01/08/93


                             CHAPTER 22

              "Fifth Declension; Summary of Ablatives"


THE FIFTH DECLENSION

After your considerable experience with the morphology of Latin
nouns, the fifth declension is practically nothing but a review.
There are no new concepts you have to juggle while you're working
on memorizing another set of forms.  This chapter, in fact,
should give you a little breather.  The fifth declension is
simple -- probably the simplest declension in Latin:

     (1)   it has no subcategories or deviant set of endings;
     (2)   the nouns of the fifth declensions never have stems
           which are not the same as the nominative singular;
     (3)   its thematic vowel "-e-" is transparent in all the case
           endings;
     (4)   there are no adjectives which use the fifth declension
           endings;
     (5)   there is only one nominative singular ending;
     (6)   and the vast majority of fifth declension nouns are
           feminine.

Here are the endings.  Take a close look at them.

                    FIFTH DECLENSION CASE ENDINGS

                N/V.            -es
                Gen.            -ei
                Dat.            -ei
                Acc.            -em
                Abl.            -e

                N/V.            -es
                Gen.            -erum
                Dat.            -ebus
                Acc.            -es
                Abl.            -ebus

     The nominative singular is always "-es", which makes this
declension much easier than the second and the third declensions,
in which there are a variety of possible endings for the
nominative singular.  Therefore, a fifth declension noun will
always end in "-es" -- and that is the first entry in the
dictionary.  But be careful not to make an elementary error in
logic.  All fifth declension nouns end in "-es" in the nominative
singular, but not all nouns which end in "-es" in the nominative
singular are fifth declension.  "Nubes", for example, ends in
"-es", but its genitive is "nubis", clearly telling you that it's
a third, not a fifth declension noun.  Be sure to check the
nominative and the genitive forms for your nouns.  A fifth
declension noun will look like this: "x"es, -ei (gender).


THE PROBLEM WITH dies, diei (m)

Wheelock shows you the noun "dies" separately, and it's possible
to get the impression that it is a paradigm for a subdivision of
the fifth declension.  It is not.  Look at the endings carefully.
You'll see the case endings on "dies" don't differ from the
endings of "res" in any significant way.  The only difference is
in the quantity of the thematic vowel "-e-".

     By nature, the thematic vowel of the fifth declension is
long, and it "wants" to stay long.  Often, however, it becomes
short when certain endings are attached.  For "res", the thematic
vowel "-e-" becomes short when you add the genitive and dative
singular ending long "-i" (and it also is short before the "-m"
ending of the accusative singular).  But when the thematic vowel
"-e-" is itself preceded by another vowel -- as it is in "dies"
-- then it stays long before the genitive and dative ending long
"-i".  So you get "diei" for the genitive singular, not "dii".
Since you're not overly concerned with getting all the long marks
right at this point in your study, you might just as well cross
out "dies" in Wheelock and forget about it.  The stem of "dies"
is "die-" to which you add the fifth declension case endings.


ABLATIVE OF MANNER WITH AND WITHOUT cum

Now you get a stylistic variation on the Ablative of Manner
construction you've already learned.  This really needs no
amplification.  It's a simple adjustment.  The Ablative of
Manner, you may recall, is a way to use a noun as an adverb.  You
use the preposition "cum" with the noun in the ablative case: "Id
cum celeritate fecerunt (They did it quickly)". You can also
modify the noun being used adverbially with an adjective.  Latin
likes to turn the word order around some, but this is no great
problem: "Id magna cum celeritate fecerunt (They did it with
great speed)".

     When the noun in this kind of construction is modified by an
adjective, Latin has the option of droping the preposition "cum".
So this sentence could also be written: "Id magna celeritate
fecerunt".  But if the noun governed by "cum" is not qualified by
an adjective, the "cum" must be used.  This is incorrect: "Id
celeritate fecerunt"; but this is not: "Id cum celeritate fecit";
neither is this: "Id magna cum celeritate fecit"; nor this: "Id
magna celeritate fecit".


SUMMARY OF ABLATIVES

This is just a rehash of old material, but it's good to get all
the facts laid out at one time.  The uses of the ablative case
can be divided into two groups:

           (1)  uses of the ablative with a preposition;
           (2)  uses of the ablative without a preposition.

You really needn't memorize the different uses of the ablative
with prepositions.  When you have a preposition governing an
ablative case, you just translate the meaning of the preposition
and then translate the meaning of the noun.  The fact that the
noun is in the ablative case really doesn't contribute anything
to the translation.  It's in the ablative case because the
preposition requires it.  That's all.

     One preposition which takes the ablative case requires some
special caution, however, and that's "cum".  Remember, "cum"
means "with" in two different senses: (1) as accompaniment, and
(2) as manner.

           (1)  "Id cum amico fecit". (He did it with a friend.)
           (2)  "Id cum cura fecit". (He did it with care.)

    It is important, however, that you know all the
"prepositionless" uses of the ablative case.  Here the ablative
case itself, without a preposition in Latin to govern it, takes
on special meanings.  You simply must know them.

    (a)  Ablative of Means shows the instrument with which the
         action of the verb was effected.  Keep it distinct from
         the Ablative of Manner, which shows in what manner the
         action was carried out.  Common translations of the
         Ablative of Means are: "with", "by means of", "through".
    (b)  Ablative of Time is easy to spot.  If you have a word of
         a unit of time in the ablative case without a
         preposition, it's expressing time.  The problem is that
         Latin used this construction to indicate two different
         kinds of time which we keep separate in English. The
         Latin Ablative of Time can express either the Time When
         or Time Within Which of an action.  (See Chapter 15.)
    (c)  Ablative of Separation is a prepositionless use of the
         ablative case after verbs which strongly contain the
         idea of separation; so the normal prepositions "ex" or
         "ab" are dropped, and the ablative case alone is used.
    (d)  Ablative of Manner can be written without a preposition
         if the noun used as an adverb is modified by an
         adjective -- as you just saw above.


VOCABULARY PUZZLES:

res, rei (f)         Start by scratching off the first translation
                     "thing".  "Res" doesn't mean "thing" in our
                     common sense of "What's that thing on the
                     table"? or "Bring me that thing".  It doesn't
                     mean a non-descript object for which we can't
                     quite come up with a name.  It means "thing"
                     when we say something like "What's this thing
                     about you're not wanting to learn Latin"? or
                     "Things sometimes get out of control".  It
                     means "matter", "affair", or "business"
                     (non-commercial).

res publica (f)      First, this is the origin of our one word
                     "republic", but in Latin it is two words --
                     the noun "res" and the adjective "publicus,
                     -a, -um" modifying it.  Therefore both "res"
                     and "publica" decline:

                                rei publicae
                                rei publicae
                                rem publicam
                                re  publica

                                    etc.

                     Second, it obviously doesn't mean "public
                     thing" as in "public object", but "public
                     business or affair".  Here you can see the
                     real meaning of "res".

medius, -a, -um      It is an adjective, not a noun, so it can't
                     be used the way our noun "middle" is used.
                     We say "the middle of the city", putting
                     "city" into the genitive case.  Latin can't
                     do this, because "medius" doesn't mean
                     "middle", but "mid".  Hence they say "medius
                     urbs"; or "media nocte" ("in the middle of
                     the night").

