
              STARTING
  Here's how to start using Quattro Pro (versions 3, 4, and SE) 
and 1-2-3 (versions 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4). Other versions are 
similar.

        Copy to the hard disk
  You'll want to copy the program onto a hard disk. Here's how 
___ but if you're sharing the computer, ask your colleagues 
whether they did this step already!
  Quattro Pro Turn on the computer without any floppy in drive A.
  Versions 3 and SE come on double-density floppy disks. When you 
buy version 4, you get three high-density 5-inch disks and two 
high-density 3-inch disks; if your computer doesn't have a 
high-density disk drive, you can exchange those disks for 
double-density disks.
  When you see the C prompt, put Disk 1 in drive A and type 
``a:install''.
  The computer will say, ``QUATTRO PRO Installation''. Press 
ENTER twice.
  The computer will say ``C:\QPRO''. Do this. . . . 
Version 4: press the F2 key.
Versions 3 and SE: press the down-arrow key, then ENTER.
  Press the BACKSPACE key three times (so the ``C:\QPRO'' changes 
to ``C:\Q''). Do this. . . . 
Version 4: press ENTER twice.
Versions 3 and SE: press ENTER, then up-arrow, then ENTER again.
  Put Disk 2 in drive A, and press ENTER. Then do the same for 
any other disks.
  The computer will say, ``The QUATTRO PRO files have been 
installed on your hard disk.'' Press ENTER twice.
  The computer will say, ``Company Name''. Press the F2 key. Type 
the name of your company or organization. (If you don't belong to 
a company or organization, type the word ``Personal''.) At the 
end of that typing, press ENTER twice.
  The computer will say, ``Name''. Press the F2 key. Type your 
own first name and last name. At the end of your name, press 
ENTER twice.
  The computer will say, ``Serial #''. Press the F2 key. Type the 
serial number that was printed on the label of Disk 1. At the end 
of the serial number, press ENTER four times. For versions 3 and 
SE, press ENTER a fifth time.
  The computer will say, ``Printer Manufacturer''. Press the F2 
key. You'll see a list of printer manufacturers. Press the 
right-arrow key several times, until your printer's manufacturer 
is highlighted. Press ENTER twice.
  The computer will say, ``Printer Model''. Press the F2 key. 
You'll see a list of printer models. Press the right-arrow key 
several times, until your printer model is highlighted. Press 
ENTER 7 times for versions 4 and SE, 8 times for version 3. 
You'll see a C prompt.
  Then turn off the computer, so you can start fresh.
                                         1-2-3 versions 2.3 and 
2.4 Turn on the computer without any floppy in drive A.
                                         Versions 2.3 and 2.4 of 
1-2-3 come on nine 5-inch floppy disks. When you see the C 
prompt, put Disk 1 in drive A and type ``a:''. The computer will 
display an A prompt. Type ``install''.
                                         The computer will say 
``Lotus Install Program''. Press ENTER.
                                         If the computer says 
``RECORDING YOUR NAME'', do this: type your name, press ENTER, 
type your company's name, and press ENTER twice.
                                         Press ENTER two more 
times. The computer will say ``C:\123R23'' or ``C:\123R24''. 
Press the BACKSPACE key three times, so the computer says just 
``C:\123''. Press ENTER twice.
                                         The computer will say, 
``Insert Disk 2 in drive A''. Do it and press ENTER. The computer 
will say, ``Insert Disk 3 in drive A''. Do it and press ENTER. Do 
the same for disks 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.
                                         The computer will say, 
``FILE TRANSFER SUCCESSFUL''. Press ENTER 6 times.
                                         The computer will say, 
``Select a text printer driver.'' You'll see the beginning of a 
list of printer manufacturers, alphabetized. Move the box to the 
name of your printer's manufacturer, by pressing the down-arrow 
key repeatedly. Then press ENTER.
                                         You'll see a list of 
printer models. Move the box to the name of your printer model. 
Then press ENTER three times.
                                         The computer will say, 
``Select a graphics printer driver.'' Move the box to your 
printer's manufacturer again, and press ENTER. Move the box to 
the name of your printer model; press ENTER six times. You'll see 
a DOS prompt.
                                         Then turn off the 
computer, so you can start fresh.
                                         1-2-3 version 2.2 
Version 2.2 of 1-2-3 comes on seven 5-inch floppy disks. You 
also get, free, a program called Allways, which comes on five 
extra 5-inch floppy disks. So altogether, you get 12 disks.
                                         Step 1: initialize 
1-2-3. Turn on the computer without any floppy in drive A. When 
you see the C prompt, put the 1-2-3 System Disk in drive A, and 
type ``a:''. The computer will display an A prompt. Type 
``init''. (If the computer says ``Bad command or file name'', 
somebody else initialized 1-2-3 already, so skip ahead to step 
2.)
                                         You'll see a 1-2-3 
copyright message. Press ENTER twice. The computer will say, 
``Please enter your name''. Type your name. The computer will say 
``Confirm (Y/N)''. Type Y. The computer will say ``Please enter 
your company's name''. Type your company's name. The computer 
will say ``Confirm (Y/N)'' again. Type Y again. The computer will 
say ``Press ENTER to continue''. Press ENTER twice.
                                         Step 2: enter the 1-2-3 
subdirectory. When you see the A prompt, type ``c:''. The 
computer will display a C prompt. Type ``md 123'' (so you're 
making a subdirectory called 123). After the next C prompt, type 
``cd 123'' (so you're changing to the 123 subdirectory).
  Step 3: copy 1-2-3. Type ``copy a:*.*'' (which copies all the 
floppy's files onto the hard disk). Put another 1-2-3 floppy into 
drive A and type ``copy a:*.*'' again (which copies all of that 
floppy's files onto the hard disk). Repeat that procedure for 
each of the 1-2-3 floppies (but not for the Allways floppies), so 
each 1-2-3 floppy is copied onto the hard disk.
  Step 4: install 1-2-3. Type ``install''. Eventually, the 
computer will say ``Press ENTER to begin the Install program.'' 
Press ENTER five times.
  You'll see a list of monitors. Which monitor do you have? Move 
the box to your monitor's name, by pressing the down-arrow key 
several times. To do that, you might find this chart helpful:
Your monitorChoose this monitor from menu
normal monochromeHercules Graphics Card (80 x 25)
laptop monochromeToshiba T1100 Plus and T1200
Compaq monochromeCompaq, single-color monitor
AT&T monochromeAT&T 6300 single-color monitor
CGA color   IBM color card, color monitor
EGA color   IBM/Compaq Enhanced Graphics (EGA 80 x 25)
VGA color or monoIBM/Compaq Video Graphics (VGA 80 x 25)
MCGA color or monoIBM Multi-Color (MCGA) Color
  Press ENTER twice. You'll see a list of printer manufacturers. 
Move the box to the name of your printer's manufacturer. (If your 
manufacturer's name isn't listed, choose ``Epson'' for 
dot-matrix; choose ``HP'' for laser.)
  Press ENTER. You'll see a list of printers. Move the box to 
your printer's model number. (If you chose ``Epson'' because your 
printer's manufacturer was unlisted, try choosing ``FX'' for 
9-pin, ``LQ 2500'' for 24-pin.)
  Press ENTER three times. You'll see a list of printer 
manufacturers again. Move the box to the name of your printer's 
manufacturer again.
  Press ENTER. Move the box to your printer's model number again.
  Press ENTER five times. The computer will ask, ``Do you want to 
leave Install?'' Move the box to Yes.
  Press ENTER. You'll see a DOS prompt.
  Then turn off the computer, so you can start fresh.

