
              STARTING
  Here's how to use Excel version 4 for the IBM PC and Mac. Other 
versions are similar.

     Copy Excel to the hard disk
  Excel comes on floppy disks. To use Excel, you must copy it 
from those floppy disks to your hard disk. Here's how.
  IBM Turn on the computer without any floppy in drive A.
  Start Windows (by typing ``win'' after the C prompt). You'll 
see the Program Manager Window.
  Choose Run from the File menu. The computer will say ``Command 
Line''.
  Excel comes on five 5-inch high-density floppy disks. Put 
Excel Disk 1 in drive A. Type ``a:setup'' (and press ENTER).
  If your Excel floppy disks were never used before, the computer 
will ask you to type your name. Type your name, press the TAB 
key, type the name of your company (if any), and twice press 
ENTER.
  Press ENTER five more times.
  The computer will say, ``Please insert the following disk . . . 
Disk 2''. Put Excel Disk 2 in drive A and press ENTER. When the 
computer tells you, do the same for Excel Disks 3, 4, and 5.
  The computer will say, ``Microsoft Excel Setup is Complete!'' 
Press ENTER.
  Close the Microsoft Excel 4.0 window (by double-clicking its 
control box). Close the Program Manager window.
  The computer will say ``Exit Windows''. Press ENTER.
  Then turn off the computer, so you can start fresh.
  Mac If your hard drive is external (instead of being inside the 
Mac), turn on the drive and wait 15 seconds (until you don't hear 
any more clicking).
  Turn on the Mac without any floppy in the drive. You'll see the 
hard disk's icon.
  Excel comes on seven floppy disks. Put Excel Disk 1 in the 
floppy drive. Double-click the Microsoft Excel Setup icon.
  If your Excel floppy disks were never used before, the computer 
will ask you to type your name. Type your name, press the TAB 
key, type the name of your company (if any), and press RETURN.
  Then press RETURN twice. The computer will say, ``Select Disk 
and Folder''. Click the New Folder button. Type ``Microsoft 
Excel'', and press RETURN. Click the Setup button.
  When the computer tells you, insert Excel Disks 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 
and 7.
  The computer will say, ``Microsoft Excel Setup complete.'' 
Press RETURN.
  Then shut down the computer by doing this procedure: choose 
Shut Down from the Special menu, turn off the computer, and turn 
off any external hard drive.
                                                   Launch Excel
                                         Here's how to start 
using Excel.
                                         IBM Turn on the computer 
without any floppy in drive A. Start Windows (by typing ``win'' 
after the C prompt). The computer will say ``Program Manager''.
                                         Double-click the 
Microsoft Excel 4.0 icon. You'll see another Microsoft Excel 
icon; double-click it.
                                         (If your copy of Excel 
was never used before, the computer will say ``Introducing 
Microsoft Excel''. To reply, click the button marked ``Exit to 
Microsoft Excel''.)
                                         Mac If your hard drive 
is external (instead of being inside the Mac), turn on the drive 
and wait 15 seconds (until you don't hear any more clicking).
                                         Turn on the Mac without 
any floppy in the drive. Double-click the hard disk's icon. 
Double-click the Microsoft Excel folder's icon. Double-click the 
Microsoft Excel program's icon.

                                                 Fill in the cells
                                         The screen shows a grid 
that begins like this:
Ŀ
       A       B       C       D       E       F    
ͻĴ
  1                                                 
ͼĴ
  2                                                 
Ĵ
  3                                                 
Ĵ
  4                                                 

                                         The grid's columns are 
labeled A, B, C, D, E, etc. How many columns do you see? That 
depends on what kind of screen you bought. . . . 
A cheap Mac screen (9" mono or 12" color) shows columns A through 
F.
A cheap IBM screen (640-by-480 VGA) shows columns A through I.
A fancier Mac or IBM screen shows more columns.
                                         The grid's rows are 
labeled 1, 2, 3, etc.
A cheap Mac screen (9" mono or 12" color) shows rows 1 through 
16.
A cheap IBM screen (640-by-480 VGA) shows rows 1 through 18.
A fancier Mac or IBM screen shows more rows.
                                         The grid is called a 
spreadsheet or worksheet.
                                         Notice that the computer 
puts a box in column A, row 1. If you tap the right-arrow key, 
that box moves to the right, so it's in column B. If you tap the 
down-arrow key, the box moves down, to row 2. By tapping the four 
arrow keys, you can move the box in all four directions, to 
practically anywhere on the grid. Try it!
                                         Each possible position 
of the box is called a cell.
                                         The box's original 
position (in column A, row 1) is called cell A1. If you move the 
box there and then tap the right-arrow key, the box moves to 
column B, row 1; that position is called cell B1.
                                         Just move the box from 
cell to cell, and put into each cell whatever words or numbers 
you wish!
  For example, suppose you run a small business whose income is 
$7000 and expenses are $5000. Those are the figures for January; 
the figures for February aren't in yet. Let's put the January 
figures into a spreadsheet, like this:
Ŀ
       A       B       C       D       E       F    
Ĵ
  1         January                                 
Ĵ
  2 Income      7000                                
Ĵ
  3 Expenses    5000                                
Ĵ
  4 Profit                                          

  To begin, move the box to cell A2. Type the word Income. As you 
type that word, you see it appearing in cell A2. (It also appears 
temporarily in an input area at the top of the screen.)
  Press the down-arrow key, which moves the box down to cell A3. 
Type the word Expenses.
  Press the down-arrow key (to move to cell A4). Type the word 
Profit.
  Move the box to cell B1 (by pressing the up-arrow three times 
and then the right-arrow once). Type the word January.
  Press down-arrow. Type 7000.
  Press down-arrow. Type 5000.
  Press down-arrow again.
  BACKSPACE key If you make a mistake while typing the words and 
numbers, press the BACKSPACE key to erase the last character you 
typed. (If your Mac doesn't have a key marked ``BACKSPACE'', 
press the key marked ``DELETE'' instead.)
  The left-arrow key will not help you erase the last character 
you typed. Instead, the left-arrow key moves the box to a 
different cell.
  Mac's alternate keys The Mac permits these shortcuts: instead 
of pressing the down-arrow key (which is hard to reach), you can 
press the RETURN key; instead of pressing the right-arrow key, 
you can press the TAB key.

