01/10/93



                             CHAPTER 34

               "Deponent Verbs; Ablative with Special
                             Deponents"



DEPONENT VERBS

     There are many verbs in Latin which have almost no active
forms but which nevertheless must be translated as if they were
active.  These verbs are called deponent, from "de + pono,"
because they have "set aside" their active forms.  In short, a
deponent verb is a verb which is passive in form but passive in
meaning.

     There is a tendency for beginning students of Latin to
assume that a deponent verb is so thoroughly exceptional that
nothing they have learned about Latin verbs applies.  This is a
mistake.  Deponent verbs are unusual only in this respect: they
drop most of their active forms, and its passive forms must be
translated as if they were active.  Aside from this, deponent
verbs follow the rules of inflection and conjugation to the
letter.

     Imagine that the verb "laudo" had only passive forms.  What
would the dictionary entry look like?  The first dictionary entry
of any verb is always the first person singular, present
indicative.  If "laudo" had no active forms, then the first entry
would be passive instead of active: "laudor" instead of "laudo."

     The second entry of any verb is the present infinitive from
which you deduce the conjugation of the verb by dropping the
infinitive ending.  If "laudo" had no active forms, the present
infinitive would be passive: "laudari" instead of "laudare."
Although you're working only with passive forms, by dropping the
ending infinitive ending "-ri," you could still tell that verb
belongs to the first conjugation.

     The third entry of any verb is the third principal part,
from which is derived the perfect system active.  But because
we're imagining that "laudo" has only passive forms, there would
be no third principal part listed.  The third principal part is
used to produce the perfect system active, and there is no active
voice for "laudor."

     The fourth entry of any verb is the fourth principal part,
the perfect passive participle, which is used with the verb "sum"
to form the perfect system passive.  Hence the fourth entry of
the "laudo," if it had no active forms, would still be
"laudatus."

     Taken together, then, the dictionary entry of "laudo" with
its active forms removed would look like this:


                  laudor, laudari, -----, laudatus


     Write out the dictionary entries for the paradigm verbs of
the other conjugation without their active forms.


2.   moneo      ________________________________________

3.   duco       ________________________________________

3i.  capio      ________________________________________

4.   audio      ________________________________________


In each of these cases, you can still see to which conjugations
each of these verbs belong even if they had no active forms.

     A deponent verb is a verb which in fact lacks most of its
active forms, so the dictionary entry for it will have to rely
only on its passive forms.  Here is the dictionary entry for the
deponent verb "to urge."


                    "hortor, -ari, hortatus sum"

>From the first entry you can tell the verb is deponent because
the dictionary is giving you the passive first person singular
instead of the active.  The verb has no active voice.  Looking at
the second entry, you can tell that the verb belongs to the first
conjugation, because "-ari" is what the passive infinitive of a
first conjugation looks like.  Therefore, the stem from which
you'll build the present system of tenses is "horta-."

     The third entry is the perfect passive participle with a
conjugated form of the verb "sum."  Instead of listing a blank
where the perfect active is normally listed in a non-deponent
verb, the entry for a deponent verb skips over it and goes
directly to the participal and adds "sum" to show that this is
the perfect system.  But the participle "hortatus" is entirely
predictable, since first conjugation verbs form their perfect
passive participle by adding "-tus" to the stem of the first
principal part -- in this case "horta-."

     There are deponent verbs belonging to all four conjugations.
 Examine this list of deponent verbs and write down their
conjugation.


1.   egredior, -i, egressus sum                __________

2.   sequor, -i, secutus sum                   __________

3.   patior, -i, passus sum                    __________

4.   experior, -iri, expertus sum              __________

5.   fateor, -eri, fassus sum                  __________

6.   loquor, -i, locutus sum                   __________

7.   utor, -i, usus sum                        __________

8.   nascor, -i, natus sum                     __________

9.   morior, -i, mortuus sum                   __________

10.  proficiscor, -i, profectus sum            __________

11.  conor, -ari, conatus sum                  __________

12.  arbitror, -ari, arbitratus sum            __________


     It is important not to forget that deponent verbs conjugate
in ways that are entirely consistent with other verbs of their
conjugation.  The only difference is that deponent verbs have
"set aside" their active finite forms and the remaining passive
forms are translated as it they are active.  Just to give you
more confidence about this, let's spend some time conjugating
deponent verbs.



