01/08/93



                             CHAPTER 19

                "Perfect Passive System of All Verbs;
               Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives"


PERFECT PASSIVE SYSTEM

We divide the Latin tense system into two categories.  (1) The
present system, active and passive, uses the first principal part
of the verb.  It includes the present, future and imperfect
tenses.  Notice, these tenses use the first principal part for
both the active and passive voices.  The only difference between
the active and passive voices in the present system is the
personal endings.  You learned all about this in Chapter 18.  (2)
The perfect system active uses the third principal part of the
verb and attaches different personal endings to get the three
different tenses of the perfect system.  Write out the endings:

                  Perfect       Pluperfect    Future Perfect

     1          __________      ___________     __________

     2          __________      ___________     __________

     3          __________      ___________     __________


     1          __________      ___________     __________

     2          __________      ___________     __________

     3          __________      ___________     __________


Notice, now, that the third principal part is the stem for the
perfect system active only.  To form the perfect system tense in
the passive voice, Latin uses the fourth principal part of the
verb. Since it uses a different principal part, the Perfect
System Passive is considered to be a different category of
tenses.  So there are three tense systems in Latin:

           (1)  the Present System Active and Passive;
           (2)  the Perfect System Active;
           (3)  the Perfect System Passive.

The tenses of systems (2) and (3) are the same -- Perfect,
Pluperfect and Future Perfect; the only difference is in the
voice, and the principal part of the verb on which they're built.


THE PASSIVE VOICE IN ENGLISH: THE PARTICIPLE DEFINED

First, let's look at how English forms its passive voice again.
As we saw in Chapter 18, English uses the third principal part of
the verb and uses an inflected form of the verb "to be" as the
auxiliary or helping verb.  That is to say, the verb "to be" will
indicate the tense, the number, and the mood  of the verb, while
the third principal part of the verb will define the specific
action involved.  For example, for the verb "to see, saw, seen":

           Betty         is               seen         by George.
                      is being            seen
                       will be            seen
                      would be            seen
                      should be           seen
                         was              seen
                      was being           seen
                      has been            seen
                      had been            seen
                  should have been        seen
                   would have been        seen

You can clearly see that the constant in all these modifications
is the verbal form "seen".  The verb "to be" is doing all the
work.  So let's look at little more closely at the verbal form
"seen".

     The third principal part of the English verb is called a
"participle".  Now listen closely; this is going to be an
important definition:  A participle is a "verbal adjective".
That is, an adjective which is derived from a verb.  In fact,
that's why we call it a participle, because it "participates" in
the essence of both a verb and of an adjective.  So in the
constructions of the English passive voice, the participle "seen"
is actually "modifying" the subject of the verb "to be".  I can
say "Betty is tall" and "Betty is seen", and these two sentences
are analogous.  In the predicate of both these sentences the
subject further modified, since it is linked to an adjective by
the verb "to be".

     It may seem bizarre to be thinking of a verbal construction
as being essentially adjectival, but watch how we can use
participles where their adjectival force is quite obvious:

           "the written text", "the spoken word", "the
           destroyed city", "the bewildered students",
           "the beleaguered professor", etc.


THE LATIN PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE

So where are we?  English forms the passive voice of all its
tenses by using the participle of the verb which it links to the
subject with a conjugated form of the verb "to be".  Now you
already know that Latin forms the passive voice of some of its
tenses -- those of the present system -- simply by using special
passive endings.  The formation of the passive voice of the
perfect system, however, doesn't work that way.

     The Latin perfect passive system is perfectly analogous to
the formation of the English passive voice.  The perfect passive
system in Latin uses the fourth principal part of the verb, which
is then linked to the subject with an inflected form of the verb
"sum".  The fourth principal part of a Latin verb is called the
"Perfect Passive Participle".  Let's zero in on all the parts of
this description.