           Type a formula
  Although the computer's screen shows the words you typed 
(Income, Expenses, and Profit), the computer doesn't understand 
what those words mean. It doesn't know that ``Profit'' means 
``Income minus Expenses''. The computer doesn't know that the 
number in cell B4 (which represents the profit) ought to be the 
number in cell B2 (the amount of income) minus the number in cell 
B3 (the dollars spent).
  You must teach the computer the meaning of Profit, by teaching 
it that the number in cell B4 ought to be the number in cell B2 
minus the number in cell B3. To do that, move the box to cell B4, 
then type this formula:
=B2-B3
  Notice that every formula begins with an equal sign. The rest 
of the formula, B2-B3, tells the computer to subtract the number 
in cell B3 from the number in cell B2 and put the answer into the 
box's cell (which is cell B4).
                                         When you've finished 
typing the formula, press the ENTER key. Then the computer 
automatically computes the formula's answer (2000) and puts that 
number into the box's cell (B4), so the screen looks like this:
Ŀ
       A       B       C       D       E       F    
Ĵ
  1         January                                 
Ĵ
  2 Income      7000                                
Ĵ
  3 Expenses    5000                                
Ĵ
  4 Profit      2000                                

                                         The formula ``=B2-B3'' 
remains in effect forever. It says that the number in cell B4 
will always be the B2 number minus the B3 number. If you ever 
change the numbers in cells B2 and B3 (by moving the box to those 
cells, retyping the numbers, and pressing ENTER), the computer 
automatically adjusts the number in cell B4, so the number in 
cell B4 is still B2 minus B3 and still represents the correct 
profit.
                                         For example, suppose you 
move the box to cell B2, then type 8000 (to change the January 
income to $8000), and then press ENTER. As soon as you press 
ENTER, the profit in cell B4 immediately changes to 3000, right 
in front of your eyes!
                                         (The Mac permits this 
shortcut: instead of pressing the ENTER key, you can press the 
RETURN key, which is easier to reach. Throughout this chapter, 
whenever I say to press the ``ENTER'' key, you can typically 
press the ``RETURN'' key instead.)
                                         A typical spreadsheet 
contains dozens of numbers, totals, subtotals, averages, and 
percentages. Each cell that contains a total, subtotal, average, 
or percentage is defined by a formula. Whenever you retype one of 
the numbers in the spreadsheet, the computer automatically 
readjusts all the totals, subtotals, averages, and percentages, 
right before your eyes.
                                         Remember to begin each 
formula with an equal sign. The rest of the formula can contain 
these symbols:
Symbol                                       Meaning
+                                            plus
-                                            minus
*                                            times
/                                            divided by
.                                            decimal point
It can also contain E notation and parentheses. For details about 
how to use those symbols, E notation, and parentheses, read pages 
322-327, which explain BASIC's fundamentals and math.
                                         Error in formula If you 
type a formula incorrectly, the computer might beep at you and 
say ``Error in formula''. To respond, press ENTER (or click OK); 
then retype the part of the formula that was wrong, and press 
ENTER again.
  Less typing When you're creating a formula such as ``=B2-B3'', 
you do not have to type the ``B2''. Instead, you can choose one 
of these shortcuts. . . . 
Instead of typing ``B2'', you can type ``b2'' without bothering 
to capitalize. When you've finished typing the entire formula 
(``=b2-b3''), press the ENTER key. Then the computer will 
capitalize your formula automatically!

Instead of typing ``B2'', you can move the mouse pointer to the 
middle of cell B2, then press the mouse's button. That's called 
``clicking cell B2''. When you click cell B2, the computer 
automatically types ``B2'' for you! So to create the formula 
``=B2-B3'', you can do this: type the equal sign, then click cell 
B2, then type the minus sign, then click cell B3. When you've 
finished creating the entire formula, press ENTER.

Instead of typing ``B2'', you can move the box to cell B2 by 
using the arrow keys. When you move the box to cell B2, the 
computer automatically types ``B2'' for you! So to create the 
formula ``=B2-B3'', you can do this: type the equal sign, then 
move the box to cell B2 (by using the arrow keys), then type the 
minus sign, then move the box to cell B3. When you've finished 
creating the entire formula, press ENTER.
  On a Mac, you don't have to type any plus signs. For example, 
to type the formula =B2+B3, you can type the equal sign, then 
click cell B2, then click cell B3 (without bothering to type the 
plus sign). The Mac will insert the plus sign automatically!

           Edit old cells
  To edit what's in a cell, move the box to that cell. Then 
choose one of these editing methods. . . . 
Method 1: press the BACKSPACE key. That makes the cell become 
totally blank. (If your Mac doesn't have a key marked 
``BACKSPACE'', press the key marked ``DELETE'' instead.)

Method 2: retype the entire text, number, or formula that you 
want to put into the cell.

Method 3: in the input area (at the top of the screen), look at 
what you typed, find the part of your typing that you want to 
change, and click that part (by using the mouse). Then edit your 
typing as if you were using a word processor: you can use the 
left-arrow key, right-arrow key, BACKSPACE key, DELETE key, and 
mouse. When you finish editing, press the ENTER key.

                                                   Sum function
                                         To make a cell be the 
sum of cells B2 through B9, you can type this formula:
=B2+B3+B4+B5+B6+B7+B8+B9
                                         Instead of typing all 
that, you can type just this:
=SUM(B2:B9)
                                         A function is a word 
that makes the computer calculate (such as SUM). After each 
function, you must put parentheses. For example, you must put 
parentheses after SUM.
                                         Since the computer 
ignores capitalization, you can type:
=sum(b2:b9)
                                         Here's how to type the 
formula =sum(b2:b9) quickly. . . . 
Begin by typing the ``=sum(''.

Drag from cell B2 to cell B9. To do that, move the mouse to cell 
B2, then hold down the mouse button while moving to B9. That 
makes the computer type the ``B2:B9''.

