01/08/93



                             CHAPTER 21

            "Third and Fourth Conjugations: Passive Voice
                of Indicative and Present Infinitive"


SYSTEMS OF VERBS REVIEWED

In Chapter 18 you learned the passive voice of the present system
of tenses -- the present, future and imperfect -- for first and
second conjugation verbs.  I also added in my notes the third and
fourth conjugations, although Wheelock didn't take them up.
You'll see in the chapter that the third and forth conjugation
verbs follow the same rules for forming the passive voice in the
present system as those governing first and second conjugation
verbs.  Let's do a little review for a moment.  Latin verbs have
four principal parts.  Let's look at them in reverse order.

     The fourth principal part is the perfect passive participle,
and it is used with a conjugated form of the verb "sum" to form
the perfect passive system:

          Perfect Passive:      4th prin. part.+ present of "sum"
       Pluperfect Passive:      4th prin. part + imperfect of "sum"
   Future Perfect Passive:      4th prin. part + future of "sum"

An important feature to notice about the perfect system passive
is that the formulae given above for the three tenses apply to
all four conjugations of Latin verbs.  Once you get to the fourth
principal part of a verb, there is only one set of formulae for
forming the different perfect tenses passive.  How do you form
the perfect tense passive of a first conjugation verb; say
"laudo"?  The fourth principal part is "laudatus (-a, -um)", so
it's like this:

                laudatus (-a, -um)   sum
                laudatus (-a, -um)   es
                laudatus (-a, -um)   est

                laudati (-ae, -a)    sumus
                laudati (-ae, -a)    estis
                laudati (-ae, -a)    sunt

Now form the perfect tense passive of a fourth conjugation verb;
"audio, -ire, audivi, auditus".  You follow precisely the same
formula set out above: the fourth principal part + "sum"

                auditus (-a, -um)    sum
                auditus (-a, -um)    es
                auditus (-a, -um)    est

                auditi (-ae, -a)     sumus
                auditi (-ae, -a)     estis
                auditi (-ae, -a)     sunt

Do you see?  Even though "laudo" and "audio" are verbs of
different conjugations, their perfect system passive are formed
according to the same rules.

    The perfect system active, similarly, follows the same rules
for all four conjugations.  To form this system of tenses, you
simply find the third principal part of the verb you wish to
conjugate and add the perfect system personal endings:

                       PERFECT       PLUPERFECT    FUTURE PERFECT

                        -i             -eram           -ero
                        -isti          -eras           -eris
                        -it            -erat           -erit
3rd prin. part +
                        -imus          -eramus         -erimus
                        -istis         -eratis         -eritis
                        -erunt         -erant          -erint

The purpose of this review is to remind you that verbs of
different conjugations differ from one another only in the
present system.  Strictly speaking, therefore, it is meaningless
to talk about forming the perfect system of a first, second,
third or fourth conjugation verb.  All Latin verb work the same
way in the perfect system -- active and passive.

     So, the only tense system in which the different
conjugations follow different rules is the present system -- in
the system which uses the first principal part as its stem.  The
four conjugations, nevertheless, share many common features.
Let's review these differences and similarities.

     (1)   All four conjugations use the same personal endings in
           the active and passive voices for all three tenses.
           Write out the personal endings for the present system
           tenses:

                    ACTIVE             PASSIVE

           1st    ____________       ____________

           2nd    ____________       ____________

           3rd    ____________       ____________


           1st    ____________       ____________

           2nd    ____________       ____________

           3rd    ____________       ____________

    (2)  The imperative mood is formed the same way -- first
         principal part + endings.  What are the formulae?

         SINGULAR:    1st principal part    +   __________

         PLURAL:      1st principal part    +   __________

    (3)  The active infinitives from all conjugations are formed
         the same way:  1st principal part + "-re".

    (4)  The imperfect tense in all the conjugations is formed
         the same way:

First Principal Part   +   ba   +   active or passive pers. end.

