WX.txt 6.4a   USING APRS IN WEATHER AND SKYWARN APPLICATIONS


New in 6.4a+  NWSPARSE.bas will parse NWS bltns comming in on one port, and
              output APRS storm POSITS via a TNC on the other port.
New in 6.2c   Save a COMM port by wiring the Ultimeter-II to your modem port!
              See schematic near end of file...
New in 6.2b:  You can now enter Wind in KPH and temp in Celsius
New in 6.1:   Added user WX alarms (See Alarms below). Finally fixed in 6.2a
New in 6.0:   You can now mark large areas from 100' to 100 miles on your maps
              and send the area as a symbol.  Very useful for WX WARNINGS!

OVERVIEW:  The Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS) is an ideal tool for
reporting weather conditions via packet.  The system is compatible with both
human entry as well as automatic weather station entry of weather conditions.
There is a special $9 registration that enables APRS to accept serial data
from the ULTIMETER-II home weather station.  With this connection, your wind
conditions, temperature and optionally rain information are all automatically
inserted into your position/weather report packet.  You can even mount an
Ultimeter-II remotely with only a TNC and Radio, and have it periodically
report the remote weather conditions.

Using APRS, current conditions at any station and the station's position are
broadcast to all stations on the net in a periodic fashion.  There are several
capabilities of APRS that are directly applicable to SKYWARN:

 MAP DISPLAY - Shows the location of all reporting stations, their wind
     speed and direction.  Can also show the location of other objects, such
     as reports of TStorms, Hail, Tornados, etc.  You can also mark large areas
     with either a rectangle, circle, triangle, or lines.  Use the OBJECTS-AREA
     symbol.  Typically, use blue for thunderstorms, and red for tornados.

 WEATHER ONLY - Using the J command, Just weather stations can be displayed on
     the map or P-List to eliminate the clutter of other packet stations.
     There is a WEATHER menu of commands, and the APRS N key will cycle through
     each APRS weather station in turn and display the weather conditions for
     each one in a box on top of the screen.  The location of the displayed
     station is highlighted with a blue circle.  Whenever a new report comes
     in from the selected station, the weather window is automatically updated.

 REPORT BROADCASTS - The individual station weather conditions can be manually
     entered with the WX-ENTER command or automatically using the optional
     APRS registration to enable the ULTIMETER-II serial interface.  These
     reports are typically broadcast every 9 minutes.  The report is also
     available at anytime if an APRS user sends the WX station an APRS Query,
     or the all-call WX query.

 STORM/HURRICANE TRACKING - Any station may place a storm or other object on
     his map, and the same symbol will be transmitted to all other stations
     in the net.  This is ideal for tracking storms or Hurricanes.  If the
     course and speed of advance of the storm is included in the report, then
     it will automatically be dead-reckoned on all screens until the next
     update.  Any station can update the location as information becomes
     available.  The updating station will overwrite all posits in the net and
     will become the new reporting station.  This prevents duplicate reporting
     and eliminates dependency on single stations that might disappear and not
     be available to update an object that they originated.

 NOTE:  APRS dead-reckons moving objects in time, so the symbol on the map is
     presented where it SHOULD be, but NOT where it was when first reported.
     To hook one of these objects on the map, you must hook the little gray
     circle which marks the position of the actual report, and not the
     symbol itself.

 NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DISPLAY - KD4UYR in FLorida had written a data base
     program that would parse National Weather Service hourly bulletins into
     APRS compatible Backup files.   That is now built into APRS to perform
     this function on line!.  See below on the details.

 AUTO-HURICANE TRACKING - At the suggestion of KR4US i wrote NWSPARSE.bas which
     will parse incomming NWS bulletins on one COM port, and output APRS storm
     symbols and tracks via a TNC on the other COM port.  Using a dedicated
     old XT PC, this system can automatically inject WX storms into APRS nets!
    
 OPERATOR MESSAGES - The Point-to-point message capability can be used
     for operator to operator messages and alerts.

 COMMENTS   -  Transmitted along with each position report, there is a
     short comment field which can be used to report weather conditions,
     station status, intentions or other broadcast type information.


SKYWARN APPLICATION:   APRS displays all Wx reporting stations in blue along
with wind conditions.  Note that APRS only recognizes 360 as North, and not
000, which means there is no wind direction available.  The comment field can
be used for a variety of free-format weather reports which can be tailored to
the conditions at any time.  APRS does not update the time field on manual
reports but does transmit current time using the ULTIMETER-II interface.