     (1)   We call it "Perfect" because the action is considered
           to have been completed.  This is an important
           difference with the English participle.  In English, we
           might say "Betty is being seen", and the participle
           doesn't force us to understand that the action is
           finished.  In this example, the action is clearly still
           going on.
     (2)   We say "Passive" since whatever the participle is going
           with had something done to it, rather than being the
           agent of some action.  Again, the English participle
           can be used in conditions where the passive force is
           not so obvious.  In the sentence "I have seen Betty",
           the participle "seen" doesn't strike us as passive in
           force, but rather as a part of an active construction.
     (3)   We say "Participle" because it is a "verbal adjective",
           and for Latin, this is going to have monumental
           implications.  The participle is an adjective, so it
           must agree in number, gender, and case with the noun is
           modifying.  And if it must agree with nouns, then the
           participle must be able to decline to get the different
           numbers, genders, and cases it needs.  (This is the
           feature of the Perfect System Passive which causes
           students the most trouble.  It's difficult for them to
           realize that the passive voice in the perfect system is
           essentially adjectival: the verb "sum" linking the
           subject of the verb with a predicate adjective.)

Now let's look at the fourth principal part of a verb.  As you
know, the dictionary must give you all the principal parts of the
verb you're considering.

     (1)   The first entry is the first person singular of the
           present tense.
     (2)   The second is the present infinitive, from which you
           drop the "-re" to get the present system stem.
     (3)   The third is the first person singular of the perfect
           tense, from which you get the perfect active stem by
           dropping the "-i".
     (4)   The fourth entry is the perfect passive participle,
           which is used with the auxiliary verb "sum" in the
           formation of the perfect system passive.

We've said that the perfect passive participle is a verbal
adjective, so it must be able to decline, just like adjectives,
in order to agree with the nouns they're modifying.

     The perfect passive participles of all verbs declines just
like the first adjectives you learned: just like "magnus, -a,
-um".  That is, it uses endings of the first declension to modify
feminine nouns, endings of the second declension "-us" type to
modify masculine nouns, and endings of the second declension
"-um" type to modify neuter nouns.  The dictionaries tell you
this in a number of different ways; but they're all telling you
the same thing.  Some write out the whole "-us, -a, -um"; others
abbreviate it by using only the neuter "-um" or the masculine
"-us".  So you may see the entry for the fourth principal part of
"laudo", for example, given in these three different ways:

                (1)  laudatus, -a, -um
                (2)  laudatum
                (3)  laudatus


PERFECT TENSE PASSIVE

So let's put this participle to work.  How would you translate
this in Latin: "I was praised".  Well, the tense is obviously
perfect -- that is, the action was completed before it was
reported -- so we must use the perfect passive participle:
"laudatus, -a, -um".  The person is first and the number is
singular.  Let's assume that the "I" is male.  What case is "I"?
Obviously nominative -- it's the subject of the verb -- so the
form of the participle will be "laudatus" -- masculine,
nominative singular.  Got that?  The participle is going to agree
with the subject of the verb.  The subject of the verb is
nominative, so the participle must be nominative, too.  Now what
form of the verb "sum" should we use.  Of course, we'll use the
first person singular, but what tense?
     Did you guess "eram" -- "I was"?  If you did, that's one
demerit.  Look, the fourth principal part is the "perfect passive
participle" and the "perfect" tells you that the action is
considered to have been already completed.  That is, in the
participle itself is the notion of a past event, so "laudatus"
could be translated as "having been praised".  Therefore you
needn't repeat the idea of past completion in the auxiliary verb
"to be".  So the correct form of the auxiliary is the present
tense: "sum".  Think of it this way, and I admit this may seem
clumsy:  "Laudatus sum" means "I am now in the condition of
having been praised".  We can bring this over into English as
either "I was praised" or "I have been praised".  So to form the
perfect tense passive in Latin, you use the perfect passive
participle + the verb "sum" as the auxiliary in the present
tense.

     Now let's suppose that the subject "I" is feminine.  What
changes would this necessitate?  Well, the participle is a verbal
adjective, so it must agree in number, gender and case with
whatever it's modifying.  If the subject of the verb is feminine,
then the participle has to be feminine, nominative, singular to
agree with it.  So the participle will have be "laudata".
Therefore, if a woman is speaking, should would say "Laudata sum"
for "I was praised".


PLUPERFECT TENSE PASSIVE

So how do you imagine Latin forms the passive of the pluperfect
tense?  Think.  You're still going to use the perfect passive
participle linked to the subject with a conjugated form of the
verb "sum".  All perfect system passive tenses do that.  But
tense will the verb "sum" be in?  Right!  Now you use the
auxiliary verb "sum" in the imperfect tense.  What you're doing
is adding an additional past idea in auxiliary to the past idea
already implicit in the participle.  Therefore "Laudatus eram"
means "I was in the condition of having been praised" or "I had
been praised".  And if the subject were feminine: "Laudata eram".