    But there are also differences among the conjugations in the
present system:

    (1)  The first and most obvious difference among the
         conjugations in the present system is the stem (or
         thematic) vowels.  This is vowel which appears at the end
         of the stem, directly before the conjugated endings of the
         verb.  What are the stem vowels for the conjugations?

             CONJUGATION       STEM VOWEL

             FIRST                 __________

             SECOND                __________

             THIRD                 __________

             FOURTH                __________

    (2)  Another substantial difference among the declensions has
         to do with the formation of the future tense.

         (a) First and second conjugation verbs form the future by
             inserting the tense sign "-be-" (short "-e-") between
             the first principal part and the personal endings
             (whether active or passive).

         (b) But the third and fourth conjugations use the vowels
             "-a-" and "-e-" as their tense signs for the future.
             Then they add on the personal endings.  Let's do a
             fast review of all the conjugations in the future
             tense active voice.  Write out the future tense of
             these verbs.

          I          II          III        III-i        IV

        laudo       moneo       duco        capio       audio

     ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

     ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

     ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________


     ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

     ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

     ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________


REVIEW OF THE PRESENT SYSTEM IN THE PASSIVE VOICE

You know the present system passive for the first and second
conjugation verbs, and you saw that there was nothing very
difficult about it.  The only difference between the active and
passive voices is the different set of personal endings each uses.

    (1)  To form the present tense passive, you add the passive
         personal endings to the end of the first principal part.
    (2)  To form the future tense passive, you add the passive
         personal endings to the stem + the tense sign for the
         future.  (In the first and second conjugations the tense
         sign for the future is "-be-".)
    (3)  To form the imperfect tense passive, you add the passive
         personal endings to the first principal part + the tense
         sign for the imperfect tense -- "-ba-".

Write out the present system passive of these first and second
conjugation verbs: "amo"; "deleo".

FIRST CONJUGATION: PRESENT SYSTEM, PASSIVE VOICE

amo (1)

             PRESENT              FUTURE              IMPERFECT

1st      _______________      _______________      _______________

2nd      _______________     _______________       _______________

3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________


1st      _______________      _______________      _______________

2nd      _______________      _______________      _______________

3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________

SECOND CONJUGATION: PRESENT SYSTEM, PASSIVE VOICE

deleo (2)

             PRESENT              FUTURE              IMPERFECT

1st      _______________      _______________      _______________

2nd      _______________      _______________      _______________

3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________


1st      _______________      _______________      _______________

2nd      _______________      _______________      _______________

3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________


ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICES OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION

Now look again at the rules for forming the present system passive
up above.  Third and fourth conjugation verbs follow these rules to
the letter.

     (1)   Present tense passive is the first principal part +
           passive personal endings.
     (2)   The future passive is the first principal part + the
           tense sign for the future + passive personal endings.
     (3)   The imperfect passive is the first principal part + the
           tense sign for the imperfect + the passive personal
           endings.

     Essentially what you're doing is simply replacing the active
personal endings with the passive.  Let's have a look at the
present tense passive for a third conjugation verb.  The stem vowel
of a third conjugation verb is short "-e-", but the vowel undergoes
some changes when you start adding personal endings to it:

     (a)   it is completely absorbed by the "-o" of the first person
           singular;
     (b)   it becomes short "-i-" before all the other personal
           endings except the third person plural;
     (c)   it becomes short "-u-" before the "-nt" of the third
           person plural.

Okay, now try to guess what the present passive forms of a third
conjugation verb are going to be.  First write down the present
tense active of "duco", then go back and change the personal
endings from the active to the passive.  (Check your answers in
Wheelock, p. 97.)

PRESENT TENSE: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE

                  ACTIVE                    PASSIVE

1st           _______________           _______________

2nd           _______________          _______________

3rd           _______________           _______________


1st           _______________           _______________

2nd           _______________           _______________

3rd           _______________           _______________

Now let's do the same thing for the future of "duco".  Remember,
all you're doing is changing the active endings to the passive
endings.

