02/15/93

                           CHAPTER 36

                   "Jussive Noun Clauses; Fio"


JUSSIVE NOUN CLAUSES

Let's first try to define a jussive noun clause.  Let's start
from the back end.  A clause, as you know, is a thought,
containing at least a noun or pronoun and a finite verb (i.e. a
verb with person).  You know, don't you, that a sentence can be
made of only one clause -- a simple sentence -- or it can be made
of many clause strung together or subordinated with conjunctions.
A jussive noun clause, therefore, is going to be some thought put
into a sentence.

     So what does "noun" mean in this description?  A noun is a
substance or an idea, right, which can then be worked into the
grammar of a sentence.  A noun clause, therefore, must be a
clause which is treated like a noun in a sentence -- by being
treated as the object of a verb, in this case.

     And what does "jussive" mean?  You've seen "jussive" before
in the subjunctive construction called the "Jussive Subjunctive",
which is a kind of wish or command.

     Put altogether, then, a jussive noun clause is going to be a
clause indicating a command which is treated as a noun in a
sentence.  And what does that mean?

     Another, less accurate, way of visualizing this construction
is simply as an indirect command, like an indirect statement, or
an indirect question.  You know how Latin expresses direct
commands.  It uses the imperative mood or the jussive
subjunctive.

              Adiuva(te) nos.                Help us!
              Noli(te) nos adiuvare.         Don't help us!
              Adiuvemus eos.                 Let's help them.
              Ne eos adiuvemus               Let's not help them.

What happens to these direct commands if they are made indirect?
What do we do in English?  We rewrite the original command to an
accusative-infinitive construction.  Like this:

          Help us!                 She asked them to help us.
          Don't help us!           She asked them not to help us.

Now, notice a couple of things.  When the command becomes
indirect, we have to insert the pronoun which was omitted in the
direct command.  The reason for this should be obvious.  Read the
the sentences with the indirect questions without the pronoun
"them".  What happens?  "She asked to help us" means something
entirely different from the original, doesn't it.  We change the
pronoun of the indirect statement as we need to in order to
recapture the intention of the original.

     How about Latin?  When a direct command is written as an
indirect command in Latin, it assumes the form of a purpose
clause, using "ut" for an original positive command, and "ne" for
an original negative command (which we can also call a
prohibition).  This shouldn't present you with much of a problem,
but there is one odd twist.  Latin may actually will insert the
pronoun in the main clause after the main verb, and then repeat
the person in the personal ending of verb within the indirect
command.  Additionally, the construction of the main clause
varies with each verb which typically introduces indirect
command.  Watch:

     ORIGINAL DIRECT COMMAND            INDIRECT COMMAND

     Adiuvate nos.                      Rogo vos ut nos
                                        adiuvetis.
     (Help us.)                         (I ask you to help us.)

Do you see?  The "vos" in the main clause of the second sentence
is, logically speaking, superfluous, since you've already got the
second person plural in the finite form of the dependent
subjunctive "adiuvetis".)  But let's try translating the sentence
literally: "I am asking you -- what? -- that you should help us."
If we break the sentence apart just a little, we see how the
repeated pronoun seems to work.  You can also see, can't you, why
this construction is also called a noun clause.  The thing you
asking for, that is, the contents of the indirect command, is
treated as if it were an accusative object of the main verb of
the sentence.  "I am asking you 'x'."  Let's look at some more
examples of indirect commands and try a little variety.

     ORIGINAL DIRECT COMMAND       INDIRECT COMMAND

     Adiuvate nos.                 Oro vos ut nos adiuvetis. (I
                                   beg you to help us.)

     Adiuvate nos.                 Hortati summus eos ut nos
                                   adiuvarent. (We encouraged
                                   them to help us.)[1]

     Adiuvate nos.                 Imperat eis ut se adiuvent.
                                   (He orders them to help
                                   them(selves).)

     Noli nos adiuvare.[2]         Quaesivit ab te ne nos
                                   adiuvares. (Lit., He requested
                                   from you that you not help us
                                   = he asked you not to help
                                   us.)

     Noli nos adiuvare.            Persuadebit ei ne nos adiuvet.


The only difficult task in learning indirect commands, as you
might have guessed, is memorizing the different configurations of
objects which follow the main verbs.  Wheelock gives you a list
of verbs and their constructions in note 1 (p. 177) which you
should have a look at.  Now try your hand at a little
composition. Put the following direct commands into indirect
commands dependent on the indicated leading verb.  Then
translate.


1.   Facite id.  (Imperavarunt)

     Imperaverunt vobis ut id faceretis. (They ordered you to do
     it.)


2.   Adiuva me.  (Persuasit)


     ____________________________________________________________

3.   Ne dux hostibus noceat. (Persuaserunt)


     ____________________________________________________________

4.   Hoc mihi dent. (Rogabant)


     ____________________________________________________________

5.   Ne civitatem tollant.  (Imperabat)


     ____________________________________________________________


THE IRREGULAR VERB: fio, fieri

If you were asked to produce the passive voice of the verb
"facio", you'd probably start writing: facior, faceris, facitur,
and so forth.  Unfortunately, this wouldn't be right.  The verb
"facio" has an unusual passive voice in the present system.  It
uses forms from the verb "fio, fieri" to say "to be done, to
become."