When you've finished, press the ENTER key, which makes the 
computer automatically type the ``)''.
                                         Notice that the word SUM 
begins with the letter S, which in the Greek alphabet is called 
``sigma'' and written ``''. That's why, in math, the symbol for 
the word SUM is . Near the screen's top center, you'll see the 
.
                                         Here's an even faster 
way to type the formula =SUM(B2:B9). Click the . It makes the 
computer type ``=SUM()''. It also makes the computer guess what 
you want the sum of. The computer puts that guess inside the 
parentheses. If the computer's guess differs from what you want 
(B2:B9), fix the guess (by dragging from cell B2 to cell B9). 
When you finally see the correct formula, =SUM(B2:B9), press 
ENTER.
                                         To find the sum of cells 
B2 through H2 (which is B2+C2+D2+E2+F2+G2+H2), type this:
=sum(b2:h2)
                                         To find the sum of all 
cells in the rectangle that stretches from B2 to C4 (which is 
B2+B3+B4+C2+C3+C4), type this:
=sum(b2:c4)

                                                      Average
                                         To find the average of 
cells B9 through B13, you can type this:
=(b9+b10+b11+b12+b13)/5
But this way is shorter:
=average(b9:b13)
                                         To type that quickly, 
begin by typing ``=average(''. Then drag from cell B9 to cell 
B13. Then press the ENTER key, which makes the computer 
automatically type the ``)'' for you.
                                         To find the average of 
cells C7, B5, and F2, you can ask for (c7+b5+f2)/3, but a nicer 
way is to type:
=average(c7,b5,f2)


               HOP FAR
  Here's how to be quick as a bunny and hop far in your 
spreadsheet.

            Farther rows
  The screen shows just a few rows, which are numbered 1, 2, 3, 
etc. Row 1 is at the top of the screen. Row 15 is near the bottom 
of the screen.
  Try this experiment. Move the box down to row 15 (by pressing 
the down-arrow key repeatedly). Then press the down-arrow key 
several more times. Eventually, you'll get to row 30, and later 
to row 100, and much later to row 1000, and even later to row 
10000. The largest row number you can go to is 16384.
  To make room on the screen for those new rows, row 1 disappears 
temporarily. If you want to get back to row 1, press the up-arrow 
key repeatedly.

           Farther columns
  The screen shows just a few columns, which are lettered A, B, 
C, etc. If you press the right-arrow key repeatedly, you'll 
eventually get to column Z.
  Altogether, the computer lets you have 256 columns. The first 
26 columns are lettered from A to Z. The next 26 columns are 
lettered from AA to AZ. The next 26 columns are lettered from BA 
to BZ. And so on. The last column ___ the 256th ___ is IV. That's 
why people who use spreadsheets are called ``IV league 
accountants''.

             Autorepeat
  Here's a shortcut: instead of pressing an arrow key repeatedly, 
just hold down the key awhile.

                Mouse
  To move the box to a distant cell even faster, use the mouse: 
just click in the middle of the cell you wish.

              PAGE keys
  Instead of pressing the down-arrow key repeatedly, try pressing 
the PAGE DOWN key. It makes the computer hop down to the next 
screenful. (The PAGE DOWN key is on the IBM keyboard and the Mac 
extended keyboard but not the Mac standard keyboard.)
  To hop back up to the previous screenful, press the PAGE UP 
key.
  Instead of pressing the right-arrow key repeatedly, try 
pressing the PAGE DOWN key while holding down the CONTROL key. It 
makes the computer hop right to the next screenful. To hop left, 
press the PAGE UP key while holding down the CONTROL key.

              HOME key
  If you press the HOME key, the box moves far left, so it lands 
in column A. (The HOME key is on the IBM keyboard and the Mac 
extended keyboard but not the Mac standard keyboard.)
  If you press the HOME key while holding down the CONTROL key, 
the box moves to the spreadsheet's first cell, which is cell A1.
                                                   CONTROL arrow
                                         If you press an arrow 
key while holding down the CONTROL key (or the Mac's COMMAND 
key), the box moves to the spreadsheet's edge.
                                         For example, if you 
press the right-arrow key while holding down the CONTROL key, the 
box moves to the spreadsheet's right edge. That means the box 
moves to the right, until it reaches column IV or a boundary cell 
(a cell containing data and next to an empty cell).

                                                      F5 key
                                         To move the box to a 
distant cell immediately, press the F5 key. Then type the cell's 
name (such as C9) followed by ENTER.
                                         (If your Mac doesn't 
have an F5 key, tap the G key while holding down the COMMAND 
key.)

        ADJUST ROWS & COLUMNS
  How many rows and columns are in your spreadsheet, and how big 
are they? Here's how to adjust them.

           Widen a column
  When you start using Excel, each cell is wide enough to hold an 
8-digit number on the IBM or a 10-digit number on the Mac.
  Here's how to make column D be wider, so each cell in column D 
can hold longer numbers and words. At the top of column D, you 
see the letter D; to the right of that letter D, you see a 
vertical gridline. Drag that line toward the right, until the 
column is as wide as you like! (If you want to make the column 
narrower, drag that line toward the left.)
  If you double-click that line instead of dragging it, the 
computer will make the column just wide enough to hold the widest 
data in it. (If the column doesn't contain data yet, the computer 
will leave the column's width unchanged.)
  Widen several columns Here's how to widen columns D, E, F, and 
G simultaneously.
  Drag from the D to the G. All those columns turn black.
  Look at the vertical gridline to the right of the D. Drag the 
top of that gridline toward the right. That widens column D; and 
when you release your finger from the mouse's button, all the 
other columns you selected will widen also.
  If you double-click the top of that gridline instead of 
dragging it, the computer will make the columns just wide enough 
to hold the data in them.
  Long numbers If you try to type a long number in a cell that's 
too narrow to hold the number, the cell might display symbols 
instead of the number.
  For example, try typing a long number in a cell that's just 4 
characters wide. Instead of displaying the long number, the IBM 
displays 4 number signs (####); the Mac displays 3 number signs 
that are extra-wide.
  Although the cell displays just those symbols, the computer 
remembers the long number you typed. To see the long number, 
widen the cell (by widening its column).
  So if you see number signs in a cell, the computer is telling 
you that the cell is too narrow and should be widened.
  Long words Try this experiment. Make cell B1 be just 4 
characters wide. Then try to type the word ``January'' in that 
cell.
  That cell, B1, might show just the first 4 letters (Janu). But 
if the next cell (C1) is blank, cell B1 will temporarily widen to 
hold ``January'', then contract to its original size (4 
characters) when you enter data in cell C1.

           Delete a column
  Here's how to delete column D.
Standard method: click the D at the top of column D, then choose 
Delete from the Edit menu.

Mac shortcut: click the D at the top of column D, then press 
COMMAND with K (which stands for ``Kill'').