FUTURE TENSE: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE

                  ACTIVE                    PASSIVE

1st           _______________          _______________

2nd           _______________          _______________

3rd           _______________           _______________


1st           _______________           _______________

2nd           _______________           _______________

3rd           _______________           _______________

Now for something truly horrifying.  Write the present and the
future tense passive 2nd person singular of "duco" next to each
other:

                  PRESENT                   FUTURE

              _______________           _______________

The only difference between these two tenses is the length of the
vowel "-e-".  In the present tense, it's short, because it
represents the original stem vowel, which is a short "-e-" in the
third conjugation.  In the future tense, the "-e-" is long, because
this time the "-e-" is the tense sign for the future.  The length
of the vowel -- and hence the location of the stress accent -- is
the only difference between the present and future second person
passive: the present "ducris" is pronounced "DOO ki ris"; the
future "duceris" is pronounced "doo KEH ris".

     Now let's look at the imperfect tense of the "duco".  First
write down the form for the active voice, then change it to the
passive voice by substituting the active personal endings with the
passive personal endings.

IMPERFECT TENSE: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE

                  ACTIVE                    PASSIVE

1st           _______________           _______________

2nd           _______________           _______________

3rd           _______________           _______________


1st           _______________           _______________

2nd           _______________           _______________

3rd           _______________           _______________


ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICES OF THIRD CONJUGATION I-STEM

So let's go on to the third conjugation "i-stem".  The first thing
to do is to remain calm.  The third conjugation "i-stem" forms its
passive voice according to the same rules the "non i-stem"
conjugation follows.  You're simply going to alter the active forms
by replacing the active personal endings with the passive endings.
This means that wherever the extra "-i-" shows up in the active
voice, it'll show up in the passive voice as well.  Write down the
active forms first, and then change them to the passive:  "capio".

THIRD CONJUGATION I-STEM

PRESENT
                  ACTIVE                          PASSIVE

   1st     ____________________            ____________________

   2nd     ____________________            ____________________

   3rd     ____________________            ____________________


   1st     ____________________            ____________________

   2nd     ____________________            ____________________

   3rd     ____________________            ____________________

                                  FUTURE
                  ACTIVE                          PASSIVE

   1st     ____________________            ____________________

   2nd     ____________________            ____________________

   3rd     ____________________            ____________________


   1st     ____________________            ____________________

   2nd     ____________________            ____________________

   3rd     ____________________            ____________________

                                 IMPERFECT
                  ACTIVE                          PASSIVE

   1st     ____________________            ____________________

   2nd     ____________________            ____________________

   3rd     ____________________            ____________________


   1st     ____________________            ____________________

   2nd     ____________________            ____________________

   3rd     ____________________            ____________________


ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICES OF THE FOURTH CONJUGATION

And now, finally, the fourth conjugation.  You'll have no trouble
with this conjugation, if you remember that the stem vowel is long
"-i-".  Use "audio".

FOURTH CONJUGATION

PRESENT
                  ACTIVE                          PASSIVE

     1st   ____________________            ____________________

     2nd   ____________________            ____________________

     3rd   ____________________            ____________________


     1st   ____________________            ____________________

     2nd   ____________________            ____________________

     3rd   ____________________            ____________________

                                  FUTURE
                  ACTIVE                          PASSIVE

   1st     ____________________            ____________________

   2nd     ____________________            ____________________

   3rd     ____________________            ____________________


   1st     ____________________            ____________________

   2nd     ____________________            ____________________

   3rd     ____________________            ____________________

                                 IMPERFECT
                  ACTIVE                          PASSIVE

   1st     ____________________            ____________________

   2nd     ____________________            ____________________

   3rd     ____________________            ____________________


   1st     ____________________            ____________________

   2nd     ____________________            ____________________

   3rd     ____________________            ____________________


THE PASSIVE INFINITIVES OF THE THIRD AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS

To form the passive infinitive of first and second conjugation
verbs, you simply replace the normal "-re" ending with "-ri".  This
is how you form the passive infinitive of fourth conjugation verbs
as well.  Hence,

