12/31/92



                              CHAPTER 9

              "Demonstrative Pronouns: Hic, Ille, Iste"


ENGLISH: THIS, THESE; THAT, THOSE

Consider the following expressions:

                this car        that car
                these cars      those cars

The words "this", "these", "that", and "those" are obviously
telling you a little something more about "car" or "cars".  They
are indicating the relative spacial location "car" or "cars" have
to the speaker.  When we say "this car" or the plural "these
cars", we are referring to the car or cars which are nearby:
"this car right here"; "these cars right here".  For the most
part, when we say "that car" or "those cars", we mean cars which
are some distance from us: "that car over there", or "those cars
over there".  It would sound odd for someone to say "that car
right here" or "these cars way over there".  So the words "this",
"these", "that", and "those", are telling us more about the words
they're attached to; that is, they qualify or modify their nouns.
And we call words which modify other nouns "adjectives".

     As you know, in English adjectives hardly ever change their
form to "agree" with the thing they're modifying.

                     "tall tree" and "tall trees"
                     "bad boys" and "bad girls"

This is different from Latin adjectives, which must change
endings to show the  different numbers, genders, and cases of the
nouns they modify.  But look again at the adjectives "this" and
"that".  When the nouns they modify become plural, the adjective
itself changes form: from "this" to "these"; from "that" to
"those".  These two are the only adjectives in English which
actually change their forms to match a grammatical feature of the
nouns they're modifying.  They have slightly different forms to
indicate a change in number of the nouns they modify.

     So, these words are adjectives, since they qualify nouns,
and since their main purpose is to "point out" the nouns, we call
them "demonstrative adjectives" because they "point out" or
"point to" (Latin "demonstrare"). This is very important to
remember: these words are "demonstrative adjectives".

THE LATIN DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES:  ILLE, HIC, ISTE

Latin also has demonstrative adjectives roughly equivalent to our
"this" and "that".  Now remember, since these words are
adjectives in Latin, they must be able to agree with the nouns
they're modifying.  Therefore, these demonstrative adjectives
must be able to decline to agree with all three different
genders.  For the most part, the Latin demonstrative adjectives
decline just like the adjectives you've see so far.  That is,
they add the first and second declension endings to their stems.
But there are some unexpected irregularities which you simply
must memorize:

     (1)   The nominative singulars are irregular.
     (2)   The genitive singular for all genders is "-ius".
     (3)   The dative singular for all genders is "-i".

Keep these irregularities in mind and decline the demonstrative
adjective "that".  Its dictionary listing includes all the
nominatives -- just as an adjective like "magnus, -a, -um" does
-- so that you can see its declension pattern.  The adjective for
"that" is "ille, illa, illud".  (You can check your work in
Wheelock, p. 39.)


STEM:  ill-
              MASCULINE            FEMININE              NEUTER

N/V.       _______________      _______________      _______________

Gen.       _______________      _______________      _______________

Dat.       _______________      _______________      _______________

Acc.       _______________      _______________      _______________

Abl.       _______________      _______________      _______________


N/V.       _______________      _______________      _______________

Gen.       _______________      _______________      _______________

Dat.       _______________      _______________      _______________

Acc.       _______________      _______________      _______________

Abl.       _______________      _______________      _______________

 As you can see, the inflection of the demonstrative adjective
"ille" is quite recognizable after the nominative, genitive and
dative singulars.  With some more time, however, you'll become
well-acquainted with the irregulars forms "-ius" and "-i" of
genitive and dative singulars.  All the demonstrative adjectives
and pronouns in Latin use these alternative genitive and dative
singular endings, as do some adjectives.  In fact, we call this
declensional pattern the "heteroclite" declension, because it
seems to be borrowing the genitive and dative singular forms from
somewhere else.