IBM shortcut: using your mouse's right button (instead of the 
left), click the D at the top of column D; then choose Delete 
from the menu that appears.
  The computer erases all the data from column D, so column D 
becomes blanks, which the computer immediately fills by shifting 
some data from other columns. Here's how. . . . 
                                         Into column D, the 
computer moves the data from column E. Then into column E, the 
computer moves the data from column F. Then into column F, the 
computer moves the data from column G. And so on.
                                         At the end of the 
process, the top of the screen still shows all the letters (A, B, 
C, D, E, F, G, etc.); but now column D contains the data that 
used to be in column E; and column E contains the data that used 
to be in column F; etc.
                                         After rearranging the 
spreadsheet, the computer fixes all formulas. For example, after 
column E's data has moved to column D, the computer hunts through 
all formulas in the spreadsheet and fixes them by changing each 
``E'' to ``D''. The computer also changes each ``F'' to ``E'', 
each ``G'' to ``F'', etc.
                                         Delete several columns 
You've learned how to delete column D. Here's how to delete 
several columns. To delete columns D, E, F, and G, drag from the 
D to the G, then do the following. . . . 
Standard method: choose Delete from the Edit menu.

Mac shortcut: press COMMAND with K (which stands for ``Kill'').

IBM shortcut: using your mouse's right button (instead of the 
left), click the D at the top of column D; then choose Delete 
from the menu that appears.

                                                   Delete a row
                                         Here's how to delete row 
2.
Standard method: click the 2, then choose Delete from the Edit 
menu.

Mac shortcut: click the 2, then press COMMAND with K (which 
stands for ``Kill'').

IBM shortcut: using your mouse's right button (instead of the 
left), click the 2; then choose Delete from the menu that 
appears.
                                         Then the computer erases 
all the data from row 2, so row 2 becomes empty; but then the 
computer immediately fills that hole, by shifting the data from 
other rows. Here's how. . . .
                                         Into row 2, the computer 
moves the data from row 3. Then into row 3, the computer moves 
the data from row 4. Then into row 4, the computer moves the data 
from row 5. And so on.
                                         At the end of the 
process, the left edge of the screen still shows all the numbers 
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.); but now row 2 contains the data that used 
to be in row 3; and row 3 contains contains the data that used to 
be in row 4; etc.
                                         The computer fixes all 
formulas.

                                                  Insert a column
                                         Here's how to insert an 
extra column in the middle of your spreadsheet.
                                         Click where you want the 
extra column to appear. For example, if you want the extra column 
to appear where column D is now, click the D. Then choose Insert 
from the Edit menu (or use this Mac shortcut: press COMMAND with 
I).
                                         The computer will move 
other columns out of the way, to make room for the extra column. 
The computer will also fix each formula.
            Insert a row
  Here's how to insert an extra row in the middle of your 
spreadsheet.
  Click where you want the extra row to appear. For example, if 
you want the extra column to appear where row 2 is now, click the 
2. Then choose Insert from the Edit menu (or use this Mac 
shortcut: press COMMAND with I).
  The computer will move other rows out of the way, to make room 
for the extra row. The computer will also fix each formula.

                Zoom
  To see twice as many rows and twice as many columns on your 
screen, choose Zoom from the Window menu, then click the button 
marked 50%, then click OK. The computer will make all the 
screen's characters tiny (half as tall and half as wide), so 
twice as many rows and twice as many columns fit on the screen.
  If you want to see four times as many rows and four times as 
many columns, click 25% instead of 50%. But that makes the 
characters too tiny to read easily.
  To make the screen return to normal, choose Zoom from the 
Window menu again, then click 100%, then click OK.
  If you wish, you can click different percentages, such as 75% 
(which shrinks the screen's characters just slightly) or 200% 
(which enlarges the screen's characters, so you can read them 
even if you're sitting far away from the screen).
  Try this trick: start at one cell, and drag to another cell far 
away. All the cells between them turn black. Then choose Zoom 
from the Window menu, click Fit Selection, then click OK. That 
shrinks or enlarges the characters just enough so that all the 
black cells fit on the screen.

                Panes
  On your screen, you see a window that contains part of your 
spreadsheet. (That window is big enough to usually show columns A 
through F on a cheap Mac, columns A through I on a cheap IBM, and 
more columns on a computer having a fancier screen.)
  You can divide that window into two or four windowpanes, so 
that each windowpane shows a different part of your spreadsheet.
  Vertical panes Here's how to divide your window into two 
windowpanes, so that the left pane shows columns A, B, and C, 
while the right pane shows columns X, Y and Z.
  Get column A onto the screen (by pressing the HOME key). At the 
screen's bottom left corner, you see the scroll bar's left-arrow 
pointing at a black vertical rectangle. Drag that rectangle to 
the right. As you drag, you'll see a vertical line move across 
your spreadsheet. Drag until the vertical line is in the middle 
of the spreadsheet. (For best results, drag that line slightly to 
the right of column C's right edge.)
  That line splits the screen into two panes. The left pane shows 
columns A through C; the right pane shows columns D and beyond.
  Click anywhere in the right pane. That puts the box in the 
right pane, and makes the right pane active. Press the 
right-arrow key several times, until you reach columns X, Y, and 
Z.
  If you want to move the box back to the left pane, just click 
the left pane.
  To stop using vertical panes, double-click the black vertical 
rectangle (or drag it back to the screen's bottom left corner).
                                         Horizontal panes Here's 
how to divide your window into two panes, so that the top pane 
shows rows 1, 2, and 3, while the bottom pane shows rows 97, 98, 
and 99.
                                         Get row 1 onto the 
screen (by pressing the PAGE UP key several times). At the 
screen's top right corner, you'll see the scroll bar's up-arrow 
pointing at a black horizontal rectangle. Drag that rectangle 
down. As you drag, you'll see a horizontal line move down your 
spreadsheet. Drag until the horizontal line is in the middle of 
the spreadsheet. (For best results, drag that line slightly under 
row 9's bottom edge.)
                                         That line splits the 
screen into two panes. The top pane shows rows 1 through 9; the 
bottom pane shows rows 10 through 18.
                                         Click anywhere in the 
bottom pane. (That puts the box in the bottom pane, and makes the 
bottom pane active.) Press the down-arrow key several times, 
until you reach rows 97, 98, and 99.
                                         If you want to move the 
box back to the top pane, just click the top pane.
                                         To stop using horizontal 
panes, double-click the black horizontal rectangle (or drag it 
back to the screen's top right corner).
                                         Freeze panes You should 
put a title at the top of each column. For example, if column B 
contains financial information for January, and column C contains 
financial information for February, you should put the word 
January at the top of column B, and the word February at the top 
of column C. Since the words January and February are at the top 
of the columns, they're in row 1. They're called the column 
titles.
                                         If row 2 analyzes 
Income, and row 3 analyzes Expenses, you should put the word 
Income at the left edge of row 2, and the word Expenses at the 
left edge of row 3. Since the words Income and Expenses are at 
the left edge of the spreadsheet, they're in column A. They're 
called the row titles.
                                         So in a typical 
spreadsheet, the column titles are in row 1, and row titles are 
in column A.
                                         Unfortunately, when you 
move beyond column I or beyond row 18 (by pressing the arrow keys 
repeatedly), the titles normally disappear from the screen, and 
you forget the purpose of each row and column. Here's how to 
solve that problem.
                                         Get cell A1 onto the 
screen (by pressing CONTROL with HOME). Click cell B2. Choose 
Freeze Panes from the Window menu.
                                         Now the window is 
divided into four panes. The main top pane contains the column 
titles (January, February, etc.); the main left pane contains the 
row titles (Income, Expenses, etc.); a tiny pane in the 
upper-left corner contains a blank cell; and a huge pane contains 
all the spreadsheet's data.
                                         Click cell B2 (which is 
in the huge pane). Then move around that pane, by using the arrow 
keys or mouse. As you move, the column and row titles will stay 
fixed on the screen, since they're in the other panes.
                                         To stop using freeze 
panes, choose Unfreeze Panes from the Window menu.