1st Conjugation   amare   "to love"     amari  "to be loved"
2nd Conjugation   delere  "to destroy"         deleri "to be
destroyed"
4th Conjugation   audire  "to hear"     audiri "to be heard"

Notice that these three conjugation have something in common.  In
each the stem vowel is long: "ama-", "dele", and "audi-".  Hence
they form their present passive infinitives the same way.  But this
leave the third conjugation, both "i-stem" and "non i-stem"
unaccounted for, because third conjugation verbs have a short stem
vowel: short "-e-".       To form the passive infinitive of third
conjugation verbs, you drop the stem vowel and replace it with long
"-i".  Hence

Non I-Stem        ducere  "to lead"     duci   "to be led"
I-Stem            capere  "to capture"         capi "to be captured"


DRILLS

Work through Wheelock's Self-Help Tutorials for this chapter to see
whether you've thoroughly understood the material.  Then try these
exercises for a little more practice.  Reverse the voice of these
sentences.

1.   Homines saepe malam laudem audiunt.


     ____________________________________________________________

2.   Ab quibus discipulis hi versus legebantur?


     ____________________________________________________________

3.   Iste tyrannus omnes civitates capiet.


     ____________________________________________________________

4.   Nostri amici nos adiuvabant.


     ____________________________________________________________

5.   Tui amici te non neglegent.


     ____________________________________________________________


VOCABULARY PUZZLES

causa, -ae (f)       Note well the common use of causa to mean "for
                     the sake of".  In this usage, causa is used
                     like a preposition: it is put into the
                     ablative case and its object, which actually
                     precedes it, is in the genitive case.  E.g.
                     "artis causa" = "for the sake of art".

finis, -is (m)       Look at what it means in the plural.

quod                 You have to be careful with this word.  As you
                     probably remember, quod is the form used by
                     the relative pronoun for the neuter nominative
                     and accusative singular.

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                             CHAPTER 21

            "Third and Fourth Conjugations: Passive Voice
                of Indicative and Present Infinitive"


SYSTEMS OF VERBS REVIEWED

In Chapter 18 you learned the passive voice of the present system
of tenses -- the present, future and imperfect -- for first and
second conjugation verbs.  I also added in my notes the third and
fourth conjugations, although Wheelock didn't take them up.
You'll see in the chapter that the third and forth conjugation
verbs follow the same rules for forming the passive voice in the
present system as those governing first and second conjugation
verbs.  Let's do a little review for a moment.  Latin verbs have
four principal parts.  Let's look at them in reverse order.

     The fourth principal part is the perfect passive participle,
and it is used with a conjugated form of the verb "sum" to form
the perfect passive system:

          Perfect Passive:      4th prin. part.+ present of "sum"
       Pluperfect Passive:      4th prin. part + imperfect of "sum"
   Future Perfect Passive:      4th prin. part + future of "sum"

An important feature to notice about the perfect system passive
is that the formulae given above for the three tenses apply to
all four conjugations of Latin verbs.  Once you get to the fourth
principal part of a verb, there is only one set of formulae for
forming the different perfect tenses passive.  How do you form
the perfect tense passive of a first conjugation verb; say
"laudo"?  The fourth principal part is "laudatus (-a, -um)", so
it's like this:

                laudatus (-a, -um)   sum
                laudatus (-a, -um)   es
                laudatus (-a, -um)   est

                laudati (-ae, -a)    sumus
                laudati (-ae, -a)    estis
                laudati (-ae, -a)    sunt

Now form the perfect tense passive of a fourth conjugation verb;
"audio, -ire, audivi, auditus".  You follow precisely the same
formula set out above: the fourth principal part + "sum"

                auditus (-a, -um)    sum
                auditus (-a, -um)    es
                auditus (-a, -um)    est

                auditi (-ae, -a)     sumus
                auditi (-ae, -a)     estis
                auditi (-ae, -a)     sunt

Do you see?  Even though "laudo" and "audio" are verbs of
different conjugations, their perfect system passive are formed
according to the same rules.