                 Run the program
  To run the program, begin by turning on the computer without 
any floppy in drive A.
  If you've put the DO.BAT file onto your hard disk (as I 
recommended in the MS-DOS chapter), your life is easy! Just type 
``do q'' to do Quattro Pro; type ``do 123'' to do 1-2-3.
  If you have not put DO.BAT onto your hard disk, your life is 
harder! You must type ``cd q'' and then ``q'' to do Quattro Pro; 
you must type ``cd 123'' and then ``123'' to do 1-2-3.

                  Move the box
  The screen shows a table that begins like this:
        A        B        C        D        E        F        G        
H
1            
2
3
4
  Normally, the letters go from A to H; but if you're using 
Quattro Pro 4 with an EGA or VGA monitor, the letters go from A 
to I. Normally, the numbers start at 1 and go up to 20; but if 
you're using Quattro Pro 3 or 4 with an EGA or VGA monitor, the 
numbers go up to 22 or 23.
  Notice that the computer puts a box in column A, row 1. If you 
tap the right-arrow key, that box moves to the right, so it's in 
column B. If you tap the down-arrow key, the box moves down, to 
row 2. By tapping the four arrow keys, you can move the box in 
all four directions, to practically anywhere on the screen.
  Jargon Each possible position of the box is called a cell.
  The box's original position (in column A, row 1) is called cell 
A1. If you move the box there and then tap the right-arrow key, 
the box moves to column B, row 1; that position is called cell 
B1.
  To point at a cell, move the box to that cell. Since you use 
the box to point at cells, the box is called the cell pointer.

              Create a spreadsheet
  To create a spreadsheet, you move the box from cell to cell, 
and put into each cell whatever words or numbers you wish.
  For example, suppose you run a small business whose income is 
$7000 and expenses are $5000. Those are the figures for January; 
the figures for February aren't in yet. Let's put the January 
figures into a spreadsheet, like this:
        A        B        C        D        E        F        G        
H
1            January
2   Income       7000
3   Expenses     5000
4   Profit
  To begin, move the box to cell A2. Type the word Income, then 
press the down-arrow key, which moves the box down to cell A3. 
Now your screen shows the word Income in cell A2, and the box is 
in cell A3.
  Try that! When you do, here's what happens. While you type the 
word Income, it appears temporarily in an input area at the top 
of the screen. It appears just in the input area until you press 
the down-arrow key, which copies Income to cell A2 and moves the 
box down.
  After the box has moved to cell A3, continue typing the 
spreadsheet as follows. Type the word Expenses, press the 
down-arrow key (to move to cell A4), type the word Profit, move 
the box to cell B1 (by pressing the up-arrow three times and then 
the right-arrow once), type the word January, press down-arrow, 
type 7000, press down-arrow, type 5000, and press down-arrow 
again.
  BACKSPACE key If you make a mistake while typing the words and 
numbers, press the BACKSPACE key to erase the last character you 
typed.
  The left-arrow key will not help you erase the last character 
you typed. Instead, the left-arrow key moves the box to a 
different cell.
  Type a formula Although the computer's screen shows the words 
you typed (Income, Expenses, and Profit), the computer doesn't 
understand what those words mean. It doesn't know that ``Profit'' 
means ``Income minus Expenses''. The computer doesn't know that 
the number in cell B4 (which represents the profit) ought to be 
the number in cell B2 (the amount of income) minus the number in 
cell B3 (the dollars spent).
  You must teach the computer the meaning of Profit, by teaching 
it that the number in cell B4 ought to be the number in cell B2 
minus the number in cell B3.
  To do that, move the box to cell B4, then type this formula:
+B2-B3
  Notice that every formula normally begins with a plus sign. The 
rest of the formula, B2-B3, tells the computer to subtract the 
number in cell B3 from the number in cell B2, and put the answer 
into the box's cell (which is cell B4).
  When you type that formula, you don't have to bother 
capitalizing the B: capitalization is optional.
  While you're typing that formula, it appears in the input area.
  When you've finished typing the formula, press the ENTER key. 
Then the computer automatically computes the formula's answer 
(2000) and puts that number into the box's cell (B4), so the 
screen looks like this:
        A        B        C        D        E        F        G        
H
1            January
2   Income       7000
3   Expenses     5000
4   Profit       2000
  The formula ``+B2-B3'' remains in effect forever. It says that 
the number in cell B4 will always be the B2 number minus the B3 
number. If you ever change the numbers in cells B2 and B3 (by 
moving the box to those cells, retyping the numbers, and pressing 
ENTER), the computer automatically adjusts the number in cell B4, 
so the number in cell B4 is still B2 minus B3 and still 
represents the correct profit.
                                                     For example, 
suppose you move the box to cell B2, then type 8000 (to change 
the January income to $8000), and then press ENTER. As soon as 
you press ENTER, not only does the number 8000 appear in cell B2 
but also the profit in cell B4 immediately changes to 3000, right 
in front of your eyes!
                                                     A typical 
spreadsheet contains dozens of numbers, totals, subtotals, 
averages, and percentages. Each cell that contains a total, 
subtotal, average, or percentage is defined by a formula. 
Whenever you retype one of the numbers in the spreadsheet, the 
computer automatically readjusts all the totals, subtotals, 
averages, and percentages, right before your eyes.
                                                     Remember to 
begin each formula with a plus sign. The rest of the formula can 
contain these symbols:
Symbol                                                   Meaning
+                                                        plus
-                                                        minus
*                                                        times
/                                                        divided 
by
.                                                        decimal 
point
It can also contain E notation and parentheses. For details about 
how to use those symbols, E notation, and parentheses, read pages 
322-327, which explain BASIC's fundamentals and math.

                                                          Edit simply
                                                     To edit 
what's in a cell, move the box to that cell. Then type the word, 
number, or formula that you want to put into the cell.
                                                     If the 
cell's word, number, or formula was almost correct, and you're 
too lazy to retype it all, do the following. Move the box to that 
cell. Press the F2 key. Now the cursor is in the input area. Edit 
the word, number, or formula as if you were using a word 
processor. (Use the BACKSPACE, DELETE, INSERT, left-arrow, and 
right-arrow keys.) When you finish editing, press ENTER.
                                                     If you type 
a formula incorrectly, the computer might beep at you. Then the 
cursor stays in the input area, so you can edit the error.
            Use functions
  To make a cell be the sum of cells B2 through B9, you can type 
this formula:
+B2+B3+B4+B5+B6+B7+B8+B9
  Instead of typing all that, you can type just this:
+@SUM(B2..B9)
  A function is a word that makes the computer calculate (such as 
SUM). Put the symbol @ before each function: say @SUM instead of 
SUM.
  After each function, you must put parentheses. For example, you 
must put parentheses after SUM.
  Since the computer ignores capitalization, you can type:
+@sum(b2..b9)
  You can omit the plus sign and the second period, and type just 
this:
@sum(b2.b9)
  To find the sum of cells B2 through H2 (which is 
B2+C2+D2+E2+F2+G2+H2), type this:
@sum(b2.h2)
  To find the sum of all cells in the rectangle that stretches 
from B2 to C4 (which is B2+B3+B4+C2+C3+C4), type this:
@sum(b2.c4)
  Average To find the average of cells B9 through B13, you can 
type this:
+(b9+b10+b11+b12+b13)/5
But this way is shorter:
@avg(b9.b13)
  To find the average of cells C7, B5, and F2, you can ask for 
(c7+b5+f2)/3, but a nicer way is to type:
@avg(c7,b5,f2)

         Point in a formula
  While you're typing a formula, you can point at cells instead 
of typing their names. For example, in the middle of a formula, 
instead of typing B2, you can just point at cell B2, by moving 
the box to cell B2. When you move the box to cell B2, the 
computer automatically types B2 for you.
  So to type the formula +B2-B3, just type the equal sign (or 
plus sign), move the box to cell B2, then type the minus sign, 
then move the box to cell B3. Try it! When you've finished 
constructing the formula, press ENTER.
  To type the formula @sum(b2.b9) quickly, type the ``@sum('', 
then move the box to B2, then type the period, then move the box 
to B9, then type the ``)''.