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE PASSIVE

And the future perfect tense?  Yes.  You use the future of the
verb "sum", thus attaching a future idea to the past idea in the
participle, and that's the definition of the future perfect
tense.  "Laudatus ero" therefore means "I will be in the
condition of having been praised", which comes out "I will have
been praised".  And if the subject were feminine "Laudata ero".


PERFECT SYSTEM PASSIVE SUMMARIZED

So let's look at all this.  Conjugate in full the three tenses of
the perfect system passive, using the verb "laudo".  (Carry all
the possible genders and check your work against list lists on
page 88.)

   PARTICIPLE             PERFECT      PLUPERFECT           FUTURE
PERFECT

laudatus, -a, -um           sum           eram                ero

_________________       __________     __________         __________

_________________       __________     __________         __________


laudati, -ae, -a        __________     __________         __________

_________________       __________     __________         __________

_________________       __________     __________         __________


THE FOURTH PRINCIPAL PART OF VERBS

In Chapter 12, you realized that you were going to have to
memorize the third principal part of all your verbs if you wanted
to be able to work with them in all their tense systems.
Similarly, now you must go back and memorize the fourth principal
parts of your verbs if you want to work with them in the perfect
system passive.  As with the third principal parts, the formation
of the fourth will follow some regular patterns, so the task of
memorization will not be as tedious as it at first might seem.

FIRST CONJUGATION VERBS

The vast majority of first conjugation verbs, as you know, are
regular.  This means that its principal parts are formed
regularly using the first principal part as the stem.  The third
principal part, as you recall, is just the first principal part +
"vi".  The fourth principal part also is a regular derivation
from the first principal part: it's the first principal part +
"t" plus the adjectival endings "-us, -a, -um".  So for "laudo",
the fourth principal part is "laudatus, -a, -um" (lauda + t + us,
-a, -um) which is often abbreviated just as "laudatus" or
"laudatum".  Here are all the first conjugation verbs you've had
up to this chapter.  Fill out the principal parts, and double
check your work.  You can use these lists to review from.

                  II                  III                 IV

amo         _______________     _______________     _______________

cogito      _______________     _______________     _______________

conservo    _______________     _______________     _______________

do          _______________     _______________          datus

erro        _______________     _______________     _______________

exspecto    _______________     _______________     _______________

iuvo        _______________     _______________     _______________

laudo       _______________     _______________     _______________

libero      _______________     _______________     _______________

muto        _______________     _______________     _______________

paro        _______________     _______________     _______________

servo       _______________     _______________     _______________

supero      _______________     _______________     _______________

tolero      _______________     _______________     _______________

voco        _______________     _______________     _______________


(The two exceptions to this regularity of the first conjugation
verbs is "do, dare, dedi, datus", and "[ad]iuvo, -iuvare, -iuvi,
-iutus". If you look closely, however, you'll see that "do" isn't
really a first conjugation verb, since the stem vowel "-a-" is
not long.)


SECOND CONJUGATION VERBS

Although second conjugation verbs are slightly less regular than
first conjugation verbs, they do tend to follow a pattern in
their formation of the second, third, and fourth principal parts.
But because there are occasional irregularities in third second
conjugation verbs, the dictionary will list all four principal
parts of a second conjugation verb.  Often the third principal
part of a third conjugation verb is the first principal part +
vi", which them becomes simplified from "-evi" to just "-ui".
The fourth principal part very often ends "-itus, -a, -um".  So
for the paradigm verb "moneo", the principal parts are "moneo,
monere, monui, monitus".  Again, here is the complete list of the
second conjugation verbs you've had till now.  I've left the
principal parts of the regular verbs blank for you to fill in on
your own.  When a verb lack one of the principal parts, I've left
no blank.  Some verbs have unusual principal parts, which would
involve some explanation.  Where verbs have principal parts which
are outside our interest here, I've inserted dashes.  For now,
they don't exist and just memorize the principal parts the verbs
do have.