    The perfect system active, similarly, follows the same rules
for all four conjugations.  To form this system of tenses, you
simply find the third principal part of the verb you wish to
conjugate and add the perfect system personal endings:

                       PERFECT       PLUPERFECT    FUTURE PERFECT

                        -i             -eram           -ero
                        -isti          -eras           -eris
                        -it            -erat           -erit
3rd prin. part +
                        -imus          -eramus         -erimus
                        -istis         -eratis         -eritis
                        -erunt         -erant          -erint

The purpose of this review is to remind you that verbs of
different conjugations differ from one another only in the
present system.  Strictly speaking, therefore, it is meaningless
to talk about forming the perfect system of a first, second,
third or fourth conjugation verb.  All Latin verb work the same
way in the perfect system -- active and passive.

     So, the only tense system in which the different
conjugations follow different rules is the present system -- in
the system which uses the first principal part as its stem.  The
four conjugations, nevertheless, share many common features.
Let's review these differences and similarities.

     (1)   All four conjugations use the same personal endings in
           the active and passive voices for all three tenses.
           Write out the personal endings for the present system
           tenses:

                    ACTIVE             PASSIVE

           1st    ____________       ____________

           2nd    ____________       ____________

           3rd    ____________       ____________


           1st    ____________       ____________

           2nd    ____________       ____________

           3rd    ____________       ____________

    (2)  The imperative mood is formed the same way -- first
         principal part + endings.  What are the formulae?

         SINGULAR:    1st principal part    +   __________

         PLURAL:      1st principal part    +   __________

    (3)  The active infinitives from all conjugations are formed
         the same way:  1st principal part + "-re".

    (4)  The imperfect tense in all the conjugations is formed
         the same way:

First Principal Part   +   ba   +   active or passive pers. end.

    But there are also differences among the conjugations in the
present system:

    (1)  The first and most obvious difference among the
         conjugations in the present system is the stem (or
         thematic) vowels.  This is vowel which appears at the end
         of the stem, directly before the conjugated endings of the
         verb.  What are the stem vowels for the conjugations?

             CONJUGATION       STEM VOWEL

             FIRST                 __________

             SECOND                __________

             THIRD                 __________

             FOURTH                __________

    (2)  Another substantial difference among the declensions has
         to do with the formation of the future tense.

         (a) First and second conjugation verbs form the future by
             inserting the tense sign "-be-" (short "-e-") between
             the first principal part and the personal endings
             (whether active or passive).

         (b) But the third and fourth conjugations use the vowels
             "-a-" and "-e-" as their tense signs for the future.
             Then they add on the personal endings.  Let's do a
             fast review of all the conjugations in the future
             tense active voice.  Write out the future tense of
             these verbs.

          I          II          III        III-i        IV

        laudo       moneo       duco        capio       audio

     ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

     ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

     ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________


     ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

     ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________

     ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________


REVIEW OF THE PRESENT SYSTEM IN THE PASSIVE VOICE

You know the present system passive for the first and second
conjugation verbs, and you saw that there was nothing very
difficult about it.  The only difference between the active and
passive voices is the different set of personal endings each uses.

    (1)  To form the present tense passive, you add the passive
         personal endings to the end of the first principal part.
    (2)  To form the future tense passive, you add the passive
         personal endings to the stem + the tense sign for the
         future.  (In the first and second conjugations the tense
         sign for the future is "-be-".)
    (3)  To form the imperfect tense passive, you add the passive
         personal endings to the first principal part + the tense
         sign for the imperfect tense -- "-ba-".

Write out the present system passive of these first and second
conjugation verbs: "amo"; "deleo".