             Fill a cell
  Suppose you want to fill an entire cell with dashes, so that 
the cell looks like this:
---------
Here's how to do that quickly.
  Type a backslash (which is the symbol ``\''), then type the 
dash, then press ENTER. The backslash means ``fill'', so the 
computer will fill the entire cell with dashes.
  Be joyous Instead of typing a dash, try typing the word JOY. 
Then the computer will fill the cell with JOY, like this:
JOYJOYJOY

                                                      Hop far
                                         Here's how to be quick 
as a bunny and hop far in your spreadsheet.
                                         Farther rows The screen 
shows just a few rows, which are numbered 1, 2, 3, etc. Row 1 is 
at the top of the screen. Row 15 is near the bottom of the 
screen.
                                         Try this experiment. 
Move the box down to row 15 (by pressing the down-arrow key 
repeatedly). Then press the down-arrow key several more times. 
Eventually, you'll get to row 30, and later to row 100, and much 
later to row 1000, and even later to row 10000. The largest row 
number you can go to is 8192.
                                         To make room on the 
screen for those new rows, row 1 disappears temporarily. If you 
want to get back to row 1, press the up-arrow key repeatedly.
                                         Farther columns The 
screen shows just a few columns, which are lettered A, B, C, etc. 
If you press the right-arrow key repeatedly, you'll eventually 
get to column Z.
                                         Altogether, the computer 
lets you have 256 columns. The first 26 columns are lettered from 
A to Z. The next 26 columns are lettered from AA to AZ. The next 
26 columns are lettered from BA to BZ. And so on. The last column 
___ the 256th ___ is IV. That's why people who use spreadsheets 
are called ``IV league accountants''.
                                         Do not try to put data 
in all the rows and columns! Your computer doesn't have enough 
RAM to hold that much data. Cynics say, ``Before you run out of 
spreadsheet, you'll run out of RAM.''
                                         Autorepeat Here's a 
shortcut: instead of pressing an arrow key repeatedly, just hold 
down the key awhile.
                                         Screenfuls To move far 
down, press the PAGE DOWN key. To move far up, press the PAGE UP 
key. To move far to the right, press the TAB key. To move far to 
the left, press the TAB key while holding down the SHIFT key. 
Each of those keys moves the box far enough so that you see the 
next screenful of rows and columns.
                                         HOME key Cell A1 is 
called the home cell, because that's where life and your 
spreadsheet begins: at home! To move the box there, press the 
HOME key.
                                         END key If you press the 
END key and then an arrow key, the box moves to the spreadsheet's 
edge.
                                         For example, if you 
press the END key and then the right-arrow key, the box moves to 
the spreadsheet's right edge. That means the box moves to the 
right, until it reaches column IV or a boundary cell (a cell 
containing data and next to an empty cell).
                                         F5 key To move the box 
to a distant cell immediately, press the F5 key. Then type the 
cell's name (such as C9) followed by ENTER.

                  MAJOR EDITING
  To give a command, press the slash key (which as the symbol 
``/'' on it). Next, choose from the main menu, which appears at 
the top of the screen. In Quattro Pro, the main menu looks like 
this:
File  Edit  Style  Graph  Print  Database  Tools  Options  Window
In 1-2-3, the main menu looks like this:
Worksheet  Range  Copy  Move  File  Print  Graph  Data  System  
Add-in  Quit
  After you've pressed the slash key, choose a command from the 
main menu by typing the command's first letter.
  If you're not sure which command to choose, press the 
right-arrow key several times; that makes the computer explain 
each command's purpose.
  After choosing a command, the computer might ask you for 
further details, by giving you a submenu to choose from. To 
choose a command from a submenu, type the command's first letter.
  If you make a mistake, press the Esc key several times. That 
cancels the menus, so they disappear. (Then if you wish, you can 
try again to use the menus: press the slash key again and 
choosing menu commands again, by typing the first letter of each 
command you wish.)
  Here are examples. . . . 

                    Erase all
  Here's how to erase the entire spreadsheet so that all the 
cells become blank and you can start over again.
  Quattro Pro Say File Erase Yes by pressing the slash key, then 
the F key, then the E key, then the Y key, like this: /FEY.
  1-2-3 Say Worksheet Erase Yes by pressing the slash key, then 
the W key, then the E key, then the Y key, like this: /WEY. If 
you're using version 2.3 or 2.4, the computer might ask, ``Erase 
worksheet?''; to reply, press Y.
  Try it! Go ahead! Try erasing the entire spreadsheet! Do it 
now. It's a good way to practice using menus.

                 Erase one cell
  Suppose you want to erase just one cell so it becomes blank. 
Move the box to that cell, then do the following.
  Quattro Pro Press the DELETE key.
  1-2-3 For version 2.3 and 2.4, press the DELETE key. For 
version 2.2, say Range Erase (by typing /RE), then press ENTER.

               Erase several cells
  Here's how to erase several cells, so they become blank.
  Move the box to the first cell you want to erase. If you're 
using Quattro Pro, say Edit Erase-block (by typing /EE); if 
you're using 1-2-3, say Range Erase (by typing /RE). Move the box 
to the last cell you want to erase. Press ENTER.
  The computer will erase that first cell, last cell, and the 
cells between them.
  For example, if the first cell is B2, and the last cell is B7, 
the computer will erase B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, and B7. If the first 
cell is B2, and the last cell is E2, the computer will erase B2, 
C2, D2, and E2. If the first cell is B2, and the last cell is C4, 
the computer will erase B2, B3, B4, C2, C3, and C4.
  The first cell, last cell, and the cells between them form a 
rectangle. Quattro Pro calls that rectangle a block; 1-2-3 calls 
it a range.
  So here's how to erase a rectangle of cells: point at one 
corner of the rectangle (by using the arrow keys), then say Edit 
Erase-block (or Range Erase), then point at the rectangle's 
opposite corner and press ENTER.
                                                      Delete some columns
                                                     Here's how 
to delete column B.
                                                     Move the box 
to column B. For Quattro Pro, say Edit Delete Columns (by typing 
/EDC); for 1-2-3; say Worksheet Delete Column (by typing /WDC). 
Press ENTER.
                                                     The computer 
erases all the data from column B, so column B becomes blanks, 
which the computer immediately fills by shifting some data from 
other columns. Here's how. . . . 
                                                     Into column 
B, the computer moves the data from column C. Then into column C, 
the computer moves the data from column D. Then into column D, 
the computer moves the data from column E. And so on.
                                                     At the end 
of the process, the top of the screen still shows all the letters 
(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, etc.); but now column B contains the data 
that used to be in column C; and column C contains the data that 
used to be in column D; etc.
                                                     After 
rearranging the spreadsheet, the computer fixes all formulas. For 
example, after column C's data has moved to column B, the 
computer hunts through all formulas in the spreadsheet and fixes 
them by changing each ``C'' to ``B''. The computer also changes 
each ``D'' to ``C'', each ``E'' to ``D'', etc.
                                                     You've 
learned how to delete column B. Here's how to delete several 
columns. Move the box to the first column you want to delete, 
then say Edit Delete Columns (for Quattro Pro) or Worksheet 
Delete Column (for 1-2-3), then move the box to the last column 
you want to delete, then press ENTER. The computer will delete 
that first column, last column, and the columns between them.