Two things you need to note right away before we start looking at
the verb itself: (1) the verb "facio" has an irregular passive
only in the present system (i.e. the present, future, and
imperfect tenses), but in the perfect system system, it becomes
quite regular, using its 4th principle part "factus, -a, -um" and
a conjugated form of the verb "sum"; (2) the forms of "fio" are
active in but they have a passive meaning (just the reverse of
deponent verbs).

Despite its irregular meaning, the forms of the verb are quite
predictable.  Here's everything you need to know about the verb
to be able to conjugate it correctly.

     (1)  Except for the infinitive, it conjugates just like a
          third conjugation verb i-stem, with a root "fe-."
          That's it.

Now try to conjugate the present system of this verb.  Do one
tense at a time, and stop after each a check your work with
Wheelock, page 175. (Make an honest effort to produce these forms
on your own.  It's the only way you'll see that the verb isn't as
bizzare at it might seem.)

Fio, fieri
                       INDICATIVE MOOD

       PRESENT             FUTURE             IMPERFECT

   _______________     _______________     _______________

   _______________     _______________     _______________

   _______________     _______________     _______________

   _______________     _______________     _______________

   _______________     _______________     _______________

   _______________     _______________     _______________


                      SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

       PRESENT                                IMPERFECT

   _______________                         _______________

   _______________                         _______________

   _______________                         _______________

   _______________                         _______________

   _______________                         _______________

   _______________                         _______________


All the other forms of these verb are going to come from its
parent verb "facio, -ere".  (For no good reason, Wheelock also
gives you the imperatives "fi, fite".  They're rare enough to be
ignored.  Ignore them.)


DRILLS

Try your hand at some composition now.  Go slowly.  Be sure to
observe the rules governing the tense of subordinate subjunctives
(Sequence of Tenses).


1.   They persuaded him to come.


     ____________________________________________________________

2.   They will persuade him to come.


     ____________________________________________________________

3.   The leader ordered that these things be done.


     ____________________________________________________________

4.   The leader will order that these things be done.


     ____________________________________________________________

5.   The conquered nation begged Caesar not to harm them.


     ____________________________________________________________
6.   The conquered nation will beg Caesar to spare them.


     ____________________________________________________________

7.   My friends persuaded me to study good literature.


     ____________________________________________________________

8.   Cicero asked him to confess his crimes.


     ____________________________________________________________

9.   The whole people warned them not to set out from the city.


     ____________________________________________________________

10.  Cicero asked the senate to allow him to speak.


     ____________________________________________________________


VOCABULARY PUZZLES

fio, fieri, factus sum   Wheelock's way of listing the verb as a
                         separate vocabulary item could cause
                         some confusion.  It might lead you to
                         think this a kind of reverse deponent
                         verb.  I think it'll cause you less
                         confusion just to remember that the verb
                         "facio" has an unusual stem it uses to
                         form the present system passive than to
                         think of "fio" as a verb standing on its
                         own.  "Fio" is an irregularity of
                         "facio".  (Don't miss reading note #3,
                         page 177!)
Key
Chapter 36

2.   Persuasit tibi ut me adiuvares. (He persuaded you to help
     me.)

3.   Persuaserunt duci ne hostibus noceret. (They persuaded the
     leader not to harm the enemy.)

4.   Rogabant ab eis ut hoc mihi darent. (They were asking them
     to give this to me.)

5.   Imperabat eis ne civitatem tollerent. (He ordered them not
     to destroy the city.)



1.   Persuaserunt ei ut veniret.

2.   Persuadebunt ei ut veniat.

3.   Dux imperavit ut haec fierent.

4.   Dux imperabit ut haec fiant.

5.   Victa natio ab Caesare oravit ne eis noceret.

6.   Victa natio ab Caesare orabit ne eis noceat.

7.   Mei amici mihi persuaserunt ut litteris bonis studerem.

8.   Cicero ab eo petavit ut culpas fateretur.

9.   Totus populus eos monuit ne ex urbe proficiscerentur.

10.  Cicero a senatu rogavit ut pateretur eum loqui.

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                              NOTES




     [1]  Notice a couple of things about this one.  (1) The
          tense of the dependent subjunctive is imperfect.  Why?
          Because now the leading verb is one of the secondary
          tenses, so the sequence of tenses becomes secondary.
          Remember, the indirect command, because it involves a
          dependent subjunctive, is subject to the laws governing
          the sequence of tenses.  The imperfective subjunctive
          in a subordinate subjunctive shows time contemporaneous
          in secondary sequence.  (2) The persons have be altered
          in this example.  There's nothing mysterious about
          this.  Indirect command is not bound to represent the
          original person of the direct command.  The variation
          is entirely dependent upon the way the command is be
          conceived of by the narrator.  Watch for this variation
          in the other examples.

     [2]  Latin forms its negative direct command by using the
          imperative of the verb "nolo" plus a complementary
          infinitive.  Literally it means something like "Don't
          wish to..."

