading an Article.

gnus-summary-up-thread:	See Thread-based Reading.

gnus-suspend-gnus-hook <1>:	See Exiting GNUS.

gnus-suspend-gnus-hook:	See Hooks.

gnus-thread-hide-killed <1>:	See Thread-based Reading.

gnus-thread-hide-killed:	See Variables.

gnus-thread-hide-subject:	See Variables.

gnus-thread-hide-subtree <1>:	See Variables.

gnus-thread-hide-subtree:	See Thread-based Reading.

gnus-thread-ignore-subject:	See Variables.

gnus-thread-indent-level:	See Variables.

gnus-use-cross-reference:	See Variables.

gnus-use-followup-to:	See Variables.

gnus-use-full-window:	See Variables.

gnus-use-generic-from:	See Variables.

gnus-use-generic-path:	See Variables.

gnus-use-long-file-name <1>:	See Variables.

gnus-use-long-file-name:	See Names of Kill Files.

gnus-user-full-name:	See Variables.

gnus-user-login-name:	See Variables.

gnus-window-configuration <1>:	See Variables.

gnus-window-configuration <1>:	See Article Commands.

gnus-window-configuration:	See Buffers of GNUS.

Group mode:	See Newsgroup Buffer.

h (Article Mode):	See Article Commands.

history file:	See Spool Variables.

incomplete digest articles:	See Digest Articles.

inews <1>:	See Variables.

inews <1>:	See Spool Variables.

inews:	See Hooks.

info-gnus:	See Reporting Bugs.

info-gnus-english:	See Reporting Bugs.

INN:	See Variables.

invoke GNUS:	See Getting Started.

j (Group Mode):	See Browsing Newsgroups.

j (Summary Mode):	See Summary Motion.

k (Summary Mode):	See Marking Articles.

Kill file <1>:	See Variables.

Kill file:	See Kill File.

kill newsgroups <1>:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

kill newsgroups:	See Variables.

Kill-File mode:	See Editing Kill Files.

L (Group Mode):	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

l (Summary Mode):	See Moving Among Articles.

large newsgroup <1>:	See NNTP Variables.

large newsgroup <1>:	See Marking Articles.

large newsgroup <1>:	See NNTP Variables.

large newsgroup <1>:	See Variables.

large newsgroup:	See Selecting a Newsgroup.

local kill file:	See Kill File.

local news spool:	See Spool Variables.

login name:	See Variables.

LOGNAME:	See Variables.

ls:	See Directory Variables.

m (Summary Mode):	See Forward and Reply.

M-C-t (Summary Mode):	See Thread-based Reading.

M-K (Group Mode):	See Other Newsgroup Commands.

M-K (Summary Mode):	See Editing Kill Files.

M-n (Summary Mode):	See Summary Motion.

M-p (Summary Mode):	See Summary Motion.

M-r (Summary Mode):	See Searching Articles.

M-s (Summary Mode):	See Searching Articles.

M-t (Summary Mode):	See Reading an Article.

M-U (Summary Mode):	See Marking Articles.

M-x gnus:	See Getting Started.

M-^ (Summary Mode):	See Referencing Articles.

mail:	See Variables.

Mail Mode:	See Variables.

mailing list:	See Reporting Bugs.

major modes of GNUS:	See Buffers of GNUS.

mark articles:	See Marking Articles.

metamail:	See Variables.

metamail-buffer:	See Variables.

MH:	See Variables.

MH and GNUS:	See Finding the News.

MH folder:	See Variables.

mh-e:	See Variables.

mh-e letter Mode:	See Variables.

mhspool-list-directory-switches:	See Directory Variables.

mhspool-list-folders-method:	See Directory Variables.

mhspool-list-folders-using-ls:	See Directory Variables.

mhspool-list-folders-using-sh:	See Directory Variables.

MIME <1>:	See Variables.

MIME:	See Reading an Article.

n (Group Mode):	See Browsing Newsgroups.

n (Summary Mode):	See Moving Among Articles.

NAME:	See Variables.

new newsgroups <1>:	See Variables.

new newsgroups:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

newly arrived article:	See Marking Articles.

News Mode:	See Posting Articles.

news-inews-program:	See Spool Variables.

news-path:	See Spool Variables.

news-reply-yank-original:	See Posting Articles.

Newsgroup buffer:	See Newsgroup Buffer.

newsgroups file:	See Spool Variables.

nnspool-active-file:	See Spool Variables.

nnspool-distributions-file:	See Spool Variables.

nnspool-history-file:	See Spool Variables.

nnspool-inews-program:	See Spool Variables.

nnspool-inews-switches:	See Spool Variables.

nnspool-newsgroups-file:	See Spool Variables.

nnspool-request-post:	See Spool Variables.

nnspool-spool-directory:	See Spool Variables.

NNTP <1>:	See NNTP Variables.

NNTP:	See Top.

NNTP debugging:	See NNTP Variables.

NNTP server:	See Variables.