                                                       Delete some rows
                                                     Instead of 
deleting columns, you can delete rows.
                                                     Move the box 
to the first row you want to delete. For Quattro Pro, say Edit 
Delete Rows; for 1-2-3, say Worksheet Delete Row. Move the box to 
the last row you want to delete. Press ENTER.
         Insert some columns
  You can insert extra columns in the middle of your spreadsheet. 
When you do, the computer will move other columns out of the way, 
to make room for the extra columns. The computer will also adjust 
each formula.
  Here's how to insert extra columns.
  Point where you want the first extra column to appear (by 
moving the box there). For Quattro Pro, say Edit Insert Columns; 
for 1-2-3, say Worksheet Insert Column. Point where you want the 
last extra column. Press ENTER.

          Insert some rows
  Here's how to insert extra rows.
  Point where you want the first extra row. For Quattro Pro, say 
Edit Insert Rows; for 1-2-3, say Worksheet Insert Row. Point 
where you want the last extra row. Press ENTER.

                Move
  You can move your data.
  Move a rectangle On your spreadsheet, find these cells: B2, B3, 
B4, C2, C3, and C4. Those six cells are next to each other. In 
fact, they form a giant rectangular area, whose top left corner 
is B2.
  You can tell the computer to take all the data in that 
rectangular area and move it to a different part of your 
spreadsheet. For example, you can tell the computer to move the 
data to the part of your spreadsheet that begins at E7.
  Then the computer will move B2's data to E7, B3's data to E8, 
B4's data to E9, C2's data to F7, C3's data to F8, and C4's data 
to F9. In other words, all the data in the original rectangle 
(whose top left corner is B2) will get moved to a rectangle whose 
top left corner is E7.
  The computer will also adjust all formulas that refer to the 
cells in the rectangle.
  Here's how to make the computer do all that.
  Point at the original rectangle's top left corner (B2).
  For 1-2-3, say Move. For Quattro Pro, say Edit Move (or use 
this shortcut: while holding down the CONTROL key, tap the M 
key).
  Point at the original rectangle's bottom right corner (C4). 
Press ENTER.
  Point at the new rectangle's top left corner (E7). Press ENTER.
  Make sure it's blank Before you move a rectangle, make sure the 
place you're moving it to is blank. (The computer will not move 
cells out of the way, to make room for the rectangle.)
  If you can't find a blank space to put the rectangle, you must 
create a blank space (by erasing cells or by inserting new blank 
columns or rows).
  Close the gap When the computer finishes moving the rectangle, 
the rectangle's original position becomes a group of empty cells. 
If you want those empty cells to vanish, point there and tell the 
computer to delete the rows and columns those cells are in.
                                         Different kinds of 
rectangles Try moving different kinds of rectangles.
                                         For example, try moving 
a rectangle that consists of one column of numbers. For that 
rectangle, the ``top left corner'' is the column's top number; 
the ``bottom right corner'' is the column's bottom number.
                                         Try moving a rectangle 
that consists of one row of words. For that rectangle, the ``top 
left corner'' is the row's first word; the ``bottom right 
corner'' is the row's last word.
                                         Try moving a rectangle 
that consists of just one cell. That rectangle's ``top left 
corner'' and ``bottom right corner''are just the cell itself.

                                                       Copy
                                         You can copy your data.
                                         Copy a cell Here's how 
to copy a cell's data to a different place, so the cell's data 
will appear in both places.
                                         Point at the cell.
                                         For 1-2-3, say Copy. For 
Quattro Pro, say Edit Copy (or use this shortcut: while holding 
down the CONTROL key, tap the C key).
                                         Press ENTER. Point where 
you want the copy to appear. Press ENTER again.
                                         Make sure it's blank 
Before you copy a cell's data, make sure the place you're copying 
it to is blank. The computer will not move cells out of the way 
to make room for the copy.)
                                         Copy a formula's concept 
If you ask the computer to copy a formula, the computer will copy 
the concept underlying the formula.
                                         For example, suppose 
cell B4 contains the formula +B2+B3, so that B4 is the sum of the 
two cells above it. If you tell the computer to copy cell B4 to 
E9, the computer will make E9's formula be ``the sum of the two 
cells above it''; the computer will make E9's formula be +E7+E8.
                                         For another example, 
suppose cell B4 contains the formula +2*B3, so that B4 is twice 
the cell above it. If you tell the computer to copy cell B4 to 
E9, the computer will make E9's formula be ``twice the cell above 
it''; the computer will make E9's formula be +2*E8.
                                         For another example, 
suppose cell B4 contains the formula +2*A4, so that B4 is twice 
the cell to the left of it. If you tell the computer to copy cell 
B4 to E9, the computer will make E9's formula be ``twice the cell 
to the left of it''; the computer will make E9's formula be 
+2*D9.
                                         Multiple copies of a 
cell Here's how to copy a cell's data to several places.
                                         Point at the cell.
                                         For 1-2-3, say Copy. For 
Quattro Pro, say Edit Copy (or use this shortcut: while holding 
down the CONTROL key, tap the C key).
                                         Press ENTER.
                                         Point where you want the 
first copy to appear. Press the period key. Point where you want 
the last copy to appear. Press ENTER.
                                         Copy a rectangle Here's 
how to copy a rectangle of data to a different place, so the 
rectangle's data will appear in both places.
                                         Point at the rectangle's 
top left corner.
                                         For 1-2-3, say Copy. For 
Quattro Pro, say Edit Copy (or use this shortcut: while holding 
down the CONTROL key, tap the C key).
  Point at the rectangle's bottom right corner. Press ENTER.
  Point where you want the copy of the rectangle to begin 
appearing. (That's where the new rectangle's top left corner will 
be.) Press ENTER.
  Dollar signs Notice again how copying from B4 to E9 turns the 
formula +B2+B3 into +E7+E8: it turns each B into an E, the 2 into 
a 7, and the 3 into an 8.
  If you want to prevent those changes, put dollar signs in the 
original formula. For example, to prevent the 3 from turning into 
an 8, put a dollar sign before the 3, so cell B4 contains this 
formula:
+B2+B$3
When you copy that cell to E9, the dollar sign prevents the 
computer from turning the 3 into an 8; E9's formula will become 
+E7+E$3 (instead of +E7+E8).
  To prevent the 2 from turning into a 7, put a dollar sign 
before the 2, like this:
+B$2+B3
  To prevent each B from turning into an E, put a dollar sign 
before each B, like this:
+$B2+$B3
  To prevent any changes from occurring at all, put a dollar sign 
before each column letter and each row number, like this:
+$B$2+$B$3
When you copy that formula from cell B4 to E9, the computer will 
put that same formula into cell E9, without making any changes. 
Cell E9 will contain +$B$2+$B$3.
  You can use this short cut: instead of typing $B$2, you can 
point at cell B2 and then press the F4 key. Pressing the F4 key 
makes the computer insert the dollar signs. So to type $B$2 
quickly, point at cell B2 then press the F4 key.
  Kinds of addresses A cell's name (such as B3) is called the 
cell's address, because the cell's name tells you where to find 
the cell.
  An address that contains dollar signs (such as $B$3) is called 
an absolute address, because the address is absolutely fixed and 
will never change, not even when you copy the formula.
  An address that lacks dollar signs is called a relative 
address, because when you copy that address you'll be copying the 
cell's relationship to the other cells.
  An address containing just one dollar sign (such as B$3) is 
called a mixed address, because it's partly relative and partly 
absolute.

                  COLUMN WIDTH
                             When you start Quattro Pro & 1-2-3, 
each cell is wide enough to hold 9 characters.