     Let's turn now to the demonstrative adjective for "this".
The stem is "h-", and it follows the pattern set by "ille":
unusual nominatives, alternative endings for the genitive and
dative singulars.  But there are four additional things to note
about its declension:

     (1)   In the genitive and dative singulars, the stem
           lengthens to "hu-" from "h-".
     (2)   In all the singular cases and genders, and in the
           neuter plural nominative and accusative, the particle
           "-c" is added to the end of case endings for a little
           extra emphasis: like "this here" in English.  We call
           the "-c" an "epideictic" (eh peh DAY tick) particle.
     (3)   When the epideictic particle "-c" is added to a case
           ending which ends in an "-m", the "-m" becomes an "-n".
     (4)   The neuter nominative and accusative plural endings are
           "-ae", not "-a", as you might expect from the second
           declension.

     This is quite a list of oddities, and students have some
difficulty mastering this demonstrative adjective.  Keep you
finger on this list of irregularities and try to decline the
Latin demonstrative "this": "hic, haec, hoc".

STEM:      h- (or hu-)

              MASCULINE            FEMININE              NEUTER

N/V.       _______________      _______________      _______________

Gen.       _______________      _______________      _______________

Dat.       _______________      _______________      _______________

Acc.       _______________      _______________      _______________

Abl.       _______________      _______________      _______________


N/V.       _______________      _______________      _______________

Gen.       _______________      _______________      _______________

Dat.       _______________      _______________      _______________

Acc.       _______________      _______________      _______________

Abl.       _______________      _______________      _______________

     Finally, there exists in Latin a demonstrative adjective
that has no real translation into English, though we can readily
recognize its meaning.  It can only be rendered into English by
an inflection of the voice, one implying contempt, disdain, or
outrage.  Read this exchange:

     X:    "Did you see the movie I was telling you about?"
     Y:    "What movie?"
     X:    "You know, the one about mass killing, torture, moral
           outrages and general profligacy.  The one you said no
           one in his right mind ought to see?"
     Y:    "Oh, that movie".

The final "that" in this dialogue corresponds to the Latin
demonstrative adjective "iste, ista, istud".  There is nothing
complicated about the declension of "iste"; It uses the
alternative genitive and dative singular endings "-ius" and "-i",
and the neuter nominative and accusative singular is "-ud" (like
"illud").  Aside from that, it uses the standard first and second
declension endings.

STEM:      ist-

              MASCULINE            FEMININE              NEUTER

N/V.       _______________      _______________      _______________

Gen.       _______________      _______________      _______________

Dat.       _______________      _______________      _______________

Acc.       _______________      _______________      _______________

Abl.       _______________      _______________      _______________


N/V.       _______________      _______________      _______________

Gen.       _______________      _______________      _______________

Dat.       _______________      _______________      _______________

Acc.       _______________      _______________      _______________

Abl.       _______________      _______________      _______________



USING THE HETEROCLITE DECLENSION

As irritating as it may to have to memorize more endings, the
heteroclite declension has a nice advantage.  It can often help you
establish the case of a noun.  You know that the declensions have
forms which overlap.  For example, the form "consilio" from the
noun "consilium, -ii (n) can be either the dative or ablative case
singular.  But if it's modified by a demonstrative adjective, you
can tell immediately which of the two it is:

                          huic consilio (dative)
                          hoc consilio (ablative)

Write out the number, gender and case the following nouns are in:

                            NUMBER          GENDER          CASE

1. illae civitates        __________      __________      __________

2. illas civitates        __________      __________      __________

3. isti puero             __________      __________      __________

4. isto puero             __________      __________      __________

5. illi amores            __________      __________      __________

6. illos amores           __________      __________      __________


ADJECTIVES USING THE HETEROCLITE ENDINGS: -IUS AND -I

As I mentioned, there are some adjectives in Latin which use the
alternative genitive and dative endings.  Aside from that, however,
these adjectives follow the normal declensional patterns.  There
are very few of them, but they are important adjectives which get
a lot of use.  You've got to know them:

                alius, -a, -ud                 "other"
                alter, -a, -um                 "the other"
                nullus, -a, -um                "no, none"
                solus, -a, -um                 "sole, alone"
                totus, -a, -um                 "whole; entire"
                ullus, -a, -um                 "any"
                unus, -a, -um                  "one"