          MOVE
  On your spreadsheet, find these cells: B2, B3, B4, C2, C3, and 
C4. Those six cells are next to each other. In fact, they form a 
giant rectangular area, whose top left corner is B2.
  Here's how to take all the data in that rectangle and move it 
to a different part of your spreadsheet.
  Drag from the rectangle's first cell (B2) to the rectangle's 
last cell (C4). The entire rectangle turns black (except for the 
first cell, which stays white).
  Surrounding the rectangle, you'll see four walls. Those walls 
are the four sides of the rectangle.
  Using your mouse, point at one of the rectangle's walls. (Do 
not point at a corner.) When you've pointed correctly, the mouse 
pointer turns into an arrow (not a cross).
  While the mouse pointer looks like an arrow, hold down the 
mouse's button and drag the wall. While you drag the wall, the 
rest of the rectangle drags along with it. Drag until the entire 
rectangle is at a part of the spreadsheet that was blank. Then 
lift your finger from the mouse's button.
  That's how you move a rectangle of data to a new place in your 
spreadsheet that had been blank.
  Try it!
  After moving the rectangle of data, the computer automatically 
adjusts all formulas mentioning the moved cells. For example, if 
the data in cell B2 has moved to cell E7, the computer searches 
through the entire spreadsheet and, in each formula, changes 
``B2'' to ``E7''.

                      COPY
                             Excel lets you copy information in 
several ways.

                                           Fill to the right
                             Here's how to make lotsa love with 
the computer!
                             In a cell, type the word ``love''.
                             Then move the mouse until the 
mouse's pointer is at that cell's bottom right corner. When the 
pointer's exactly at the corner, the pointer changes to this thin 
cross: .
                             Then hold down the mouse's left 
button, and drag toward the right, until you've dragged across 
several cells.
                             When you lift your finger off the 
mouse's button, all those cells will contain copies of the word 
in the first cell. They'll all say ``love''!
                             Go ahead! Try turning your computer 
into a lovemaking machine! Do it now! This is an important 
exercise to try before you get into more advanced computer 
orgies!
                             Here's another example. In a cell, 
type the word ``tickle''. Then to make lotsa tickles, point at 
that cell's bottom right corner (so you see ) and drag it to the 
right. The cells you drag across will all say ``tickle''.

                                               Fill down
                             When you point at a cell's bottom 
right corner and drag, you usually drag to the right. But if you 
prefer, you can drag down, so you're copying to the cells 
underneath (instead of the cells to the right).

                                            Extend a series
                             You've learned that if the original 
cell said ``love'', the adjacent cells will say ``love''; and if 
the original cell said ``tickle'', the other cells will say 
``tickle''.
                             But if the original cell said 
``January'', the adjacent cells will not say ``January''. 
Instead, the computer makes them say ``February'', ``March'', 
``April'', ``May'', etc.
                             So here's how to put the words 
``January'', ``February'', ``March'', ``April'', etc., across the 
top of your spreadsheet. Begin by typing ``January'' in cell B1. 
Then drag that cell's bottom right corner to the right, to column 
H or I or even farther!  The farther you drag, the more months 
you'll see!
                             The computer is smart:
If you start with January,                 the computer will say 
February, March, April, etc.
If you start with October,                 the computer will say 
November, December, January, etc.

If you start with Jan,                     the computer will say 
Feb, Mar, Apr, etc.
If you start with 29-Jan,                  the computer will say 
30-Jan, 31-Jan, 1-Feb, etc.

If you start with Oct-95,                  the computer will say 
Nov-95, Dec-95, Jan-96, etc.
If you start with 29-Dec-95,               the computer will say 
30-Dec-95, 31-Dec-95, 1-Jan-96, etc.

If you start with Monday,                  the computer will say 
Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, etc.
If you start with Mon,                     the computer will say 
Tue, Wed, Thu, etc.

If you start with 10:00 AM,                the computer will say 
11:00 AM, 12:00 PM, 1:00 PM, etc.
If you start with 10:00,                   the computer will say 
11:00, 12:00, 13:00, etc.
If you start with 22:00,                   the computer will say 
23:00, 0:00, 1:00, etc.

If you start with 1st,                     the computer will say 
2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc.
If you start with 1st Idiot,               the computer will say 
2nd Idiot, 3rd Idiot, 4th Idiot, etc.
If you start with Idiot 1,                 the computer will say 
Idiot 2, Idiot 3, Idiot 4, etc.
If you start with Year 1991,               the computer will say 
Year 1992, Year 1993, Year 1994, etc.
If you start with 1991 Results,            the computer will say 
1992 Results, 1993 Results, 1994 Results, etc.

If you start with 2nd Quarter,             the computer will say 
3rd Quarter, 4th Quarter, 1st Quarter, etc.
If you start with 2nd Qtr,                 the computer will say 
3rd Qtr, 4th Qtr, 1st Qtr, etc.
If you start with 2 Q,                     the computer will say 
3 Q, 4 Q, 1 Q, etc.
If you start with Quarter 2,               the computer will say 
Quarter 3, Quarter 4, Quarter 1, etc.
If you start with Q2,                      the computer will say 
Q3, Q4, Q1, etc.
                             If you start with just a plain 
number (such as 1), the computer will just copy that number; it 
will not say 2, 3, 4, etc. If you start with just the plain 
number 1991, the computer will just copy that number; it will not 
say 1992, 1993, 1994, etc.
  To make the computer do more than just copy, include a word. 
For example, instead of saying just 1, say ``Idiot 1''; then the 
computer will say ``Idiot 2'', ``Idiot 3'', ``Idiot 4'', etc. 
Instead of saying just 1991, say ``Year 1991'' or ``1991 
Results'' or ``People We Accidentally Shot In 1991''; then the 
computer will generate similar headings for 1992, 1993, etc.