NNTP service:	See Variables.

nntp-buggy-select <1>:	See Troubleshooting.

nntp-buggy-select:	See NNTP Variables.

nntp-debug-read:	See NNTP Variables.

nntp-header-field:	See Variables.

nntp-large-newsgroup:	See NNTP Variables.

nntp-maximum-request <1>:	See Troubleshooting.

nntp-maximum-request:	See NNTP Variables.

nntp-set-header-subject:	See Hooks.

NNTPSERVER:	See Variables.

o (Article Mode):	See Article Commands.

o (Summary Mode):	See Saving Articles.

options -n in startup file:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

order of newsgroups:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

ORGANIZATION:	See Variables.

p (Group Mode):	See Browsing Newsgroups.

p (Summary Mode):	See Moving Among Articles.

page break:	See Variables.

pages (GNUS):	See Reading an Article.

Path field:	See Variables.

post article <1>:	See Posting Articles.

post article:	See Variables.

private directory <1>:	See Directory Variables.

private directory:	See Variables.

private news directory:	See Finding the News.

q (Group Mode):	See Exiting GNUS.

Q (Summary Mode):	See Exiting Newsgroup.

quick startup file:	See Startup File.

r (Article Mode):	See Article Commands.

R (Group Mode):	See Startup File.

r (Group Mode):	See Browsing Newsgroups.

R (Summary Mode):	See Forward and Reply.

raw startup file:	See Startup File.

rcvstore:	See Variables.

read all articles:	See Selecting a Newsgroup.

read newsgroup:	See Selecting a Newsgroup.

refer to articles:	See Referencing Articles.

references between articles:	See Thread-based Reading.

reply to article <1>:	See Variables.

reply to article <1>:	See Forward and Reply.

reply to article:	See Variables.

report a bug:	See Reporting Bugs.

restrict newsgroups:	See Browsing Newsgroups.

RET (Summary Mode):	See Scrolling.

RFC1036:	See Variables.

RFC822:	See Variables.

RFC977:	See Variables.

Rmail <1>:	See Digest Articles.

Rmail:	See Variables.

Rmail file:	See Variables.

rmail-output:	See Variables.

rn <1>:	See Moving Among Articles.

rn:	See Variables.

rot 13/47:	See Reading an Article.

run GNUS:	See Getting Started.

s (Group Mode):	See Startup File.

s (Summary Mode):	See Searching Articles.

save articles <1>:	See Variables.

save articles <1>:	See Saving Articles.

save articles:	See Variables.

save startup file:	See Startup File.

saved article:	See Marking Articles.

SAVEDIR:	See Variables.

search for articles:	See Searching Articles.

select all articles:	See Selecting a Newsgroup.

select error:	See NNTP Variables.

select newsgroup:	See Selecting a Newsgroup.

send-mail-function:	See Variables.

signature <1>:	See Variables.

signature:	See Hooks.

simplify subjects:	See Hooks.

slow terminal:	See NNTP Variables.

sort headers <1>:	See Hooks.

sort headers:	See Sorting Headers.

SPC (Article Mode):	See Article Commands.

SPC (Group Mode):	See Selecting a Newsgroup.

SPC (Summary Mode) <1>:	See Reading an Article.

SPC (Summary Mode) <1>:	See Scrolling.

SPC (Summary Mode):	See Reading Articles.

startup file <1>:	See Variables.

startup file:	See Startup File.

subscribe newsgroups <1>:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

subscribe newsgroups:	See Variables.

Summary buffer (GNUS):	See Summary Buffer.

Summary mode (GNUS):	See Summary Buffer.

summary of digest <1>:	See Digest Articles.

summary of digest:	See Variables.

system-name:	See Variables.

t (Summary Mode):	See Reading an Article.

tcp:	See NNTP Variables.

tcp-program-name:	See NNTP Variables.

tcp.c:	See NNTP Variables.

threads:	See Variables.

threads (in GNUS):	See Thread-based Reading.

time zone:	See Variables.

timezone.el:	See Variables.

truncation of lines in GNUS:	See Reading an Article.

U (Group Mode) <1>:	See Variables.

U (Group Mode):	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

u (Summary Mode):	See Marking Articles.

Unix mailbox:	See Variables.

unread article:	See Marking Articles.

unsubscribe newsgroups <1>:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

unsubscribe newsgroups <1>:	See Variables.

unsubscribe newsgroups:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

update startup file:	See Startup File.

USER:	See Variables.

user full name:	See Variables.

user-mail-address:	See Posting Articles.

w (Summary Mode):	See Reading an Article.

widen:	See Browsing Newsgroups.

window configuration <1>:	See Variables.

window configuration:	See Buffers of GNUS.

windows of GNUS:	See Buffers of GNUS.

x (Summary Mode):	See Marking Articles.

Xref field <1>:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

Xref field:	See Variables.

yank newsgroups:	See Maintaining Subscriptions.

z (Group Mode):	See Exiting GNUS.

^ (Summary Mode):	See Referencing Articles.

| (Summary Mode):	See Saving Articles.