I.   FIRST CONJUGATION DEPONENT VERB:

arbitror, -ari abritratus sum (to think)

     A.    PRESENT SYSTEM INDICATIVE PASSIVE

             PRESENT              FUTURE              IMPERFECT

1st      _______________      _______________      _______________

2nd        aribtraris         _______________      _______________

3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________


1st      _______________       aribtrabimur        _______________

2nd      _______________      _______________       arbitrabamini

3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________


     B.    PRESENT SYSTEM SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE

             PRESENT              FUTURE             IMPERFECT

1st         arbitrer                               _______________

2nd      _______________                           _______________

3rd      _______________                             arbitaretur


1st      _______________                           _______________

2nd      _______________                           _______________

3rd      _______________                           _______________

     C.    PERFECT SYSTEM INDICATIVE PASSIVE

             PERFECT          FUTURE PERFECT         PLUPERFECT

1st      _______________      _______________      _______________

2nd      _______________      arbitratus eris      _______________

3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________


1st      arbitrati sumus      _______________      _______________

2nd      _______________      _______________      _______________

3rd      _______________      _______________     arbitrati  erant


     D.    PERFECT SYSTEM SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE

             PERFECT          FUTURE PERFECT         PLUPERFECT

1st      _______________                           _______________

2nd      _______________                           _______________

3rd      _______________                           _______________


1st      arbitrati simus                           _______________

2nd      _______________                           _______________

3rd      _______________                          arbitrati  essent


     E.    PARTICIPLES
                             ACTIVE                    PASSIVE

        PRESENT       ____________________

        PERFECT                                 ____________________

        FUTURE        ____________________       __________________


     F.    INFINITIVES
                             ACTIVE                    PASSIVE


        PRESENT                                 ____________________

        PERFECT                                 ____________________

        FUTURE        ____________________

     G.    IMPERATIVES

                SING.     _______________

                PLUR.     _______________




II.  SECOND CONJUGATION DEPONENT VERB:

fateor, -eri, fassus sum (to confess)


     A.    PRESENT SYSTEM INDICATIVE PASSIVE

             PRESENT              FUTURE              IMPERFECT


1st      _______________      _______________      _______________

2nd          fateris          _______________      _______________

3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________


1st      _______________         fatebimur         _______________

2nd      _______________      _______________        fatebamini

3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________


     B.    PRESENT SYSTEM SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE

             PRESENT              FUTURE              IMPERFECT

1st          fatear                                _______________

2nd      _______________                           _______________

3rd      _______________                              fateretur


1st      _______________                           _______________

2nd      _______________                           _______________

3rd      _______________                           _______________

     C.    PERFECT SYSTEM INDICATIVE PASSIVE

             PERFECT          FUTURE PERFECT         PLUPERFECT

1st      _______________      _______________      _______________

2nd      _______________        fassus eris        _______________

3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________


1st        fassi sumus        _______________      _______________

2nd      _______________      _______________      _______________

3rd      _______________      _______________        fassi erant


     D.    PERFECT SYSTEM SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE

             PERFECT          FUTURE PERFECT         PLUPERFECT

1st      _______________                           _______________

2nd      _______________                           _______________

3rd      _______________                           _______________


1st        fassi simus                             _______________

2nd      _______________                           _______________

3rd      _______________                            fassi essent


     E.    PARTICIPLES
                             ACTIVE                    PASSIVE


        PRESENT       ____________________

        PERFECT                                 ____________________

        FUTURE        ____________________       __________________

     F.    INFINITIVES
                             ACTIVE                    PASSIVE

        PRESENT                                 ____________________

        PERFECT                                 ____________________

        FUTURE        ____________________


     G.    IMPERATIVES

                SING.     _______________

                PLUR.     _______________




III. THIRD CONJUGATION DEPONENT VERB:

                    utor, uti, usus sum (to use)


     A.    PRESENT SYSTEM INDICATIVE PASSIVE

             PRESENT              FUTURE              IMPERFECT

1st      _______________      _______________      _______________

2nd          uteris               uteris           _______________

3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________


1st      _______________          utemur           _______________

2nd          utimini          _______________         utebamini

3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________


     B.    PRESENT SYSTEM SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE

             PRESENT              FUTURE              IMPERFECT

1st           utar                                 _______________

2nd      _______________                           _______________

3rd      _______________                              uteretur


1st      _______________                           _______________

2nd      _______________                           _______________

3rd      _______________                           _______________

     C.    PERFECT SYSTEM INDICATIVE PASSIVE

             PERFECT          FUTURE PERFECT         PLUPERFECT

1st      _______________      _______________      _______________

2nd      _______________         usus eris         _______________

3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________


1st         usi sumus         _______________      _______________

2nd      _______________      _______________      _______________

3rd      _______________      _______________         usi erant


     D.    PERFECT SYSTEM SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE

             PERFECT          FUTURE PERFECT         PLUPERFECT

1st      _______________                           _______________

2nd      _______________                           _______________

3rd      _______________                           _______________


1st         usi simus                              _______________

2nd      _______________                           _______________

3rd      _______________                             usi essent


     E.    PARTICIPLES
                             ACTIVE                    PASSIVE

        PRESENT       ____________________

        PERFECT                                 ____________________

        FUTURE        ____________________       __________________


     F.    INFINITIVES
                             ACTIVE                    PASSIVE

        PRESENT                                 ____________________

        PERFECT                                 ____________________

        FUTURE        ____________________


     G.    IMPERATIVES

                SING.     _______________

                PLUR.     _______________




IIIi.  THIRD CONJUGATION I-STEM DEPONENT VERB:

            patior, pati, passus sum (to endure, permit)