      Copy a formula's concept
  If you ask the computer to copy a formula, the computer will 
copy the concept underlying the formula.
  For example, suppose you put this formula in cell B4: =B2+B3. 
That means cell B4 contains ``the sum of the two numbers above 
it''. If you drag that cell's bottom right corner to the right, 
the computer will copy that formula's concept to the adjacent 
cells: C4, D4, E4, etc. For example, the computer will make C4's 
formula be ``the sum of the two numbers above it'', by making 
C4's formula be =C2+C3. The computer will make D4's formula be 
=D2+D3. The computer will make E4's formula be =E2+E3.
  For another example, suppose cell B4 contains the formula 
=2*B3, so that B4 is ``twice the cell above it''. When the 
computer copies that concept to cell C4, the computer will make 
C4's formula be ``twice the cell above it''; the computer will 
make C4's formula be =2*C3.
  For another example, suppose cell B4 contains the formula 
=2*A4, so that B4 is ``twice the cell to the left of it''. When 
the computer copies cell B4 to C4, the computer will make C4's 
formula be ``twice the cell to the left of it''; the computer 
will make C4's formula be =2*B4.
  Absolute addresses Notice again how copying from B4 to C4 turns 
the formula =B2+B3 into =C2+C3: it turns each B into a C.
  If you want to prevent those changes, put dollar signs in the 
original formula. For example, if you want to prevent B3 from 
turning into D3, put dollar signs around the B3, so cell B4 
contains this formula:
=B2+$B$3
When you copy that cell to C4, the dollar signs prevents the 
computer from turning the B3 into C3; C4's formula will become 
=C2+$B$3 (instead of =C2+C3).
  Here's how to type ``=B2+$B$3'' quickly. Type the ``='' sign, 
then move the box to cell B2, then type the ``+'' sign. Finally, 
create the $B$3 by using this trick: move the box to cell B3, 
then press the IBM's F4 key or the Mac's COMMAND T. When you've 
finished creating the entire formula, press ENTER.
  A cell's name (such as B3) is called the cell's address, 
because the cell's name tells you where to find the cell. An 
address that contains dollar signs (such as $B$3) is called an 
absolute address, because the address is absolutely fixed and 
will never change, not even when you copy the formula. An address 
that lacks dollar signs is called a relative address, because 
when you copy that address you'll be copying the cell's 
relationship to the other cells.

        AFTER YOU'VE FINISHED
                                         Finished creating your 
spreadsheet? Here's how to copy it to the disk and printer and 
move on to another task.
                                         At the screen's top left 
corner, just under the word File, you see four icons (little 
pictures).
The first icon is a new spreadsheet's blank grid, containing no 
data yet.
The second icon is a picture of a file folder that's been pried 
open.
The third icon is a picture of a 3-inch floppy disk.
The fourth icon is a picture of a printer that's printing on a 
sheet of paper.
                                         Here's how to use them.

                                                   Save to disk
                                         To copy your spreadsheet 
onto a disk, click the disk icon.
                                         If you haven't invented 
a name for the spreadsheet yet, the computer will say ``Save 
As''. Invent a name for your spreadsheet. The name can be fairly 
long: up to 8 IBM characters or 31 Mac characters. For example, 
if you want the spreadsheet to be named JENNIFER, type JENNIFER 
and press ENTER. That instructs the computer to put a file named 
JENNIFER into your hard disk's EXCEL folder. (An IBM's hard disk 
will name the file ``JENNIFER.XLS''; the .XLS stands for ``eXceL 
Spreadsheet''.)
                                         If the name you invented 
was already used by another file, the computer will interrupt the 
process and ask, ``Replace existing JENNIFER?'' If you click OK, 
the computer will copy your spreadsheet onto the hard disk and 
erase the previous file named JENNIFER. If you click Cancel 
instead, the computer will cancel your request to copy the 
spreadsheet onto the disk, so the original file named JENNIFER 
will remain intact.
                                         After you've copied your 
spreadsheet onto the disk, if you change your mind and want to do 
more editing, go ahead! Edit the spreadsheet some more. When you 
finish that editing, click the disk icon again. This time, the 
computer won't bother asking you for the spreadsheet's name; the 
computer will assume you want to use the same name as before.

                                                  Print on paper
                                         If you click the printer 
icon, the printer will print your spreadsheet onto paper.
                                         Page Setup Here's a 
trick. Before clicking the printer icon, try choosing Page Setup 
from the File menu. Then tell the computer what kind of printing 
you prefer. Here's how. . . . 
                                         For orientation, click 
either Portrait or Landscape. Normally, the computer does 
Portrait. If you click Landscape instead, the computer will 
rotate the spreadsheet 90 degrees, so more columns will fit on 
the paper.
                                         Normally, the computer 
leaves 1-inch margins at the top and bottom of the paper and 
3/4-inch margins at the sides. To change those sizes, type the 
number of inches you want for the Left Margin, then press the TAB 
key, then do the same for the Right Margin, Top Margin, and 
Bottom Margin.
                                         Normally, the computer 
starts printing the spreadsheet near the paper's top left corner. 
If you want the spreadsheet to be centered instead, put an x in 
the Center Horizontally and Center Vertically boxes, by clicking 
those boxes.
                                         Normally, the computer 
prints the spreadsheet's gridlines (the lines that separate the 
columns from each other and the rows from each other). If you 
don't want the computer to print the gridlines, remove the x from 
the Gridlines box, by clicking that box.
  Normally, the computer doesn't bother printing the column names 
(A, B, C) and row names (1, 2, 3). If you want the computer to 
print them, put an x in the Row & Column Headings box, by 
clicking that box.
  Have you ever taken a photograph and asked for an 
``enlargement''? The computer can do the same thing: when it 
prints your spreadsheet onto paper, it can produce an enlargement 
(so you can read the spreadsheet even if you're standing far away 
from the sheet of paper). The computer can also produce a 
reduction (so the spreadsheet is made of tiny characters and 
consumes less paper). Enlargements and reductions are called 
scaling. Normally, the computer does not do scaling: it prints at 
100% of original size. To make the computer do scaling, click the 
Reduce/Enlarge button, press the TAB key, then type a percentage 
different from 100%. For example, if you want the spreadsheet to 
look gigantic (twice as tall and twice as wide), type 200. If you 
want the spreadsheet to look tiny (miniaturized), type 50. To 
make the characters just small enough so that the entire 
spreadsheet fits on one sheet of paper, click the Fit to button 
instead.
  At the top of each sheet of paper, the computer prints a 
header. For the header, the computer normally prints the 
spreadsheet's name, such as:
                  JENNIFER.XLS
To change that header, click the Header button. Then tell the 
computer what header you want. For example, suppose you want this 
header:
Annual blood drive                1995 results                  
by Count Dracula
Type the left part (``Annual blood drive''), press the TAB key, 
type the center part (``1995 results''), press TAB again, type 
the right part (``by Count Dracula''), and press ENTER.
  When you finish expressing all your preferences to the 
computer, click OK. Then click the print icon.
  Those preferences affect the printing of just the current 
spreadsheet. They don't affect other spreadsheets you create 
later.