    In addition to weather data included in position reports, the station
Beacon Text is also available for broadcasting additional amplifying info.
These beacons can be reviewed on the LATEST display.  The APRS BULLETIN
feature is very powerful as an alerting mechanism to all stations on the net.
Even non-packet voice stations making a weather report can be placed on the
map (like an object) by another APRS packet operator.  His station will appear
similar to any other APRS weather station, except that his report will include
a marker indicating that he was manually placed on the map by another operator.


NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE HOURLY BULLETINS

     KD4UYR Kevin, in Clearwater Florida wrote a database program to crunch
the NWS hourly weather bulletins into APRS compatible BACKUP files.  With his
permission I have added this feature to APRS in the WEATHER menu.  The GetNWS
command will search the NWSposns.DAT file for all NWS stations within the
boundaries of the current APRS map display (up to a maximum of 250 miles).
The database is only accurate to the nearest minute (mile).

     The LOAD-WX-DATA command is used for loading the NWS data if available
on your PC in a text file containing the downloaded NWS hourly reports.  This
file can be obtained from most of the commercial data servers or some BBS's.
APRS will then scan through the NWS bulletin file looking for each station
that you have on your APRS P-LIST.  If it finds a matching NWS bulletin, it
will parse out the Wind speed/direction, the temperature and dew point and
the barometric pressure and place these on the P-list.  THen it will take the
remainder of the report and place it in the L-list so that you can see the raw
data which includes other notes about cloud cover and special conditions.  In
both cases, the time of the entry in the P and L-list will be the time of the
NWS report (in local time).  The date is assumed to be the current date.

     Unfortunately, these reports were designed for human reading and are also
generated by hand at all the NWS sites.  There are frequently errors or in-
properly formatted reports.  If APRS can not make sense out of the report, it
indicates with "garbled report" on the P-list.  Once you have the display you
like, you can select stations on the P-list for uplink to the net as desired.
Be considerate, though, and not overload the channel.  Once everyone on the
net sees the reports, the uplinking station should consider Quitting the
uplink in order to reduce QRM, and then Killing them when they are no longer
valid.  See details on the KILL command in HELP.txt.

DEMONSTRATION:  To see how APRS works in a SKYWARN or other reporting net,
load the backup file SKYWARN.BK using the FILES-LOAD command.  Use the P
command to pull up the position/weather reports and notice the format for
W3ADO.  That station is reporting the wind and temperature automatically
using the optional ULTIMETER-II interface.  To demonstrate the NWS capability,
center your map on FLorida at the 128 mile range enter the WEATHER-GET_NWS_
SITES command.  Once all the NWS stations appear on the map, then enter
the WEATHER-LOAD_WX_FILE command to load the sample NWS data file provided by
KD4UYR.  Look at the P and L-lists to see what is going on...


KPH and CELSIUS:  You may select to display wind speed in KPH and temperature
in degrees Celsius.  You enable this by doing a manual WX report entry and
answer with EITHER K for KPH or C for Celsius.  From then on, the WX display
at the top of the screen will display in those units.  You can make this
permanent, by saving a CONFIG file.  The on-air APRS WX protocols, however,
still will be in MPH and F.  Also, the ALARMS will be compared to MPH and F
values.

WX ALARMS:  If a WX report comes in that exceeds your preset values, the
station is plotted in RED and an ALARM sounds.  The alarms are WIND, TEMP,
and RAIN.  These settings can be used to warn of the passing of a warm or a
cold front.  Use APRS and these alarms to make an almost un-attended SKYWARN
network!  Install an APRS computer at the NWS site, and let the NWS operators
set the alarm levels.  Then without transmitting a single packet (there is
rarely a licensed HAM on the premises) the APRS screen will show SKYWARN data
and where the alarm conditions are!

CLEARING ALARMS:  When an alarm occurs, the station is drawn in RED and the
map is re-drawn to center on that station.  Also, the station is marked on the
P-list with the ALARM marker.  TO clear the alarm, simply hook the station on
the map, and then UNhook it (hit the ENTER key twice), or use the WX-ALARMS-
CLEAR command.  To clear the A on the P-list, hook the station and hit the A
key.  Normally, the ALARM on the P-list will only sound if that station MOVES.
Since a WX station should not move, there is really no problem in leaving the
A on the Plist until convenient to remove it.