                                            Widen a column
                             Here's how to make column D be 
wider, so that each cell in column D can hold longer words and 
numbers.
                             Point at column D (by moving the box 
there).
                             For 1-2-3, say Worksheet Column 
Set-width (by typing /WCS). For Quattro Pro, say Style 
Column-width (by typing /SC) or use this shortcut: press CONTROL 
with W.
                             Tap the right-arrow key several 
times, until the column is as wide as you like. (If you want to 
make the column narrower, tap the left-arrow key.)
                             Press ENTER.

                                         Widen several columns
                             Let's widen several columns.
                             Here's how to change the computer's 
assumption that most cells should be 9 characters wide. For 
Quattro Pro, say Options Formats Global-width (by typing /OFG); 
for 1-2-3, say Worksheet Global Column-width (by typing /WGC). 
Repeatedly tap the right-arrow key until the columns are as wide 
as you like, then press ENTER.
                             That changes the computer's 
assumption that most cells should be 9 characters wide, but it 
does not change any column whose width you specified previously 
(by saying Column Width or Worksheet Column Set-width).
                             You can widen columns B, C, D, and E 
by using the following trick. Move the box to column B. For 
Quattro Pro SE, say Style Block-widths Set-width (by typing 
/SBS); for Quattro Pro 3 and 4, say Style Block-size Set-width 
(by typing /SBS); for 1-2-3, say Worksheet Column Column-range 
Set-width (by typing /WCCS). Move the box to column E, and press 
ENTER. Repeatedly tap the right-arrow key until the columns are 
as wide as you like, then press ENTER.

                                             Long numbers
                             If you try to type a long number in 
a cell that's too narrow to hold the number, the cell might 
display symbols instead of the number.
                             For example, try typing a long 
number in a cell that's just 4 characters wide. Instead of 
displaying the long number, the computer displays 4 asterisks 
(****).
                             Although the cell displays just 
those symbols, the computer remembers the long number you typed. 
To see the long number, widen the cell (by widening its column).
                             So if you see asterisks or number 
signs in a cell, the computer is telling you that the cell is too 
narrow and should be widened.

                                              Long words
                             Try this experiment. Make cell B1 be 
just 4 characters wide. Then try to type the word ``January'' in 
that cell.
                             That cell will probably show just 
the first 4 letters (Janu). You probably won't see the remaining 
letters (ary). But if the next cell (C1) is blank, the computer 
will temporarily widen cell B1 to hold ``January''.
                             Cell B1 will contract to its 
original size (4 characters) when you enter data in cell C1.

             FINAL STEPS
  After you've finished creating your spreadsheet, you'll want to 
do six things:
Slide headings toward the right, so they're over the numbers.
Beautify columns of numbers, by aligning their decimal points.
Rearrange the data to put it in numerical or alphabetical order.
Copy the data onto paper.
Copy the data onto a disk.
Move to a different spreadsheet or task.
  Here's how. . . . 

            Right justify
  In a simple spreadsheet, row 1 usually contains words (such as 
January, February, and March). Those words act as headings for 
columns of numbers.
  Unfortunately, those words are too far to the left, so they 
aren't exactly above the numbers. (That happens because when the 
computer puts short data into a wide cell, the computer puts the 
data near the cell's left edge if the data is a word, but puts 
the data near the cell's right edge if the data is a number.)
  To make the words in row 1 align better with the numbers below 
them, tell the computer to shift the words in row 1 to the right 
slightly. Here's how.
  To shift just one word to the right, put a quotation mark 
before the word. For example, if you want just the word March to 
be shifted to the right, type this in the cell:
"March
  Here's how to shift all the words in row 1 to the right. Point 
at the beginning of row 1 (by pressing the HOME key). For Quattro 
Pro, say Style Alignment Right; for 1-2-3, say Range Label Right. 
Point at the rightmost filled cell in row 1. Press ENTER.
                                                Format the numbers
                                         Normally, the screen 
displays numbers like this:
        A        B        C        D        E        F
1     1538.4
2     -0.739
                                         Here's how to display 
those numbers more beautifully.
                                         If the numbers in your 
spreadsheet represent money, try this experiment. For Quattro 
Pro, say Options Formats Numeric-format Fixed, then press ENTER, 
then press Q, then press Q again; for 1-2-3, say Worksheet Global 
Format Fixed, then press ENTER.
                                         That makes the 
spreadsheet show 2 digits after each decimal point and round each 
amount to the nearest penny, so that the numbers look like this:
        A        B        C        D        E        F
1    1538.40
2      -0.74
                                         If you type a comma 
instead of saying Fixed, the computer will also put commas in 
large numbers and put parentheses around negative amounts, so 
that the spreadsheet looks like this:
        A        B        C        D        E        F
1   1,538.40
2      (0.74)
                                         If you say Currency 
instead of Fixed, the computer will also put dollar signs in 
front of the numbers, like this:
         A        B        C        D        E        F
1   $1,538.40
2      ($0.74)
But before giving that command, you must widen column A, to allow 
enough room to insert the dollar signs.
                                         If you say Percent 
instead of Fixed, the computer will express each number as a 
percentage, by putting a percent sign after the number and 
multiplying the number by 100, like this:
         A         B        C        D        E        F
1   153840.00%
2      -73.90%
                                         If you change your mind, 
and want to return to the traditional format (instead of Fixed or 
comma or Currency or Percent), say General instead of Fixed.
                                         Those commands change 
the formats of all the numbers in the spreadsheet.
                                         Here's how to change the 
formats of just a few numbers. Point at the first number whose 
format you want to change. For Quattro Pro, say Style 
Numeric-format; for 1-2-3, say Range Format. Choose a format: say 
Fixed or Currency or Percent or General or a comma. Press the 
ENTER key (unless you chose General). Point at the last number 
whose format you want to change. Press the ENTER key.
                                         Suppose you format a few 
special numbers (by saying Block Display-format or Range Format), 
and later give a different format to the worksheet as a whole (by 
saying Defaults Format Display or Worksheet Global Format). The 
format given to the worksheet as a whole will affect most of the 
worksheet but will not affect the special numbers you formatted 
already.
            Sort the data
  This spreadsheet shows how Sue, Al, and Pedro scored on a test:
        A        B        C        D        E        F
1   Sue            42
2   Al              7
3   Pedro         100
  You can make the computer alphabetize the names, so the 
spreadsheet becomes:
        A        B        C        D        E        F
1   Al              7
2   Pedro         100
3   Sue            42
  You can make the computer put the scores in numerical order, so 
the spreadsheet becomes:
        A        B        C        D        E        F
1   Al              7
2   Sue            42
3   Pedro         100
  You can make the computer put the scores in reverse numerical 
order (from highest score to lowest score), so the spreadsheet 
becomes:
        A        B        C        D        E        F
1   Pedro         100
2   Sue            42
3   Al              7
  Jargon Putting data in order (alphabetically or numerically) is 
called sorting.
  Normal order (from lowest number to highest number, or from A 
to Z) is called ascending order. Reverse order (from highest 
number to lowest number, or from Z to A) is called descending 
order.
  The entire rectangular area that's involved in the sorting 
(which includes cells A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, and B3) is called the 
data area.
  Procedure For Quattro Pro, say Database Sort; for 1-2-3, say 
Data Sort. You'll see the sort menu, which offers you several 
choices.
  For Quattro Pro, choose Block (by typing B); for 1-2-3, choose 
Data-range (by typing D). Point at the data area's first cell 
(A1), type a period, point at the data area's last cell (B3), and 
press ENTER.
  You'll see the sort menu again. For Quattro Pro, choose 1st-key 
(by typing the number 1); for 1-2-3, choose Primary-key (by 
typing P). To alphabetize by student name, move the box to column 
A; to alphabetize by score instead, move the box to column B. 
Press ENTER. Type an A (for ascending order) or D (for descending 
order). Press ENTER.
  You'll see the sort menu again. Choose Go (by typing G). The 
computer will go sort.
  If you want the computer to sort differently (for example, by 
score instead of student name, or descending instead of 
ascending), say Database Sort or Data Sort again. Since the 
computer still remembers the previous data area, you do not have 
to say Block or Data-range again; just say 1st-key or Primary-key 
again, point at the field name you want to sort on, press ENTER, 
type an A or D, etc.