             Close your spreadsheet
  When you've finished using your spreadsheet, do the following. 
. . . 
Standard method: choose Close from the File menu.

Mac shortcut: click the close box.

IBM shortcut: at the left edge of row 1, you see a 1; above it, 
you see an empty box; above it, you see a box containing a 
horizontal line; it's your spreadsheet's control box; 
double-click it.
  If the computer asks ``Save changes?'', click No.
  Your spreadsheet vanishes from the screen.
  Then choose one of these activities:
To invent a new spreadsheet, click the new spreadsheet icon.

To use an old spreadsheet, click the open icon. You'll see a list 
of all your hard disk's spreadsheets. Double-click the 
spreadsheet you want to use. (Make sure you double-click a 
spreadsheet that ends in ``.xls''.) The computer will copy that 
spreadsheet from the hard disk to your screen.

              Delete a spreadsheet
  If you want to delete a spreadsheet from your hard disk, choose 
Delete from the File menu. You'll see a list of all the files in 
your hard disk's Excel folder. Click the spreadsheet you want to 
delete. On the Mac, click Delete; on the IBM, click OK. Then 
click Yes, then click Close.

                   Quit Excel
  When you finish using Excel, go to the File menu and choose 
Quit (for Mac) or Exit (for IBM). If the computer asks ``Save 
changes?'', click No.


               BEAUTIFY YOUR CELLS
  Like an amoeba trying to wear a dress, you too can try to 
beautify your cells!
  First, select which cells you want to beautify. Here's how.
To select one cell, click it.
To select several adjacent cells, drag from the first cell you 
want to the last cell.
To select a whole rectangular area, drag from one corner of 
rectangle to the opposite corner.

To select column D, click the D.
To select columns D through G, point at the D and drag to the G.

To select row 2, click the number 2 at the left edge of row 2.
To select rows 2 through 5, point at the 2 and drag to the 5.

To select the entire spreadsheet, click the empty box that's left 
of the letter A.
  When doing one of those selections, use the mouse; to click, 
use the mouse's left button (not the right).
  The part of the spreadsheet you've selected is called the 
selection or range. It has turned entirely black (except for the 
cell where the box is).
  After you've made your selection, tell the computer how to 
beautify it. Choose one of the following forms of beauty. . . . 

                     Italics
  To make all writing in the selection be italicized (like this), 
push the I button (which is at the top of the screen, just under 
the word Format or Options), by clicking it. The I button will be 
pushed in, and the writing will be italicized. If you change your 
mind and want the writing not to be italicized, select the 
writing again (so it turns black again), then click the I button 
again (so the button pops back out).

                      Bold
  To make all writing in the selection be bold (like this), click 
the B button (which is at the top of the screen, next to the I 
button). If you change your mind and want the writing not to be 
bold, select the writing again (so it turns black again), then 
click the B button again (so the button pops back out).
  To get bold italics, push in the bold button and also the 
italic button.

                      Grow
  To make all writing in the selection grow bigger (like this), 
click the button that has a big A on it. (That button is next to 
the I button.) To make the writing grow even bigger, click that 
button again. For even bigger writing, click the button again. If 
the computer beeps instead of making the writing bigger, you've 
already reached the maximum size that the computer can handle.
  To make your spreadsheet easier to read, use big writing for 
the column headings (such as January), the row headings (such as 
Income, Expenses, and Profit), any totals, and the bottom-line 
results (such as the $2000 profit).

                     Shrink
  To make all writing in the selection become smaller (like 
this), click the button that has a little A on it.

                      Clear
  To make all writing in the selection vanish (so it's erased), 
do the following. . . . 
Standard method: choose Clear from the Edit menu.

IBM shortcut: press the DELETE key.

Mac shortcut: press the Del key; if your keyboard doesn't have a 
Del key, press COMMAND with B (which means ``Blank'').
Then press ENTER.

                      Align
  To nudge all writing in the selection slightly to the left or 
slightly to the right, click one of these three buttons:
                         ______      ______      ______
                         ____         ____         ____
                         ______      ______      ______
                         ____         ____         ____
                         ______      ______      ______
                         ____         ____         ____
  Those buttons are near the top of the screen, just under the 
word Options or Window. Here's what those buttons do:
                                Ŀ
clicking the left button makes each cell's writing be flush 
leftlike this              
                                
                                Ŀ
clicking the center button makes each cell's writing be centered       
like this       
                                
                                Ŀ
clicking the right button makes each cell's writing be flush 
right                                         like this
                                
  If you don't click any of the buttons, here's what happens: if 
the cell contains a word, the computer puts the word flush left; 
if the cell contains a number instead, the computer puts the 
number flush right.
  In a simple spreadsheet, row 1 usually contains words (such as 
January, February, and March). Those words are headings for 
columns of numbers. The numbers are flush right. To align the 
headings with the numbers beneath them, make the headings be 
flush right also. To do that, select row 1 (by clicking the 1), 
then click the right button.

