LESSON 3:  WHOLE-WORD AND PART-WORD CONTRACTIONS AND SHORT-FORM WORDS

SECTION ONE:  WHOLE-WORD AND PART-WORD CONTRACTIONS
Part I:  Explanation
1.  Whole-Word Contractions

The contractions and, for, of, the, with may represent either whol words or parts
of words.

             and          for           of          the         with
   Dots:   1-2-3-4-6    1 thru 6     1-2-3-5-6    2-3-4-6     2-3-4-5-6
    
1.1 Rules for Use:

1   When two or more of these contractions, as well as the word `a', appear
    in sequence in a sentence and are used as whole words, they should be
    written with no intervening space between them as long as space on the
    line allows.  If any punctuation or composition signs occur between them,
    these contractions must not be written together.

    EXAMPLES:    He won a prize for the sculpture he made with a tire.
 
             for the love of dogs         with the luck of the gods    

2   When these words follow one another in book titles, headings, or other
    FULLY CAPITALIZED material, they should not be joined, since the double 
    capital sign must precede each word.

    EXAMPLE:     TWO FOR THE ROAD

2.  Part-Word Contractions

The contractions for and, for, of, the, and with should be used as part-word 
contractions wherever the letters they represent occur.

    EXAMPLE:
       ro(of)           (the)atre            (for)t            (of)ficial
       (And)rew         af(for)d             c(and)y

2.1  Rules for Use:
1   The use of these contractions does not depend on pronunciation.

    EXAMPLE:    Es(the)r

2   The (of) contraction may be used in words containing the oo diphthong.

    EXAMPLE:    ro(of)        alo(of)

2.2  Exceptions:   
1   Preference must be given to the contraction that saves the greatest 
    amount of space.

    EXAMPLE:     (with)e       NOT       wi(the)

2   These contractions should not be used when some of the letters it re-  
    presents are divided between a prefix and another syllable that make up
    the root of the word.

    EXAMPLES:     sweetheart     southeast     professor     profane

3   These contractions should not be used when the letters they represent
are divided up between the base word and a suffix.  The (of) contraction
should not be used where the "pro" prefix is followed by a root beginning 
with the letter "f".
    EXAMPLE:     twofold    profile    profuse

*However, where both letters fall into the same syllable, the contracton for 
(of) should be used.

    EXAMPLE:     profligate

3. Colon And Semicolon
                colon :        semi-colon ;
              (dots 2-5)       (dots 2-3)

The placement of the braille colon and semicolon should follow that shown in 
print.  However, only one space is left following braille punctuation regard-
less of the number of spaces shown in print.

When the print copy expresses definite points of time in words, the braille 
copy should do the same.  When the print copy expresses time in figures, re-
gardless of how it is shown in print, the braille copy should use the colon
to seperate the hours, minutes, and seconds.  The number sign need not be re-
peated after each colon.  When the print copy shows only the hours and 
seconds, express the minutes as two zeros.

    EXAMPLES:      10:45 a.m.                    4:00:30 p.m.


This concludes the information section.  When ready, press Esc to return to
the submenu to move on to practice exercises.

Part II:  PRINT TO BRAILLE EXERCISES
1.  The coral reef that circles the Buck Island Reef is picturesque.
2.  They can afford a new sofa but refuse the idea of another item.
3.  Soft music (classical or elevator type) is very therapeutic for a lot of
    people.
4.  Andy turns up the furnace as it is very cold.
5.  For the love of Pete, keep the deck hands quiet for two seconds.
6.  Five of the Dandie Dane puppies seem very withdrawn, as if sick.
7.  Professor Wethers will not withhold a reprimand for the profane retort.
8.  If Kim's nephew does not practice more he will withdraw from the meet.
9.  The profile of Mr. Vandyke does not foretell of a formal run for office.
10. The formula for fat-free candy will make a lot of people very happy.
11. Sonya will score poorly on mathematical theory, but will make up for it
    on practical usage.
12. Is California or Florida the home of 'Gator Land?
13. As soon as the plane took off I knew I left my briefcase at the office.
14. We suspect that the handyman may have rebuilt the roof with second-hand
    supplies.
15. I forgot my thermal T., but Sofia will loan me an extra.