FIRST CONJUGATION: PRESENT SYSTEM, PASSIVE VOICE

amo (1)

             PRESENT              FUTURE              IMPERFECT

1st      _______________      _______________      _______________

2nd      _______________     _______________       _______________

3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________


1st      _______________      _______________      _______________

2nd      _______________      _______________      _______________

3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________

SECOND CONJUGATION: PRESENT SYSTEM, PASSIVE VOICE

deleo (2)

             PRESENT              FUTURE              IMPERFECT

1st      _______________      _______________      _______________

2nd      _______________      _______________      _______________

3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________


1st      _______________      _______________      _______________

2nd      _______________      _______________      _______________

3rd      _______________      _______________      _______________


ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICES OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION

Now look again at the rules for forming the present system passive
up above.  Third and fourth conjugation verbs follow these rules to
the letter.

     (1)   Present tense passive is the first principal part +
           passive personal endings.
     (2)   The future passive is the first principal part + the
           tense sign for the future + passive personal endings.
     (3)   The imperfect passive is the first principal part + the
           tense sign for the imperfect + the passive personal
           endings.

     Essentially what you're doing is simply replacing the active
personal endings with the passive.  Let's have a look at the
present tense passive for a third conjugation verb.  The stem vowel
of a third conjugation verb is short "-e-", but the vowel undergoes
some changes when you start adding personal endings to it:

     (a)   it is completely absorbed by the "-o" of the first person
           singular;
     (b)   it becomes short "-i-" before all the other personal
           endings except the third person plural;
     (c)   it becomes short "-u-" before the "-nt" of the third
           person plural.

Okay, now try to guess what the present passive forms of a third
conjugation verb are going to be.  First write down the present
tense active of "duco", then go back and change the personal
endings from the active to the passive.  (Check your answers in
Wheelock, p. 97.)

PRESENT TENSE: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE

                  ACTIVE                    PASSIVE

1st           _______________           _______________

2nd           _______________          _______________

3rd           _______________           _______________


1st           _______________           _______________

2nd           _______________           _______________

3rd           _______________           _______________

Now let's do the same thing for the future of "duco".  Remember,
all you're doing is changing the active endings to the passive
endings.

FUTURE TENSE: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE

                  ACTIVE                    PASSIVE

1st           _______________          _______________

2nd           _______________          _______________

3rd           _______________           _______________


1st           _______________           _______________

2nd           _______________           _______________

3rd           _______________           _______________

Now for something truly horrifying.  Write the present and the
future tense passive 2nd person singular of "duco" next to each
other:

                  PRESENT                   FUTURE

              _______________           _______________

The only difference between these two tenses is the length of the
vowel "-e-".  In the present tense, it's short, because it
represents the original stem vowel, which is a short "-e-" in the
third conjugation.  In the future tense, the "-e-" is long, because
this time the "-e-" is the tense sign for the future.  The length
of the vowel -- and hence the location of the stress accent -- is
the only difference between the present and future second person
passive: the present "ducris" is pronounced "DOO ki ris"; the
future "duceris" is pronounced "doo KEH ris".

     Now let's look at the imperfect tense of the "duco".  First
write down the form for the active voice, then change it to the
passive voice by substituting the active personal endings with the
passive personal endings.

IMPERFECT TENSE: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE

                  ACTIVE                    PASSIVE

1st           _______________           _______________

2nd           _______________           _______________

3rd           _______________           _______________


1st           _______________           _______________

2nd           _______________           _______________

3rd           _______________           _______________


ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICES OF THIRD CONJUGATION I-STEM

So let's go on to the third conjugation "i-stem".  The first thing
to do is to remain calm.  The third conjugation "i-stem" forms its
passive voice according to the same rules the "non i-stem"
conjugation follows.  You're simply going to alter the active forms
by replacing the active personal endings with the passive endings.
This means that wherever the extra "-i-" shows up in the active
voice, it'll show up in the passive voice as well.  Write down the
active forms first, and then change them to the passive:  "capio".