ULTIMETER-II INTERFACE:  To permit automatic weather station reporting, APRS
includes an optional serial interface to the ULTIMETER-II home weather station.
(I offered to develop one for DAVIS instruments, but they call their data
propriatary and will not share it with HAMS).  The optional APRS U-II routine
is activated by a separate validation number ($9).  Once activated, APRS
inserts the ULTIMETER-II conditions in your position report automatically for
unattended weather reporting.  The ultimeter comes in two configurations which
are not distinguishable by the user.  One version ouputs wind in MPH and the
other in KPH regardless of what is set for the U-II front panel display.  APRS
detects the difference  by the beginning character of the report.  A * means
MPH and a # means KPH.  APRS converts the # units to MPH by dividing by 1.6.

RAIN VALUES:  In the Ultimeter-II, two rain count accumulators are incremented
every time the rain gage clicks (0.1 inch unless special ordered for 0.01).
APRS asks you which gage you have and converts both to 0.1 inches on the air.
Since the U-II rain values only have meaning if everyone knows when they were
last reset, APRS only transmits the difference in rain for the last 60 minutes
(R value) and the last 24 hours (P value).  These rain rates are intended for
severe storm watches and other interest in real-time conditions.   A reading
of /R12 means that 1.2 inches fell in the last hour.  After 60 minutes, this
value will return to zero.  A reading of /P16 means that 1.6 inches have
fallen since the same hour yesterday.  See PROTOCOL.txt for exact definitions
of the following weather format:

   .../LAT/LONG/CSE/SPD/Txxx/Dxxx/Rxx/Pxx/Bxxx/free text comments...(auto)

With the WX interface enabled, the normal APRS decaying of position/wx reports
still holds as long as nothing changes (except the wind).  This way, redundant
WX reports do not cloud the channel.  If any value, Position, temperature,
rain, barometric pressure, or comments change, then the periodicity is reset
to the value set in the alt-SETUP-POSrate command.  Since the wind is the most
changing parameter, the WX-WIND command can be used to set a Wind threshold.
Whenever the wind is above that threshold, the reporting period is also reset
to the POSrate value.  Nominally, you might want to set the POSrate value to
about 4 minutes or so.  This way, during changing WX conditions, or wind above
your threshold, the WX is reported every 4 minutes.  Otherwise, the period
rapidly decays back to the maximum APRS delay period (default is 15 minutes).
For a weather station, you might want to change this MaxPeriod to about 10
minutes so that stations in the net get at least 6 wx reports per hour.  To
change this value, you must use a DOS editor to change it in your CFIGxxx.APR
file.  You will find it listed as 750, Maximum time period between packets.
(750 seconds = 15 minutes).  Of course, a WX/position report will be
transmitted by the APRS station at anytime, in response to an APRS or WX query.

SERIAL INTERFACE CABLE:  Peet Bros sells a serial interface cable with a DB-25
connector to RJ-11.  (Note, this is a DB-25, not a DB-9).  Since the U-II has
no negative supply, a 5 K pulldown resistor is added to the DB-25 connector
between Pins 2 and 3.  This uses the -5 or -12 volts on your TXD line to bias
the RXD line.  When I plugged in a standard phone line connector to the U-II
serial data output (unmarked connector on their junction box, or side of the
Display unit), I found the data output on the green and black wire of the
RJ-11.  Black was data ground, and green was RXD.  I do not know if the wire
colors are standard but they would be either 1 and 3, or 2 and 4 depending on
which side is up, and the ground is the one at the edge.  The Peet Bros cable
includes transient protection and RF filtering to protect your computer as
well as the bias resistor.  Remember, the annemometer is like an antenna, high
in the air.  It can radiate RFI and take lightening charges...

SAVE A COMM PORT!  I can't believe the flack I get from people that want APRS
to use COM3 and COM4 etc.  Why tie up whole COMM ports when an 89 cent switch
will allow other devices to share a single COMM port?  Since the U-II cable
only uses ONE pin and GROUND, simply add it to your MODEM cable with a simple
SPDT switch as follows:

       ULTIMETER-II   >---------*--------*  sw1
                                |        <----*--------------> RXD
       MODEM   }      >------------------*
         or    }                |
       other   }                *-----/\/\/\/\-------*
       serial  }                        5.6k         |
       device  }      <------------------------------*-------< TXD
               }      * * * -----------------------------* * * other pins
               }      *--------------------------------------* GND

Actually, you can wire this to any serial device that you do NOT use while
running APRS.  I chose my MODEM that is on COM2.  Note the series resistor
as mentioned in the text to provide the -V pull-down for the U-II output.