               Format the numbers
  To make all numbers in the selection look better, click the 
down-arrow that's just under the word Formula or Format. You'll 
see this menu:
Menu    Meaning                     Examples
Normal  display normally              1538.4      -0.739

Currencydollars & cents, insert commas, parenthesize 
negatives$1,538.40    ($0.74)
Currency [0]same as ``Currency'', but round to nearest 
dollar$1,538       ($1)

Comma   same as ``Currency'', but omit the dollar sign 1,538.40     
(0.74)
Comma [0]same as ``Currency [0]'', but omit the dollar sign 1,538        
(1)

Percent multiply by 100, round to an integer, put % afterwards  
153840%       -74%
  From that menu, choose whichever format you wish, by clicking 
it.
  Here are more details about each format. . . . 
  Choosing Normal makes each number appear normal.
  Choosing Currency makes each number look like 
dollars-and-cents. To do that, the computer puts a dollar sign 
before the number, rounds the number to two decimal places, and 
inserts commas in large numbers. If the number is negative, the 
computer displays the number in red and put parentheses around 
it.
  Currency [0] resembles Currency but makes the computer round to 
the nearest dollar. The computer doesn't bother showing any 
cents. That prevents your spreadsheet from being cluttered with 
unimportant details, such as pennies. It makes the spreadsheet 
easier to look at. It's for idiots who would get distracted by 
details. The next time you meet an accountant, ask this riddle: 
``What's the definition of an idiot's accountant? An accountant 
who doesn't show any cents!''
  Comma resembles Currency but prevents the computer from 
printing the dollar sign. This format appeals to accountants who 
tire of seeing dollar signs all day. Those accountants consider 
dollar signs to be boring distractions. By omitting the dollar 
signs, you give you spreadsheet a lean-and-mean look, so it looks 
just like the physique of the average accountant.
  Comma [0] combines all those thoughts. It's for lean, mean 
idiots.
  Percent converts the number to a percent. For example, if the 
number is .25, the computer converts it to a percent (by 
multiplying by 100%); the computer displays 25%.


                SORT
  This spreadsheet shows how Sue, Al, and Pedro scored on a test:
Ŀ
       A       B       C    
Ĵ
  1 Sue           42        
Ĵ
  2 Al             7        
Ĵ
  3 Pedro        100        

  You can make the computer alphabetize the names, so the 
spreadsheet becomes:
Ŀ
       A       B       C    
Ĵ
  1 Al             7        
Ĵ
  2 Pedro        100        
Ĵ
  3 Sue           42        

  You can make the computer put the scores in numerical order, so 
the spreadsheet becomes:
Ŀ
       A       B       C    
Ĵ
  1 Al             7        
Ĵ
  2 Sue           42        
Ĵ
  3 Pedro        100        

  You can make the computer put the scores in reverse numerical 
order (from highest score to lowest score), so the spreadsheet 
becomes:
Ŀ
       A       B       C    
Ĵ
  1 Pedro        100        
Ĵ
  2 Sue           42        
Ĵ
  3 Al             7        

  Putting data in order (alphabetically or numerically) is called 
sorting. The entire rectangular area that's involved in the 
sorting (which includes cells A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, and B3) is 
called the data area.
  To sort, make the data area become black (by dragging from cell 
A1 to cell B3), then choose Sort from the Data menu. You'll see 
the sort window.
  Do you want to sort by name or by score? The computer assumes 
you want to sort by the data area's first column (the A column, 
the name column). If you want to sort by score instead, click 
anywhere in the score column (the B column).
  Normal order (from lowest number to highest number, or from A 
to Z) is called ascending order. Reverse order (from highest 
number to lowest number, or from Z to A) is called descending 
order. The computer assumes you want ascending order; if you want 
descending order instead, click the Descending button in the sort 
window's bottom left corner.
  Click OK. Then the computer will interchange the rows of data 
so that the data area becomes sorted!


          CHART
  You can graph your data. In Excel, graphs are called charts.
  For example, suppose you want to graph the data from a company 
you run. Your company sells Day-Glo Pink Hair Dye. (Your motto 
is: ``To brighten your day, stay in the pink!'')
  You have two salespeople, Joe and Sue. Joe's worked for you a 
long time, and sells about $8,000 worth of dye each month. Sue 
joined your company recently and is rapidly improving at 
encouraging people to turn their hair pink. (She does that by 
inventing slogans for various age groups, such as ``Feminine 
babes wear pink!'', ``You look so sweet with your new hair style 
___ spun, pink, cotton candy!'', ``Don't be a dink! Go pink!'', 
``Pink is punk!'', ``Pink: the color that says I'll be your 
Valentine, but lighten up!'', ``Be what you drink ___ a Pink 
Lady!'', ``Let that sexy, slinky, pink panther inside you 
glow!'', ``Love is a pink Cadillac ___ with hair to match!'', and 
``When you're in a sour mood, look like a pink grapefruit!'')
  This spreadsheet shows how many dollars worth of dye Joe and 
Sue sold each month:
                             The spreadsheet shows that Joe sold 
$8000 worth of dye in January, $6500 in February, and $7400 in 
March.
                             Sue's a trainee. She sold just $2000 
worth in January, but her monthly sales zoomed up to $12500 by 
March.
                             Here's how to turn that spreadsheet 
into a graph.
                             First, type the spreadsheet.
                             Next, format the numbers. To do 
that, drag from the first number (cell B2) to the last number 
(cell D3), then click the down-arrow that's just under the word 
Format, then click ``Currency [0]''. The spreadsheet becomes 
this:
                             Tell the computer which cells to 
graph. To do that, drag from the blank starting cell (A1) to the 
last number (cell D3). Drag just to that cell, since the computer 
gets confused if you drag across extra cells or rows or columns.
                             Click the Chart Wizard icon, which 
is near the screen's top right corner. (That icon shows a magic 
wand waving over a bar graph.)
                             The screen's bottom left corner 
tells you, ``Drag in document to create a chart.'' Obey the 
computer: drag across some blank cells, where you want the graph 
to appear. (For example, drag from cell A4 to Mac cell F16 or IBM 
cell I18.) The larger the area you drag across, the larger the 
graph will be.
                             The computer says ``Chart Wizard''. 
Click the Next button 4 times, then click OK.
                             Then the computer draws the graph 
and make it part of your spreadsheet, so your spreadsheet looks 
like this:
                             If you click the print icon, your 
printer will print the entire spreadsheet, including the graph! 
If you click the disk icon, your hard disk will store a copy of 
the entire spreadsheet, including the graph.

                                                 Edit
                             You can edit the graph easily.
If you change the numbers in the spreadsheet's cells,
the graph will change too, automatically!

To move the graph to a different blank area of your spreadsheet,
just point at the graph and drag it wherever you wish!

If you want to erase the graph,
click it and then press the BACKSPACE key.