THIRD CONJUGATION I-STEM

PRESENT
                  ACTIVE                          PASSIVE

   1st     ____________________            ____________________

   2nd     ____________________            ____________________

   3rd     ____________________            ____________________


   1st     ____________________            ____________________

   2nd     ____________________            ____________________

   3rd     ____________________            ____________________

                                  FUTURE
                  ACTIVE                          PASSIVE

   1st     ____________________            ____________________

   2nd     ____________________            ____________________

   3rd     ____________________            ____________________


   1st     ____________________            ____________________

   2nd     ____________________            ____________________

   3rd     ____________________            ____________________

                                 IMPERFECT
                  ACTIVE                          PASSIVE

   1st     ____________________            ____________________

   2nd     ____________________            ____________________

   3rd     ____________________            ____________________


   1st     ____________________            ____________________

   2nd     ____________________            ____________________

   3rd     ____________________            ____________________


ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICES OF THE FOURTH CONJUGATION

And now, finally, the fourth conjugation.  You'll have no trouble
with this conjugation, if you remember that the stem vowel is long
"-i-".  Use "audio".

FOURTH CONJUGATION

PRESENT
                  ACTIVE                          PASSIVE

     1st   ____________________            ____________________

     2nd   ____________________            ____________________

     3rd   ____________________            ____________________


     1st   ____________________            ____________________

     2nd   ____________________            ____________________

     3rd   ____________________            ____________________

                                  FUTURE
                  ACTIVE                          PASSIVE

   1st     ____________________            ____________________

   2nd     ____________________            ____________________

   3rd     ____________________            ____________________


   1st     ____________________            ____________________

   2nd     ____________________            ____________________

   3rd     ____________________            ____________________

                                 IMPERFECT
                  ACTIVE                          PASSIVE

   1st     ____________________            ____________________

   2nd     ____________________            ____________________

   3rd     ____________________            ____________________


   1st     ____________________            ____________________

   2nd     ____________________            ____________________

   3rd     ____________________            ____________________


THE PASSIVE INFINITIVES OF THE THIRD AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS

To form the passive infinitive of first and second conjugation
verbs, you simply replace the normal "-re" ending with "-ri".  This
is how you form the passive infinitive of fourth conjugation verbs
as well.  Hence,

1st Conjugation   amare   "to love"     amari  "to be loved"
2nd Conjugation   delere  "to destroy"         deleri "to be
destroyed"
4th Conjugation   audire  "to hear"     audiri "to be heard"

Notice that these three conjugation have something in common.  In
each the stem vowel is long: "ama-", "dele", and "audi-".  Hence
they form their present passive infinitives the same way.  But this
leave the third conjugation, both "i-stem" and "non i-stem"
unaccounted for, because third conjugation verbs have a short stem
vowel: short "-e-".       To form the passive infinitive of third
conjugation verbs, you drop the stem vowel and replace it with long
"-i".  Hence

Non I-Stem        ducere  "to lead"     duci   "to be led"
I-Stem            capere  "to capture"         capi "to be captured"


DRILLS

Work through Wheelock's Self-Help Tutorials for this chapter to see
whether you've thoroughly understood the material.  Then try these
exercises for a little more practice.  Reverse the voice of these
sentences.

1.   Homines saepe malam laudem audiunt.


     ____________________________________________________________

2.   Ab quibus discipulis hi versus legebantur?


     ____________________________________________________________

3.   Iste tyrannus omnes civitates capiet.


     ____________________________________________________________

4.   Nostri amici nos adiuvabant.


     ____________________________________________________________

5.   Tui amici te non neglegent.


     ____________________________________________________________


VOCABULARY PUZZLES

causa, -ae (f)       Note well the common use of causa to mean "for
                     the sake of".  In this usage, causa is used
                     like a preposition: it is put into the
                     ablative case and its object, which actually
                     precedes it, is in the genitive case.  E.g.
                     "artis causa" = "for the sake of art".

finis, -is (m)       Look at what it means in the plural.

quod                 You have to be careful with this word.  As you
                     probably remember, quod is the form used by
                     the relative pronoun for the neuter nominative
                     and accusative singular.