REMOTE ULTIMETER-II OPERATION:  There are two ways to combine a TNC and U-II
for stand-alone remote operation.  One uses the new features in the PACCOMM
TNC to periodically transmit a WX report, and the other permits APRS stations
to interrogate the WX conditions remotely.  Here's how:

PACCOMM:  Simply program the PACCOMM GPSSTRING parameter to recognize the * or
   # character instead of the usual GPS formats.  Then set LOC to every 600
   and GPS ON and the TNC will load the WX report into the TNC LText and
   transmit it once every 10 minutes.  Also SET ECHO off!  This is because the
   U-II uses a 10k resistor on the TXD line to bias the RXD line.  If the
   TNC is echoing the U-II data, then total garbage results!  (Thanks to Jeff,
   KD4GOE in Mobile, ALA for figuring that one out!)

OTHER TNC:
   1) Install the U-II and a TNC at the remote site.  Install a data switch
   so that U-II data is only input to the TNC when the TNC is connected by
   either wiring to the CONNECTED LED or to the DCD line if implemented
   2) Place the TNC location in the BText using the usual APRS fixed format
   with the WX (_) symbol:    !LLmm.xxN/LLLmm.xxW_Remote U-II WX station...
   3) If the TNC is also serving as a WIDE area APRS digi, place the word
   WIDE at the beginning of the comment field so that it shows up in green,
   and include a note that WX is available.  Set MYA WIDE.  Set your UNPROTO
   path to UNproto APRS via WIDE,WIDE... (assuming there are other WIDEs
   nearby)
   4) Set LFIgnore ON.  Set CHECK to 6 and AX25 off so that the WX connection
   will time out after 60 seconds.

At this point, any station connecting to the TNC will get the short ULTIMETER
15 character weather strings as long as they are connected.  The following
changes were made to APRS so that the connected station and all OTHER
monitoring stations could see the data.

   a) APRS looks for raw U-II data packets on the air, no matter what the
      TO callsign is.
   b) To let the station that connects to the U-II TNC also be able to see the
      data, he must first turn MCON ON so that he can monitor while connected,
      second, he must escape out of the APRS TALK mode so that APRS can process
      the data.  Use the alt-X key instead of ESC to return to APRS from the
      blue COMM-TNC screen.  Alt-X will leave your connection intact instead of
      forcing a Disconnect as it usually does.  This feature is not documented
      anywhere else, since it only is useful here for WX.
   c) As long as you are connected to the remote TNC, the U-II data will be
      transmitted about once every 5 seconds.

Since the remote site can also be a WIDE area digipeater, it should show the
WX circle symbol, but it will be GREEN to indicate it is also running with
the ALIAS of WIDE.  Whenever U-II data is transmitted, APRS will overwrite
the digipeater position with the Ultimeter-II WX/posit report.  The last WX
heard will remain in the P-list and on the screen until the next BText is
transmitted by the DIGI TNC.


Peet Bros is working on a version of the Ultimeter which can be connected
to a remote TNC and which will only ouput WX data once every 6 minutes or so.
If the TNC is placed in the UI CONVERSE mode, these short WX reports will be
transmitted.  The PACCOMM TNC already has a UI MODE which will power it up
in UI CONVERSE for just such an application as this...


DATA LOGGING:  The POSITION FILTER normally causes APRS to NOT save duplicate
position reports that are within 80 yards of a previous report.  When this
filter is toggled OFF, it reduces this filter range to 20 yards AND enables
all WXstation logging.  In this mode, all WEATHER station reports are saved
in a track history file.  All over-the-air reports are only received once
every 10 minutes, but your own report will be saved at the rate set by the
Set-Pos-Rate command.

AUTOWX.EXE:  This is a program written by Les, N5KOA to also interface the U-II
to a TNC with a PC.  It allows direct connections for WX info, it does WX
beacons in APRS format, and allows continuous logging of WX data to a binary
file just like the U-II ULTIITSR program.  I have not used nor tried this
program.  See Les's documentation in the AUTOWX.DOC file (in README directory)

FINAL NOTES:  Since the WXstation option is always updating your outgoing
position report, this makes it impossible for a WX station to report a beam
heading during a Direction Finding evolution.  If you use the BEAMHEADING
command to enter a beam heading on a Fox or Jammer, then your WX station
is disabled.  To restore your WX station, restart the program.

$$$  The ULTIMETER-II is available from PEET Bros 1-800-USA-PEET (872-7338)
     for $179 plus $20 for their Serial interface cable and $60 for the
     optional rain guage (self emptying, reads in 0.1 inches) plus shipping
     of $8.25.  (For APRS, you don't need their $40 software but it is a good
     package for doing the usual home WX logging and analysis)  See adds in
     QST, CQ, Popular Mechanics, etc... (these were 1993 prices)