Judged by their dictionary entries alone, these adjective look
deceptively normal.  They appear to be the standard variety
adjectives of the first and second declensions.  But their genitive
and dative singulars are not the standard kind.  Watch this
declension of the expression "the other man alone":

                Nom.      alter      vir       solus
                Gen.      alterius   viri      solius
                Dat.      alteri     viro      soli
                Acc.      alterum    virum     solum
                Abl.      altero     viro      solo


ALIUS AND ALTER

"Alius, alia, aliud" is the adjective which means "other", and it's
one of those adjectives which follow the heteroclite declension:
"-ius" and "-i" for the genitive and dative singulars.  For a
totally mysterious reason, Latin tends to replace the genitive
singular of "alius" with the genitive singular of "alter".  Hence
we find "alterius" in place of the expected "aliius" in the
declension of "alius".  After that oddity, the declension of
"alius" regains its sanity:

                     Masculine  Feminine  Neuter

                N/V.   alius     alia     aliud
                Gen.   alterius  alterius alterius
                Dat.   alii      alii     alii
                Acc.   alium     aliam    aliud
                Abl.   alio      alia     alio

                                 etc.


THE DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES USED AS DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

So far, so good.  The demonstrative adjectives "hic", "ille", and
"iste" modify nouns and point them out.  Essentially this is their
nature.  They are demonstrative adjectives.  But they have a very
common extended use.  They are frequently used as "demonstrative
pronouns".  Because these words can be used either as adjectives or
as pronouns, we often call them just "demonstratives".  We'll say
"hic" is a demonstrative, instead of calling it a demonstrative
adjective or pronoun.  So what does this mean -- demonstrative
pronoun?  The demonstrative part of it you understand: it means
something which points out or gives emphasis.  But what is a
pronoun?  Without getting overly ambitious about setting down an
eternally unassailable definition, let's just say for now that a
pronoun is a word which takes the place of another word in a
sentence.  Here are some examples of pronouns in English:

           "It just missed her".
           "She has a most interesting way of speaking".
           "Does he have it"?

As you can see, the underlined words are referring you to something
or someone which has already been mentioned sometime before, so to
recall them we only have to use a sign marker or abbreviation.  The
word or idea which the pronoun is replacing is called the
"antecedent" (an te CEE dent).  In additional to replacing their
antecedents, pronouns also tell you a little something about the
nature of the antecedent.  For example, in the first sentence, you
can tell that the antecedent of "it" is singular and inanimate; the
antecedent of "her" is singular and feminine and animate.  This is
an important rule to remember about pronouns:  "Pronouns get their
number and gender from their antecedents".

     Let's look at the English third person pronouns.  We divide
the third person pronoun into two groups -- those which refer to
animate objects (mainly humans) and those which refer to inanimate
objects.  Our third person pronoun observes the  distinction
between the genders masculine and feminine of animate things in the
singular; in the plural, however, they make no distinctions among
gender or animate and inanimate.

                              Singular

            Masculine       Feminine        Neuter

     Nom.      he              she            it
     Pos.      his             her            its
     Obj.      him             her            it

                             Plural

     Nom.                     they
     Pos.                     their
     Obj.                     them

    Latin pronouns are much more observant of the gender of their
antecedents -- as they would likely be, because of the importance
of grammatical gender in Latin.  Consequently by looking at the
forms of the demonstrative pronouns "hic", "ille", or "iste", you
can tell much more about their antecedents.  This makes
constructions in Latin much more flexible.  Look at this sentence.
"Non poteram haec videre".  How would you translate the "haec?"
You can tell that it is neuter, accusative plural from its form and
from the way it's being used in the sentence.  (It's the direct
object of the verb "videre".)  So its antecedent is neuter in
gender, and plural.  So what's our plural, accusative third person
pronoun?  It's "them".  So this sentence would be translated "I was
not able to see them".  In English, you see, this sentence could
mean that I am looking at men, women, or rocks, since the pronoun
only tells us that the antecedent is plural.  But Latin also tells
us the gender of the antecedent, so it can be much more specific.
Now let's look at a pronoun with a little more context.