audeo       _______________     ---------------     ---------------

debeo       _______________     _______________     _______________

deleo       _______________         delevi              deletus

doceo       _______________     _______________         doctus

habeo       _______________     _______________     _______________

moneo       _______________     _______________     _______________

moveo       _______________          movi                motus

remaneo     _______________         remansi            remansus

teneo       _______________     _______________         tentus

terreo      _______________     _______________     _______________

timeo       _______________     _______________     ---------------

valeo       _______________     _______________     ---------------

video       _______________          vidi                visus


THIRD CONJUGATION VERBS

The third conjugation (-i- stem and non -i- stem) displays
several different ways of forming third and fourth principal
parts.  Each verb is best treated individually as if they were
irregular, but certain patters are obvious.  Additionally, a
great many of our English derivations come from the fourth
principal part of the original Latin verb.  If you keep this in
mind as you try to memorize these forms, you'll find they'll
stick more readily.


ago         _______________     _______________          actus

capio       _______________     _______________          captus

                                     coepi               coeptus

committo    _______________     _______________          commissus

curro       _______________     _______________          cursus

dico        _______________     _______________          dictus

duco        _______________     _______________          ductus

diligo      _______________     _______________          dilectus

eicio       _______________     _______________          eiectus

facio       _______________     _______________          factus

fugio       _______________     _______________          -------

gero        _______________     _______________          gestus

iacio       _______________     _______________          iactus

incipio     _______________     _______________          inceptus

intellego   _______________     _______________          -tellectus

iungo       _______________     _______________          iunctus

lego        _______________     _______________          lectus

mitto       _______________     _______________          missus

neglego     _______________     _______________          neglectus

scribo      _______________     _______________          scriptus

traho       _______________     _______________          tractus

vinco       _______________     _______________          victus

vivo        _______________     _______________          victus


FOURTH CONJUGATION VERBS

The fourth conjugation sometimes forms third and fourth principal
parts regularly by adding "-vi" to the present stem for the third
and by adding "-tus, -a, -um" for the fourth.  But there are so
many irregularities that fourth conjugation verbs are listed with
all four principal parts.  Here's your list of all the four
conjugation verbs you've had up to Chapter 19.


audio       _______________     _______________         auditus

invenio     _______________     _______________        inventus

sentio      _______________     _______________         sensus

venio       _______________     _______________         ventus


THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN

Do you remember how Latin asks a question?  You've learned that
enclitic "-ne" is attached to the end of the first word of the
sentence to indicate a question.  Latin must do this because the
word order is so flexible that no rearrangement of the words will
indicate necessarily that a question is coming up.  In English,
we ask a simple question by inverting the subject of the verb
with an auxiliary.  The statement "You are walking the dog"
becomes a question like this: "Are you walking the dog?"  But
Latin doesn't have all these handy auxiliary verbs, and besides,
since Latin doesn't rely on word order much to tell you the
syntax of the words in the sentence, inverting words won't help.

     So Latin uses the enclitic, and the word the enclitic is
attached to is the focus of the question.  For example, in the
question "Laudatisne filios huius viri?" the point of inquiry is
whether you are performing the action of praising.  But if we
begin the sentence with "the sons" -- "Filiosne huius viri
laudatis?" then the focus of the question changes: "Are you
praising this man's sons?  We can accomplish this effect in
English by inflecting our voice when we reach the word that is
the point of the question.  Now look more closely at each of
these questions.  Even though each has a different emphasis, all
the questions are essentially asking one thing: "If I should turn
this question into a statement, would it be true?"  That is, the
question is about the validity of the predication.

     The question "Are you praising this man's sons" is asking
whether it is true to say "You are praising this man's sons".  We
call this kind of question a simple question; it ask for no
information that is not contained in its structure.  Now look at
these questions:

          (1)  "Why are you praising this man's sons"?
          (2)  "When are you praising this man's sons"?
          (3)  "How are you praising this man's sons"?

Here it is taken for granted that the predication is true -- you
are praising this man's sons -- and the questions being asked are
not whether you're praising the sons, but why, when, or how?
These questions are calling for information that is not contained
within the syntax of the question; they are asking for specific
kinds of additional information.  And the kind of information
they're asking for is indicated in the words "why, when, and
how".  We call words which ask for specific kinds of information
"interrogatives".  Some more questions with another kind of
interrogative:

          (1)  "Who's there?"
          (2)  "What's that?"
          (3)  "Whose mess is this?"
          (4)  "Whom are you accusing?"
          (5)  "What are you trying to say?"