           Print on paper
  To print on paper, turn the printer off, put paper into the 
printer, and adjust the paper if necessary so that the printer is 
ready to print at the top of a new sheet. Then turn the printer 
back on.
                                         Quattro Pro Say Print. 
You'll see the print menu, which offers you several choices.
                                         Choose Block (by typing 
B). Point at the first cell you want to print (which is usually 
A1), type a period, point at the last cell you want to print 
(such as H20), and press ENTER.
                                         You'll see the print 
menu again. Choose Spreadsheet-print (by typing S). The printer 
will print. (If the spreadsheet is too wide to fit on the paper, 
the printer will print the left part of the spreadsheet on one 
sheet of paper and the right part of the spreadsheet on the next 
sheet.) When the printer has finished, you'll see the print menu 
again.
                                         (If you're using a laser 
printer, the paper won't come out of the printer yet. I'll 
explain later how to make the paper come out.)
                                         If you want to print 
another copy of the same cells, choose Spreadsheet-print again. 
If you want to print different cells instead, choose Block, then 
say which cells to print, then choose Spreadsheet-print.
                                         If you want to print at 
the top of a new sheet of paper (instead of the bottom of the 
previous sheet), tell the printer to jerk up the paper by giving 
a special ``jerk paper'' command before you say 
Spreadsheet-print. To give the ``jerk paper'' command, say 
Adjust-printer Form-feed (by typing A then F).
                                         To make the paper come 
out of a laser printer, give that ``jerk paper'' command.
                                         When you finish using 
the printer, choose Quit from the print menu (by typing Q). That 
makes the print menu disappear, so that you can do anything else 
you wish.
                                         1-2-3 Say Print Printer. 
You'll see the print menu, which offers you several choices.
                                         Choose Range (by typing 
R). Point at the first cell you want to print (which is usually 
A1), type a period, point at the last cell you want to print 
(such as H20), and press ENTER.
                                         You'll see the print 
menu again. Choose Go (by typing G). The printer will go print. 
(If the spreadsheet is too wide to fit on the paper, the printer 
will print the left part of the spreadsheet on one sheet of paper 
and the right part of the spreadsheet on the next sheet.) When 
the printer has finished, you'll see the print menu again.
                                         (If you're using a laser 
printer, the paper won't come out of the printer yet. I'll 
explain later how to make the paper come out.)
                                         If you want to print 
another copy of the same cells, choose Go again. If you want to 
print different cells instead, choose Range, then say which cells 
to print, then choose Go.
                                         If you want to print at 
the top of a new sheet of paper (instead of the bottom of the 
previous sheet), tell the printer to jerk up the paper by giving 
a special ``jerk paper'' command before you say Go. To give the 
``jerk paper'' command, say Page (by typing P).
                                         To make the paper come 
out of a laser printer, give that ``jerk paper'' command.
                                         When you finish using 
the printer, choose Quit from the print menu (by typing Q). That 
makes the print menu disappear, so that you can do anything else 
you wish.

                                                   Save on disk
                                         Here's how to copy your 
spreadsheet onto the hard disk.
                                         Say File Save (or use 
this Quattro Pro shortcut: while holding down the CONTROL key, 
tap the S key). Then invent a name for the spreadsheet; for 
example, if you want the spreadsheet to be named FRED, type FRED 
and press ENTER.
  The computer will try to copy the spreadsheet onto the hard 
disk and call the spreadsheet ``FRED''.
  If the hard disk contains a file named FRED already, the 
computer will interrupt the process and display a menu that says 
``Cancel'' and ``Replace''.
  If you choose Replace (by typing R), the computer will copy 
your spreadsheet onto the hard disk and erase the previous file 
named FRED. If you choose Cancel instead, the computer will 
cancel your request to copy the spreadsheet onto the disk, so the 
original disk file named FRED will remain intact.

         Retrieve from disk
  Here's how to see a list of all the spreadsheets on your hard 
disk.
  Say File Retrieve. If the computer asks a question (such as 
``Lose your changes?'' in Quattro Pro or ``Retrieve file?'' in 
1-2-3), press Y.
  (Next, if you're using 1-2-3, press the F3 key.)
  You'll see a list of all the spreadsheets on your hard disk.
  If you don't want to use any of those spreadsheets at the 
moment, tap the BREAK key while holding down the CONTROL key. 
(The BREAK key is at the upper-right corner of your keyboard. 
That key also says Pause or Scroll Lock.)
  If you do want to use one of those spreadsheets, point at the 
one you want to use and press ENTER. The computer will copy that 
spreadsheet from the disk to the RAM and show that spreadsheet on 
your screen.

          Delete from disk
  Here's how to erase a spreadsheet from your hard disk.
  Quattro Pro Say File Utilities File-manager (by typing /FUF). 
The computer will display a directory of all the spreadsheets on 
your hard disk.
  Point at the spreadsheet you want to delete, press the DELETE 
key, and press Y (to confirm that Yes, you really want to delete 
it. Then say File Close (by typing /FC).
  1-2-3 Say File Erase Worksheet. Press the F3 key.
  The computer will display a directory of all the spreadsheets 
on your hard disk.
  If you change your mind and don't want to erase any of them, 
tap the BREAK key while holding down the CONTROL key. If you do 
want to erase one of them, point at it, press ENTER, and press Y 
(to confirm that Yes, you really want to erase it).

                Quit
  When you finish using the spreadsheet program, here's how to 
quit.
  Quattro Pro Say File eXit (or use this shortcut: while holding 
down the CONTROL key, tap the X key). If the computer asks ``Lose 
your changes and exit?'', press Y. The screen will show a C 
prompt, so you can give a DOS command.
  1-2-3 Say Quit Yes (by typing a slash, then Q, then Y). If the 
computer asks ``End 1-2-3?'', press Y. The screen will show a C 
prompt, so you can give a DOS command.

           ADVANCED VIEWS
                                         Congratulations! Now you 
know all the fundamental spreadsheet commands!
                                         Here are advanced 
commands that provide better ways to view your spreadsheet.

                                                 Vertical windows
                                         You can divide the 
screen into two windows so that each window shows a different 
part of your spreadsheet.
                                         Here's how to divide 
your screen into two windows, so that the left window shows 
columns A, B, and C, while the right window shows columns X, Y, 
and Z. (The two windows will be separated from each other by a 
vertical line.)
                                         Get column A onto the 
screen (by pressing the HOME key). Move the box to the middle of 
the screen (column E). For Quattro Pro, say Window Options 
Vertical; for 1-2-3, say Worksheet Window Vertical.
                                         The screen splits into 
two windows. The left window shows columns A through D; the right 
window shows columns E through H.
                                         The box begins in the 
left window, but you can move it to the right window by pressing 
the F6 key.
                                         Here's how to put 
columns X, Y, and Z into the right window: move the box to the 
right window (by pressing the F6 key), then tap the right-arrow 
or TAB key several times (until you reach columns X, Y, and Z).
                                         If you want to move the 
box back to the left window, press the F6 key again.
                                         Here's how to stop using 
vertical windows. For Quattro Pro, say Window Options Clear; for 
1-2-3, say Worksheet Window Clear.