III BRAILLE TO PRINT EXERCISES
1.  My new Ford truck will give my relatives cause for a scandal.
2.  Randolph plays the trumpet just for the fun of it.
3.  My wife says I'm a goofball with sports, but my son backs me up.
4.  Aunt Esther can not pay off the sofa with that small of a wage.
5.  The front lawn of Mrs. Jayne seems as full of toys as kids.
6.  As the clock ticks away Will gives it the old college effort and skates
    for the gold.
7.  As I got off the plane from my travels abroad I felt very weird, as if I
    did not recognize my home anymore.
8.  The Andes circumscribe the Ecuadorian capital of Quito, and at an alti-
    tude of 10,000 feet makes it a very picturesque region.
9.  My Uncle Theodore will not fly, so we will travel on land only.
10. I can picture us on an island with the ivory sand, hot sun, calm sea
    and a cool breeze.
11. We will forgo any formalities and just do the important forms.
12. More people will withdraw support as knowledge of the scandal rises.
13. A 4 mile run and the sunrise on the lake provide me with my daily
    therapy.
14. Will you look for and go with my nephew?
15. The Thespian Club will see The Phantom next week for its field trip.

IV  PROOF READING EXERCISES
1.  Luke Sands will visit the Netherlands lext fall.
2.  Grand Teton is land set aside as an elk refuge.
3.  Ask Sofia if any pecan candy is left.
4.  The loft is a favorite place for the Randall boys.
5.  At noon Amy will walk Sandford's dog with the family.


SECTION TWO:  SHORT-FORM WORDS
Part I:  Information Section

    about        above         according        across        after  
    ab           abv           ac               acr           af

    afternoon    afterward     again            also          almost
    afn          afw           ag               al            alm

    already      altogether    always           blind         friend
    alr          alt           alw              bl            fr

1.  Introduction

The English Braille Code contains 76 short-form words.  In this lesson, you 
will learn 15 short-form words.  They are abbreviated forms of the words
they represent.  Some short-form words consist of the first few letters of 
the word; some use the first and final letters; and some consist of the sig-
nificant consonants found within the word.  Short-form words should be used
as whole words, and as parts of words.

2.  Rules for Short-Form Words

2.1 Instances when these signs SHOULD be used:

1   When used as a part of a word, the original meaning must be retained.
    Where a word has several meanings, its short-form may be used to represent
    any of them.  In the examples below, parentheses indicate when a short-
    form word should and should not be used.

    EXAMPLES:     here(after)     (must)y     rafter     mustache

2   Short-form words should be used when the words thay represent are joined
    by a hyphen to other words to form compound words.

    EXAMPLES:      walk-(about)      (above)-board

3   Short-form words must never be divided between lines, but division may be 
    made between the short-form word and any syllable addition.

    EXAMPLES:      according-       NOT        accor-
                            ly                      dingly
4   A word that can be represented by a short-form word must never be spelled 
    out, even though it is possible to write a portion of that word on one 
    line and the remainder on the next line.  Such division would not result
    in saving space, so it is preferable to use the sort-form word, thereby
    keeping the word more easily recognizable.


5   Short-form words may be used as an entire proper name, but never as only
    part of a proper name.

    EXAMPLE:     Mrs. (Little)    NOT     Mrs. Littleton
    
6   Words which are common words (but which appear in titles of books or
    articles, song titles chapter headings, and the like; or in names of
    publishers, organizations, etc.) are not to be considered proper names.
    In these instances, short-form words should be used as parts of a word if
    they satisfy the rules governing short-form words.

    EXAMPLES:     (THE) (LITTLE)(ST) ANGEL        (Good)win Press

7   For (after), (blind), and (friend):  These short-form words may be used
    when followed by a consonant or hyphen in a divided word, but may not be
    used when they are followed by a vowel.  Using these contractions before
    a vowel could result in the formation of a new word and cause confusion
    for the reader.

    EXAMPLE:         (blind)s     NOT     blinder
               (friend)(sh)ip     NOT     friended

8   When a sentence begins with the proper names of "Al" or "Ab" the letter
    sign (to be discussed in a later module) must precede the names to prevent
    confusion with the short-form words "also" and "about".  If these two
    names occur toward the middle or end of the sentence, and/or it is under-
    stood from the context that they represent proper names, the letter sign
    is not required.

This concludes the information on Short Form Words.  When you are ready,
press the Esc to return to the Submenu to begin the Practice Exercises.