In these questions, the predication is taken as true: (1) someone
is there; (2) that is something; (3) the mess does belong to
someone; (4) you are accusing someone; (5) you are trying to say
something.  The information the questions are asking for,
however, is temporarily replaced with another word, and the hope
is that soon the information will be plugged into the spot where
its replacement now stands.  What do we call a word which takes
the place of another word or idea?  Right!  We call them
pronouns, so these words are interrogative (because they're
asking questions) and pronouns (because they're replacing other
nouns or ideas): "interrogative pronouns".

     The English interrogative pronouns, as you can see in the
examples above, have different cases and even genders.  The
gender is determined by what is be filled in for, but the case is
determined by the way the pronoun is being used in the question.

               MASCULINE AND FEMININE     INANIMATE

         Nom.            who                what
         Gen.            whose              whose
         Acc.            whom               what

Do you see any similarity between the interrogative pronouns and
the relative pronouns?  Of course you do.  "Who, whose, and whom"
are all forms that can also be used as relative pronouns.  Only
the interrogative pronoun "what" has no use as an relative
pronoun.

     The Latin interrogative pronoun also resembles the Latin
relative pronoun.  In the plural, the forms of the interrogative
pronoun are identical to those of the relative pronoun.  In the
singular many of the forms of the interrogative pronouns overlap
with those of the relative pronouns, but there are some
differences:

     (1)  For one, the forms for the masculine and feminine are
          the same.  Consequently, there are only two forms for
          the nominative singular: one for the masculine and
          feminine genders, and one for the neuter.  Similarly,
          there are only two forms for the genitive singular --
          one masculine and feminine, and one neuter.  And so on
          for all the cases in the singular.  Only two forms.
     (2)  Next, two of the forms are just plain different from
          those of the relative pronoun.  (a) For the masculine
          and feminine nominative singular, the form is "quis",
          not "qui" or "quae" as you might expect.  (b) You might
          expect "quod" for neuter nominative and accusative
          singular, but the form is "quid".  (c) For the
          remaining cases of the masculine/feminine forms, the
          interrogative pronoun uses the masculine forms of the
          relative pronoun.

Look this description closely over and try to write out the Latin
interrogative pronoun (see Wheelock, page 89).

                MASCULINE AND FEMININE                      NEUTER

Nom.                _______________
_______________

Gen.                _______________
_______________

Dat.                _______________
_______________

Acc.                _______________
_______________

Abl.                _______________
_______________


              MASCULINE               FEMININE               NEUTER

Nom.       _______________         _______________
_______________

Gen.       _______________         _______________
_______________

Dat.       _______________         _______________
_______________

Acc.       _______________         _______________
_______________

Abl.       _______________         _______________
_______________


Let's look at some examples of how the interrogative pronoun
works in Latin.  You'll that it has some surprising properties,
which the English interrogative pronoun "who, what", etc.
doesn't have.  "Quis librum tibi dedit?"  ("Who gave you the
book?")  You can tell this sentence is a question, obviously,
because it is introduced with the interrogative pronoun and
because it ends with a question mark.  But the English
translation isn't as precise as the Latin.  Why not?  Look at
"quis".  It's nominative because it is used as the subject of the
verb.  But what about its number and gender?  It's
masculine/feminine in gender and singular in number.

     That means that the question was formed in such a way as to
imply that there was only one person who gave you the book.  Now
look at the English "who".  Can you tell whether the person
asking the question expects there to be only one person who gave
you the book?  No, you can't.  So, in Latin, the questioner
reveals more about the kind of answer expected because the
pronoun reveals more about the possible antecedent.  How would we
translate these into English:

                (a)  "Qui librum tibi dederunt?"
                (b)  "Quae librum tibi dederunt?"

We'd have to translate them both as "Who gave you the book?", but
look more closely at the Latin.  In (a), the question implies
that more than one person gave you the book and that they are
either all male or mixed male and female.  In (b), those who gave
you the book are implied to be plural and all feminine.  Look at
another example.  All of these Latin question can be translated
into English as "Whose book did Cicero give you?":

                "Cuius librum Cicero tibi dedit?"
                "Quorum librum Cicero tibi dedit?"
                "Quarum librum Cicero tibi dedit?"

The interrogative pronoun in each of these question is in the
genitive case because the point of the question is to learn more
about the owner(s) of the book.  But each question suggests an
different kind of answer.  Can you spot the different
expectations?


INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE

Okay, you know that the interrogative pronoun is a word which
takes the place of another noun or idea about which certain
information is being sought.  Because it asks a question we call
it "interrogative"; because it stands in for something else, we
call it a "pronoun": "interrogative pronoun".