                                                Horizontal windows
                                         Here's how to divide the 
screen into two windows, so that the top window shows rows 1, 2, 
and 3, while the bottom window shows rows 97, 98, and 99. (The 
two windows will be separated from each other by a horizontal 
line.)
                                         Get row 1 onto the 
screen (by pressing the HOME key). Move the box to the middle of 
the screen (row 10). For Quattro Pro, say Window Options 
Horizontal; for 1-2-3, say Worksheet Window Horizontal.
                                         The screen splits into 
two windows. The top window shows rows 1 through 9; the bottom 
window shows rows 10 through 19.
                                         The box begins in the 
top window, but you can move it to the bottom window by pressing 
the F6 key.
                                         Here's how to put rows 
97, 98, and 99 into the bottom window: move the box to the bottom 
window (by pressing the F6 key), then tap the down-arrow or PAGE 
DOWN key several times (until you reach rows 97, 98, and 99).
                                         If you want to move the 
box back to the top window, press the F6 key again.
                                         Here's how to stop using 
horizontal windows. For Quattro Pro, say Window Options Clear; 
for 1-2-3, say Worksheet Window Clear.
               Titles
  You should put a heading at the top of each column. For 
example, if column B contains financial information for January, 
and column C contains financial information for February, you 
should put the word January at the top of column B, and the word 
February at the top of column C. Since the words January and 
February are at the top of the columns, they're in row 1. They're 
called the column titles.
  If row 2 analyzes Income, and row 3 analyzes Expenses, you 
should put the word Income at the left edge of row 2, and the 
word Expenses at the left edge of row 3. Since the words Income 
and Expenses are at the left edge of the spreadsheet, they're in 
column A. They're called the row titles.
  So in a typical spreadsheet, the column titles are in row 1, 
and row titles are in column A.
  Unfortunately, when you move to a different part of the 
spreadsheet (by tapping the PAGE DOWN key or TAB key), the titles 
tend to disappear from the screen, and you forget the purpose of 
each row and column.
  Procedure Before playing with titles, clear away any vertical 
or horizontal windows that you created.
  Then move the box to cell B2. For Quattro Pro, say Window 
Options Locked-titles Both; for 1-2-3, say Worksheet Titles Both.
  Afterwards, even if you tap the PAGE DOWN or TAB key, the 
titles will stay on the screen.
  After you've forced the titles to stay on the screen, you can't 
move the box to row 1 or column A anymore. Row 1 and column A are 
off limits. For example, if you press the HOME key, which tries 
to send the box to cell A1, the box will go only as far as cell 
B2; it will stay in B2.
  If you want to move the box to row 1 or column A (so you can 
revise the titles), you must cancel the titles command. Here's 
how. For Quattro Pro, say Window Options Locked-titles Clear; for 
1-2-3, say Worksheet Titles Clear.

        Manual recalculation
  Suppose you've created a gigantic spreadsheet, containing 
dozens of rows and columns (all filled with numbers, formulas, 
and words), and you want to change four of the numbers.
  The normal way is to point to the cell containing the first 
number, retype the number, press the ENTER key, and then wait for 
the computer to recalculate all the formulas that use the number. 
If the spreadsheet is large, hundreds of cells might contain 
formulas using the number, and you might wait a long time for the 
computer to recalculate them all.
  When the computer has finished recalculating, you point to the 
second number to change, retype it, press the ENTER key, and 
again wait for the computer to recalculate all the formulas using 
that number. Next, retype the third number, press the ENTER key, 
and wait. Then retype the fourth number, press the ENTER key, and 
wait.
  So to change the four numbers, you must wait four times for the 
computer to recompute all relevant formulas in the spreadsheet. 
You'll be annoyed when you have to wait so long, four times!
                                         To avoid waiting four 
times, do this: for Quattro Pro, say Options Recalculation Mode 
Manual then press the Esc key twice; for 1-2-3, say Worksheet 
Global Recalculation Manual. Then move around the spreadsheet and 
retype the four numbers. When you press the ENTER key after each 
number (or RETURN or an arrow key), the computer will not 
automatically recalculate all the formulas; instead, the computer 
will put onto the screen a note saying ``Calculate'' (or 
``CALC''), which means ``I ought to recalculate all the formulas, 
but I'm not going to bother.'' Since the computer doesn't bother 
to recalculate all the formulas, the computer is immediately 
ready for you to type more numbers; you do not have to wait for 
the computer.
                                         After you've typed all 
four numbers (without ever having to wait for the computer), and 
you've pressed the ENTER key after each number, and you're 
finally ready for your coffee break, press the F9 key.
                                         Pressing the F9 key 
makes the computer recalculate all the formulas. While the 
computer is recalculating, go have your cup of coffee. When you 
come back, all the formulas will have been recalculated, and the 
``Calculate'' note will be gone.
                                         Using that method, you 
must wait for the computer only once (during your coffee break), 
instead of waiting four times.
                                         That method is called 
manual recalculation. Instead of recalculating automatically each 
time you press the ENTER key, the computer recalculates when you 
press the F9 key, which manually triggers the recalculation.
                                         If you ever want the 
computer to go back to recalculating automatically, do this: for 
Quattro Pro, say Options Recalculation Mode Background then press 
the Esc key twice; for 1-2-3, say Worksheet Global Recalculation 
Automatic.