Part II:  Print to Braille Exercises
1.  Ask Gayle about the movie you just saw with my friend.
2.  Jessie told us that the Ford salesman sold a lemon.
3.  Afterward, Jill knew more about the nuts and bolts of a gas furnace.
4.  The plant looks as if it will curl up and die from lack of sun.
5.  On the afternoon of the play, at about 3:00, people (almost 3,500) met
    and sang a tribute.
6.  I want 50 items:  5 bottles, 15 teethers, 20 cans of formula, and 10
    Handy-Dandy wipes.
7.  The hawk flies across the prairie as he looks for food.
8.  Can you always so easily see the faults of others?
9.  They already have the knowledge, but it will require the efforts of all
    the people.
10.  Mr. Wilford is a brilliant man, and likewise also very witty.
11.  After all the repairs we did, that roof already sags.
12.  That fireman will go above the call of duty just for the sake of a cat?
13.  Go with Randy so that he is not late again for the afternoon game.
14.  On my travels I made friends at almost every village.
15.  Aurelio and I saw the smoke from across the field and ran for help.

Part III:  Braille to Print Exercises
1.  Leland rang the doorbell again and again; no response.
2.  After the game they always meet for a soda at McDonald's.
3.  Altogether, the people will gather approximately 650 cans of food for
    the poor.
4.  Miranda and Samir will plan a week trip up the Rio Grande.
5.  Junji also wants a few items:  a pair of socks; a pair of black pants, size
    36; a new tie; and a suitcoat.
6.  They will see a movie and afterward they will visit my sickly Aunt And-
    rea.
7.  I will always love the theatre on Broadway. 
8.  He does have a lot of knowledge about the people of Zaire. 
9.  Afterward, may we go on the deck for a snack?
10.  The blind woman lives across the road and above the Clothes Closet.

Part IV:  Proof Reading Exercises
1.  Vladmir always draws wildlife pictures as he doodles.
2.  After we spoke, all the boys and girls did obey.
3.  My favorite picture always hung on the wall above the delicate antique tea 
    set.
4.  Altogether my friend will have: 3 cats, 10 dogs, 2 birds and a snake.
5.  The boy ran across the road after a ball and almost got hit.

SECTION VII:  SELF-TEST
Part I:  Information

               Our chief want in life is somebody who will 
               make us do what we can.
                                     Ralph Waldo Emerson

                 Best of Luck!

Part II:  Print to Braille Exercises
1.  Almost every boy obeys the rules accordingly.
2.  Khalid already recycles bottles and cans and puts them on the curb for
    pick-up.
3.  We saw the movie about the blind elephant again and it made us all cry.
4.  After the judge made the score official, we knew Billy won the gold.
5.  We already have the props altogether for the play Oklahoma.
6.  After 12:42 p.m. he will officiate the games; but I forgot if he will
    keep score also.
7.  With Adrianne just across the hall, Andres, blind with love, didn't risk
    the jaunt with Holly.
8.  Random samples almost always assure us of true results.
9.  That afternoon Leon and a few friends left for Georgia and will visit
    Aunt Atley again.
10. Abe Fortes told me afterward that Grandma Moses also did not have any
    portrait lessons.

III  BRAILLE TO PRINT EXERCISES
1.  The bridge will collapse from the force of the quake.
2.  After the game Tony and Mike left on a bus for the solitude of Utah.
3.  The police want a profile of the man just for the record.
4.  We have made quite a few hot cakes, almost 200 altogether.
5.  Professor Vandyke will hold a forum on U.S. foreign policy.
6.  Gus almost always tips the brim of the hat after he passes a lady.
7.  The afternoon plans will bore Sandy, so plan accordingly.
8.  May we see a movie at the theatre afterward?
9.  You will travel across the tall-grass prairie for 2 weeks after you
    pass Dobson Fort.
10. Jacques won a prize at the bake-off for the apple pies he made.

IV  PROOF READING EXERCISES
1.  After we with hold taxes, you will have about a half left.
2.  At about 3:45 this afternoon, he took 40 people altogether across the lake 
    on the pontoon boat.
3.  I always like the grub at foreign food places.
4.  My favorite book is Across Five Aprils.
5.  The official reports prove that the land is already kept for wildlife, but 
    the local people claim otherwise.