     A.    PRESENT SYSTEM INDICATIVE PASSIVE

             PRESENT              FUTURE              IMPERFECT

1st      _______________      _______________      _______________

2nd          pateris          _______________      _______________

3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________


1st      _______________         patiemur          _______________

2nd      _______________      _______________        patiebamini

3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________


     B.    PRESENT SYSTEM SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE

             PRESENT              FUTURE              IMPERFECT

1st          patiar                                _______________

2nd      _______________                           _______________

3rd      _______________                              pateretur


1st      _______________                           _______________

2nd      _______________                           _______________

3rd      _______________                           _______________

     C.    PERFECT SYSTEM INDICATIVE PASSIVE

             PERFECT          FUTURE PERFECT         PLUPERFECT

1st      _______________      _______________      _______________

2nd      _______________        passus eris        _______________

3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________


1st        passi sumus        _______________      _______________

2nd      _______________      _______________      _______________

3rd      _______________      _______________        passi erant


     D.    PERFECT SYSTEM SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE

             PERFECT          FUTURE PERFECT         PLUPERFECT

1st      _______________                           _______________

2nd      _______________                           _______________

3rd      _______________                           _______________


1st        passi simus                             _______________

2nd      _______________                           _______________

3rd      _______________                            passi essent


     E.    PARTICIPLES
                             ACTIVE                    PASSIVE


        PRESENT       ____________________

        PERFECT                                 ____________________

        FUTURE        ____________________      ____________________


     F.    INFINITIVES
                             ACTIVE                    PASSIVE

        PRESENT                                 ____________________

        PERFECT                                 ____________________

        FUTURE        ____________________


     G.    IMPERATIVES

                SING.     _______________

                PLUR.     _______________




IV.  FOURTH CONJUGATION DEPONENT VERB:

                  experior, -iri, expertus (to try)

     A.    PRESENT SYSTEM INDICATIVE PASSIVE

             PRESENT              FUTURE              IMPERFECT

1st      _______________      _______________      _______________

2nd         experiris         _______________      _______________

3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________


1st      _______________        experiemur         _______________

2nd      _______________      _______________       experiebamini

3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________


     B.    PRESENT SYSTEM SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE

             PRESENT              FUTURE              IMPERFECT

1st         experiar                               _______________

2nd      _______________                           _______________

3rd      _______________                             experiretur


1st      _______________                           _______________

2nd      _______________                           _______________

3rd      _______________                           _______________

     C.    PERFECT SYSTEM INDICATIVE PASSIVE

             PERFECT          FUTURE PERFECT         PLUPERFECT

1st      _______________      _______________      _______________

2nd      _______________       expertus eris       _______________

3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________


1st       experti sumus       _______________      _______________

2nd      _______________      _______________      _______________

3rd      _______________      _______________       experti erant


     D.    PERFECT SYSTEM SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE

             PERFECT          FUTURE PERFECT         PLUPERFECT

1st      _______________                           _______________

2nd      _______________                           _______________

3rd      _______________                           _______________


1st       experti simus                            _______________

2nd      _______________                           _______________

3rd      _______________                           experti essent


     E.    PARTICIPLES
                             ACTIVE                    PASSIVE

        PRESENT       ____________________

        PERFECT                                 ____________________

        FUTURE        ____________________       __________________


     F.    INFINITIVES
                             ACTIVE                    PASSIVE

        PRESENT                                 ____________________

        PERFECT                                 ____________________

        FUTURE        ____________________


     G.    IMPERATIVES

                SING.     _______________

                PLUR.     _______________

VOCABULARY PUZZLES

utor, uti, usus sum             The verb takes the ablative case to
                                complete its meaning.  "Usus sum
                                multis libris" (I used many books.)
                                Wheelocks remark that the ablative
                                is really an ablative of means is
                                pure speculation.

audeo, -ere, ausus sum          A handful of verbs are regular in
                                the present system, but become
                                deponent in perfect system.  As you
                                can see by this dictionary entry,
                                the verb "audeo" skips over the
                                perfect system active entirely and
                                goes directly to the participle
                                "ausus."  This is telling you that
                                in the perfect system this verb is
                                deponent, hence "ausus sum" means
                                "I dared."  These verb are called
                                semi-deponent.
DRILLS


Try a few easy drills before you turn to Wheelock's self-help
tutorial.  Translate the following.


1.   loquitur                   ____________________


2.   sequemini                  ____________________


3.   secuti eramus              ____________________


4.   usus ero                   ____________________


5.   naturus                    ____________________


6.   conabimini                 ____________________


7.   patitur                    ____________________


8.   secuturum esse             ____________________


9.   morieris                   ____________________


10.  moreris                    ____________________