                                                  Graph on screen
                                         Suppose you're running a 
company that sells Day-Glo Pink Hair Dye. (Your motto is: ``To 
brighten your day, stay in the pink!'')
                                         You have two 
salespeople, Joe and Sue. Joe's worked for you a long time, and 
sells about $8,000 worth of dye each month. Sue joined your 
company recently and is rapidly improving at encouraging people 
to turn their hair pink. (She does that by inventing slogans for 
various age groups, such as ``Feminine babes wear pink!'', ``You 
look so sweet with your new hair style ___ spun, pink, cotton 
candy!'', ``Don't be a dink! Go pink!'', ``Pink is punk!'', 
``Pink: the color that says I'll be your Valentine, but lighten 
up!'', ``Be what you drink ___ a Pink Lady!'', ``Let that sexy, 
slinky, pink panther inside you glow!'', ``Love is a pink 
Cadillac ___ with hair to match!'', and ``When you're in a sour 
mood, look like a pink grapefruit!'')
  This spreadsheet shows how many dollars worth of dye Joe and 
Sue sold each month:
        A        B        C        D        E        F
1             January February    March
2   Joe          8000     6500     7400
3   Sue          2000     4300    12500
  The spreadsheet shows that Joe sold $8000 worth of dye in 
January, $6500 in February, and $7400 in March.
  Sue's a trainee. She sold just $2000 worth in January, but her 
monthly sales zoomed up to $12500 by March.
  Let's turn that spreadsheet into a graph. First, type the 
spreadsheet. Here's what to do next. . . . 
  Quattro Pro Point at the spreadsheet's top left corner (cell 
A1) by pressing the HOME key. Say Graph. You'll see the graph 
menu.
  Choose Graph-type (by typing G). If you want to create a line 
graph like this ___ 
choose Line (by typing B). If instead you want to create a bar 
graph like this ___ 
choose Bar (by typing B).
  You'll see the graph menu again. Choose Fast-graph (by typing 
F), point at the last number (cell D3), and press ENTER. You'll 
see the graph you desired, except that two titles are missing: 
the main title (``How much we sold'') and the Y-axis title 
(``Dollar Sales'').
  Here's how to add those two titles to your screen's graph. . . 
. 
  Press ENTER. You'll see the graph menu again. Choose Text (by 
typing T). Type the number 1, then the main title (``How much we 
sold''), then press ENTER. Type a Y, then the Y-axis title 
(``Dollar Sales''), then press ENTER. Press the Esc key.
  You'll see the graph menu again. Choose View (by typing V). 
You'll see the whole graph, including the two titles. Press 
ENTER.
                                         You'll see the graph 
menu again. When you finish playing with graphs, press the ESCAPE 
key. That makes the graph menu disappear.
                                         The computer will 
remember what kind of graph you wanted. If you revise the numbers 
in the spreadsheet, you can see the revised graph by just 
pressing the F10 key. The graph will immediately appear. After 
you've admired it, press the ENTER key.
                                         If you save the 
spreadsheet (by saying File Save), the computer automatically 
saves the graph also. Later, if you retrieve the spreadsheet (by 
saying File Retrieve), the computer retrieves the graph also; to 
see the graph, just press the F10 key.
                                         1-2-3 Say Graph. You'll 
see the graph menu, which offers you several choices.
                                         Choose Group (by typing 
G), point at the first heading (cell B1), type a period, point at 
the last number (cell D3), press ENTER, and say Rowwise (by 
typing R).
                                         You'll see the graph 
menu again. Choose View (by typing V). You'll see a graph. It 
looks almost as good as this ___ 
but your screen's graph is missing three items: the title (``How 
much we sold''), the Y-axis label (``Dollar Sales''), and the 
legend (which says that the box is ``Joe'' and the plus sign is 
``Sue'').
                                         Here's how to add those 
three items to your screen's graph. . . . 
                                         Press ENTER. You'll see 
the graph menu again. Choose Options (by typing the letter O). 
You'll see the options menu.
                                         Choose Titles First (by 
typing TF). Type the title (``How much we sold'') and press 
ENTER.
                                         You'll see the options 
menu again. Choose Titles Y-axis (by typing TY). Type the Y-axis 
label (``Dollar Sales'') and press ENTER.
                                         You'll see the options 
menu again. Choose Legend Range (by typing LR), point at the 
first person (cell A2), type a period, point at the last person 
(cell A3), and press ENTER.
                                         You'll see the options 
menu again. (If you have a color monitor and want to see graphs 
in color instead of monochrome, choose Color by typing C.)
                                         From the options menu, 
choose Quit (by typing Q). That gets rid of the options menu.
  You'll see the graph menu. Choose View again. You'll see the 
whole graph, including the title, Y-axis label, and legend. That 
kind of graph is called a line graph.
  Press ENTER. You'll see the graph menu again.
  If you want to see a bar graph, choose Type Bar, then choose 
View again. You'll see this bar graph:
When you finish admiring that graph, press ENTER, so you see the 
graph menu again. If you want to see the line graph again, choose 
Type Line, then choose View again, and when you finish admiring 
the graph press ENTER, so you see the graph menu again.
  When you finish playing with graphs, choose Quit. That makes 
the graph menu disappear.
  The computer will remember what kinds of graph you wanted. If 
you revise the numbers in the spreadsheet, you can see the 
revised graph by just pressing the F10 key. The graph will 
immediately appear. After you've admired it, press the F10 key 
again.
  If you save the spreadsheet (by saying File Save), the computer 
automatically saves the graph also. Later, if you retrieve the 
spreadsheet (by saying File Retrieve), the computer retrieves the 
graph also; to see the graph, just press the F10 key.

           Graph on paper
  Here's how to print a graph on paper.
  Quattro Pro Get the graph onto the screen. Press ESCAPE several 
times, until the graph and menus disappear. Say Print Graph-print 
Go (by typing /PGG).
  1-2-3 version 2.3 and 2.4 Get the graph onto the screen. Press 
ESCAPE several times, until the graph and menus disappear. (Then 
if you're using version 2.3, turn Wysiwyg on by doing this: say 
Add-in Attach by typing /AA; move the box to ``WYSIWYG.ADN'' by 
repeatedly pressing the right-arrow key; press ENTER; and choose 
No-key Quit by typing NQ.)
  Move the box below your spreadsheet. (To do that, move the box 
to column A, then down to the bottom row that contains your data, 
then down two more rows.)
  Type a colon (:). To do that, remember that you must press the 
SHIFT key. Then you'll see the Wysiwyg menu. From that menu, 
choose Graph Add Current (by typing GAC). Type a period, then 
move the box to column G and down 15 more rows. (The farther you 
move to the right and
down, the bigger your graph will be.) Press ENTER. You'll see the 
graph below your spreadsheet. Choose Quit (by typing Q).
                                         Type a colon, so you see 
the Wysiwyg menu again. Choose Print (by typing P).
                                         You'll see the Wysiwyg 
print menu. Choose Range Set (by typing RS). To print the 
spreadsheet and the graph, point at the first cell you want to 
print (which is usually A1), type a period, point at the last 
cell you want to print (at the graphic's bottom row in column G), 
and press ENTER.
                                         You'll see the Wysiwyg 
print menu again.
                                         If nobody told Wysiwyg 
what kind of printer you bought, do so now. Here's how. From the 
Wysiwyg print menu, choose Config Printer (by typing CP). Point 
at the resolution level you want (the higher the resolution you 
choose, the prettier but slower your printer will print), and 
press ENTER. Choose Quit.
                                         You'll see the Wysiwyg 
print menu again. Choose Go (by typing G). The printer will go 
print.
                                         1-2-3 version 2.2 Get 
the graph onto the screen. Press ESCAPE several times, until the 
graph and menus disappear.
                                         Say Graph Save (by 
typing /GS). Type a name for the graph (invent whatever name you 
like), then press ENTER. The computer will copy the graph onto 
the hard disk. Say Quit (by typing Q).
                                         Get out of 1-2-3 (by 
saying Quit Yes). If you started 1-2-3 by saying ``do 123'', type 
``cd 123''.
                                         Type ``pgraph'' (so the 
computer runs the PGRAPH print-graph program in your 123 
subdirectory).
                                         The computer will 
display this PGRAPH menu:
Image-select Settings Go Align Page Exit
                                         The first time you use 
the PGRAPH program, tell it which hardware you bought. Here's 
how. (If you're using a colleague's computer, ask whether this 
procedure was done already.) Say Settings Hardware (by typing 
SH). You'll see the hardware menu. Choose Graphs-directory (by 
typing G), type ``c:\123'', and press ENTER. You'll see the 
hardware menu again. Choose Fonts-directory (by typing F), type 
``c:\123'' again, and press ENTER. You'll see the hardware menu 
again. Choose Printer (by typing P), point at the resolution 
level you want (the higher the resolution you choose, the 
prettier but slower your printer will print), press the SPACE bar 
(which makes the symbol # appear), and press ENTER. You'll see 
the hardware menu again. Choose Quit (by typing Q). Say Save (by 
typing S). You'll see the PGRAPH menu again. Now PGRAPH knows 
which hardware you bought.
                                         Here's how to make the 
PGRAPH program print the graph. . . . 
                                         Choose Image-select by 
typing I. You'll see a list of all the graphs on your hard disk. 
Point at the graph you want to print, press the SPACE bar (which 
makes the symbol # appear), and press ENTER.
                                         You'll see the PGRAPH 
menu again. Choose Go (by typing G). The computer will go print 
the graph.
                                         You'll see the PGRAPH 
menu again. Choose Exit Yes by typing EY. That makes the computer 
stop using the PGRAPH program.
                                         You'll see a DOS prompt. 
If you want to run the 1-2-3 program again, type ``123''; if you 
want to return to the DOS root directory instead, type ``cd \''.