     So what is an "interrogative adjective".  Start from the
beginning.  "Interrogative" means that it will be asking a
question.  "Adjective" means that it will be modifying a noun in
the sentence and to modify a noun an adjective must agree with it
in number, gender, and case.  Putting these two parts together,
we come up with this: an "interrogative adjective" is a word
which modifies an noun in a way that asks more information about
it.  How does this work?  Look at these English questions:

                (a)  "What child is this?"
                (b)  "Which way did he go?"
                (c)  "For what reason are we doing this?"

In each of these questions, more information is being requested
about something which is already expressed in the question.  Like
this.  What's the difference between "What is this"? and "What
child is this"?  In (a), the answer sought is not restricted to
anything specified in the sentence itself.  But in the second,
the potential responder is directed to limit his reply to
something in particular; namely, "the child".  The same is true
with (b) and (c).  (B) is not asking whether he's gone, but which
way he went; (c) is not asking what we're doing, but for what
reason.  So English uses the adjective "which or what" to ask for
information specific to something already expressed in the
sentence.

     Latin also has interrogative adjectives for this purpose,
but because Latin is a fully inflected language, the
interrogative adjective has many more forms than its English
analogue.  After all, the Latin interrogative adjective is going
to have to agree with masculine, feminine, or neuter nouns in any
one of the ten cases and numbers.  You'll be pleased to know,
however, that you're not going to have to learn anything new,
because the Latin interrogative adjective uses the forms of its
relative pronoun.  Go ahead and write out the forms of the
interrogative adjective to refresh your memory. (Remember, it's
exactly the same as the relative pronoun).

INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE

            MASCULINE            FEMININE              NEUTER

Nom.     _______________      _______________      _______________

Gen.     _______________      _______________      _______________

Dat.     _______________      _______________      _______________

Acc.     _______________      _______________      _______________

Abl.     _______________      _______________      _______________


Nom.     _______________      _______________      _______________

Gen.     _______________      _______________      _______________

Dat.     _______________      _______________      _______________

Acc.     _______________      _______________      _______________

Abl.     _______________      _______________      _______________

Because the interrogative adjective is an adjective, its form is
determined entirely by the noun with which it is agreeing in the
sentence.  Like this:

           "Quem librum legebatis?"  (What (or which) book were
you reading?)

The interrogative adjective "quem" is singular, accusative,
masculine because the noun about which the question is seeking
more information is singular, accusative, and masculine.  Study
these examples:

     (a)   "Quibus feminis libros illos dedistis?" (To which women
           did you give those books?)
     (b)   "A quo viro admoniti sunt?"  (By which (or what) man
           were they warned?)
     (c)   "A quibus viris admoniti sunt?"  (By which (or what)
           men were they warned?)
     (d)   "A qua femina admoniti sunt?"  (By which woman were
           they warned?)


DRILLS

Translate the following short sentences.

1.    Cui libros dederunt?


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2.    Qui ei libros dederunt?


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3.    A quo libri dati sunt?


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4.    A quibus hi libri lecti erant?


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5.    A quibus discipulis hi libri lecti sunt?


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6.    Quis ab omnibus civibus amatus est?


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7.    Cuius civitatis ille homo erat?


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8.    E qua urbe iste tyrannus venit?


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9.    E quorum urbe iste tyrannus venit?


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10.   Qui vir ab omnibus civibus amatus est?


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11.   Who came from that city?


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12.   Which books did you read?


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13.   To whom were these books given?


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14.   Which students read these books?


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15.   Which citizens loved this man?


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16.   Whose city was loved by that tyrant?


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17.   By whom were those books given to the students?


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18.   By whom was this city loved?


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19.   To which women was the book given?


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20.   To which woman was the book given?


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VOCABULARY PUZZLES

senex, senis         This word is much more bizarre than Wheelock
                     lets on.  You'll see it mainly as a noun,
                     meaning "old man" or "old woman". Don't
                     expect to see it modifying a neuter noun.
                     It'll always be masculine or feminine.
                     Because it's really a third declension
                     adjective, it'll decline like:

                          senex      senes
                          senis      senium
                          seni       senibus
                          senem      senes
                          seni       senibus

novus, -a, -um       Like most ancient civilizations, ancient Rome
                     didn't care much for change.  So a way of
                     asking "What's wrong"? was "Quid novum est"?