    "Civitas est magna, sed non possum hanc videre". (The city is
    large, but I can't see it.)

Remember that a pronoun gets its number and gender from its
antecedent, but it gets its case from the way it's being used
grammatically in the sentence.  The antecedent of "hanc" is
"civitas"; they are both singular and feminine.  But "hanc" is
accusative because of the way it's being used: it's the direct
object of the verb "videre".  We would translate this into English:
"The city is large, but I don't see it".  Notice that even though
the pronoun in Latin is feminine in gender -- "hanc" -- we don't
translate it "her", because we use "she", "her", and "her" only for
things which are biologically female.  Unlike Latin, our nouns
don't have grammatical gender.  Now try this:  "Est bona femina, et
hanc amamus". (She is a good woman, and we love her.) This time,
since the antecedent is biologically feminine, we would translate
"hanc" with our feminine pronoun: "She is a kind woman and we love
her".  You'll have to take a little care when you translate the
pronouns into English: you'll use our pronouns "he" and "she", and
so on, only when the antecedent of the Latin pronouns are
biologically masculine or feminine.  Otherwise you'll use our
neuter "it", "its", "it", and "them".

    One final thing to remember about the demonstratives "hic",
"ille", and "iste".  They all three show much more emphasis than
does our simple "he, she, it", but we have no way to translate that
extra bit over into English.  Latin has a weaker third person
demonstrative which is equivalent to our "he, she, it" -- you'll
learn it later -- but for now you'll be translating "hic", "ille",
and "iste", as if they were equivalent to "he, she, it".  It's just
something we can't get over into English very easily.  Try a few
short exercises.  Translate into Latin.

1.  Your (sing.) books are good, and we love them [use a form of
    "hic".]


    ____________________________________________________________

2.  Your (sing.) book is good, and we love it [use "ille".]


    ____________________________________________________________

3.  The danger is great, and I fear ["timeo"] it [use "iste".]


    ____________________________________________________________

4.  The dangers are great, and I fear them [use "iste".]


    ____________________________________________________________

5.  She is your [pl.] daughter, and we are giving her [use "hic"]
    the money.


    ____________________________________________________________

6.  They are your [pl.] daughters, and we are giving them [use
    "ille"] the money.


    ____________________________________________________________


VOCABULARY PUZZLES

locus, -i (m)        Something a little unusual happens to "locus"
                     in the plural. In the singular, "locus" means
                     either a physical place or a place in a book
                     (a passage in literature).  As "loci, -orum
                     (m)" it means only passages in literature.  To
                     say "places" as in physical places (regions),
                     Latin use a neuter derivative from "locus":
                     "loca, -orum (n)".  So "locus" actually has
                     two different forms in the plural, each with
                     different meanings: "loci" means "passages";
                     "loca" means "regions".

enim                 Like "igitur", "enim" is postpositive.

in + acc./abl.       Like "sub" + accusative or ablative, "in" will
                     take its noun either in the accusative or the
                     ablative case.  When it takes the accusative
                     in means motion into; with the ablative it
                     shows only position, with no motion into
                     involved.  You can keep these two straight by
                     translating "in" + accusative always as
                     "into".  Say "in" for "in" + ablative.

nunc                 It's the temporal "now", not the logical
                     "now".  "Nunc" would be a translation for "Now
                     it's raining", not for "Now it's time to end
                     this chapter".

