
            LESSON 5:  PART-WORD CONTRACTIONS AND SHORT FORM WORDS
                        (GH, AR, ED, ER, OW, ING, BLE)


SECTION 1:  PART-WORD CONTRACTIONS FOR GH, AR, ED, ER, OW
Part I:  Information 

  gh (1-2-6)    ar (3-4-5)    ed (1-2-4-6)    er (1-2-4-5-6)    ow (2-4-6)

1.  These contractions are part-word contractions only and have no whole-
word meanings.

2.  These signs SHOULD be used:

2.1 when all the letters that they represent fall within a single syllable
    except, where the dipthongs or diaereses `ae' or `oe' are involved.

    EXAMPLES:     b(ed)     le(ar)n     f(ar)       li(gh)t
                 lau(gh)t(er)          b(ow)       t(ow)hee 

2.2 when a word needs to be divided between lines, these part-word contrac-
    tions may begin a new line.  However, if the contraction comes at the
    end of the word and is not followed by a punctuation mark, dividing the
    the word between lines does not become necessary as the contraction takes
    up the same space as the hypen.

    EXAMPLES:         play-           m(er)it-      NOT     play-
                   (er)            (ed)                  (er)

2.3 when the letters comprising the contraction fall entirely within the base
    or root word, and are not divided between this word and the prefix, suf-
    fix or between components of a compound word.

2.4 Part-word signs that have no whole-word meanings should be used when they
    stand alone.

    EXAMPLES:     Ed   (the name)
                  ow!  (the exclamation of pain)
                  er   (a vocal sound of hesitation)

3.  These signs SHOULD NOT be used:

3.1 when the letters comprising the contracion are divided between a base or 
    root word and its prefix, suffix, or when the contraction is divided be-
    tween the components of a compound word.

    EXAMPLES:  erase    rerun    predate    erase    sublet    red(ed)icate

4.  EXCEPTION TO THE RULE ON PREFIXES:  Where words beginning with the letter

4.1 Where words beginning with the letter 'r' are prefixed by the letter 'a',
    the (ar) contraction should be used.

    EXAMPLES:    (ar)ose      (ar)rival       (ar)ound   

4.2 The letter `e' of the diphthong `ae' or `oe' must not be use as part of a
    contraction.  The sign for (er) should not be used in "faerie", or in
    "aerial".  Nor should the sign for (ed) be used in "Oedipus" or "encyclo-
    paedia".  An EXCEPTION to this rule occurs in easily read words where the
    contraction should be used.   

    EXAMPLES:    cano(ed)     (sh)o(ed)     to(ed)

4.3 The `ae' and `oe' combinations are usually diphthongs except, (1) when a
    prefix ending in `o' or `a' is added to a root word beginning with`e' or
    (2) where a suffix beginning with `e' is added to a base word ending in
    `o' or `a'.    

    EXAMPLES:   co(ed)ucation   (sh)ampoo(er)   subpoena(ed)   co(er)ce

4.4 In a trigraph, where three letters are combined to form a single sound,
    none of the letters may be combined with letters outside of the trigraph
    to form a contraction.

4.5 These contractions should not be used if their use would cause difficulty
    in the pronunciation of a word.  For example, do not use the (gh) in
    "longhorn", the (er) in prerequisite, nor the (ed) in prediction.

4.6 Some consonant combinations may be pronounced as a single sound, such as
    the (gh) in "ghost", or the (wh) in "white".  These consonant combinations
    may also be pronounced separately, such as the `gh' in "doghouse", and the
    `wh' in "towhee".  When the letters are pronounced separately, they should
    NOT be represented by these contractions.

4.7 These contrations should never be used if it would alter the usual braille
    form of a base word.  This rule applies whether the word has been written
    on one braille line or divided between braille lines.

5.  Choice between Alternative Contractions

5.1 When a choice must be made between two different contractions or combina-
    tions of contractions, preference should be given to the choice that saves
    the greater amount of space.

    EXAMPLE:  ba(the)d      not     ba(th)(ed)
              (with)(er)    not     wi(th)(er)

5.2 Contractions and, for, of, the, with should be used in preference to any 
    other contractions unless more space would be used.

    EXAMPLE:  bro(the)r        anes(the)sia          ba(the)d


    This concludes the inforymation on Part-Word Contractions gh, ar, ed, er,
and ow.  When you are ready, press Esc to return to the Submenu.


Part II:  Print to Braille Exercises
1.  Hapgood slipped past the guards undetected and set the hostages free.
2.  Margaret vows that she will not cook for Herbert again if he does not
    help with the dirty dishes.
3.  The profit from the bake sale exceeded all of our hopes.

Part III:  Braille to Print Exercises
1.  Do not mark on any of the tests as we shall reuse them.
2.  Her brother might have called off the party if Sara said she could not
    make it.
3.  The tow truck man that pulled us out of the snow bank only charged us
    for the gas he used.

Part IV:  Proof Reading Exercises
1.  Our next door neighbors visited the town of Arborville, Texas.

SECTION 2:  PART-WORD CONTRACTIONS FOR ING AND BLE
Part I:  Information Section

                ing (3-4-6)            ble (1-4-5-6)

1.  Although these two contractions are similar to the five part-word con-
tractions studied earlier, (ing) and (ble) have a few rules that the other
part-word contractions do not have.

2.  These signs SHOULD be used:

2.1 when the letters they represent fall within a word, or end a word, BUT
    may never begin a word, unless they begin a new line in a divided word.

    EXAMPLES:    s(ing)(ing)      br(ing)      go(ing)      bless
            em(ble)m       ram(ble)     bless       ta-          em-
                                                 (ble).     (ble)m
    NOTE:  In the above example ta-(ble), it would not have been necessary to
carry over to a new braille line were it not for the period since the (ble)
contraction would occupy the same one cell that the hyphen occupies.  Remem-
ber that in writing braille it is important to utilize as many cells on EACH
line as possible.

2.2 when letters they represent fall within the same syllable.  The letters
    represented by the contraction should not be divided between a suffix or
    prefix and the root word.

    EXAMPLES:      wav(ing)      s(ing)e      l(ing)(er)
                   pro(ble)m     ablegate     sublet

2.3 The letter `g' in the (ing) contraction may have either a hard sound as
    in "finger", or a soft sound, as in "binge".  In either case the (ing)
    contaraction should be used.

3.  These signs SHOULD NOT be used:

3.1 when they overlap major syllable divisions between consonants that are
    pronounced separately.

    EXAMPLES:    m(en)(in)gitis      l(in)g(er)ie      d(in)(gh)y

3.2 when the vowel trigraph `eau' is preceded by `bl'.

    EXAMPLE:    tabl(ea)u

3.3 when the use of either contraction, (ing) or (ble), would affect the cor-
    rect pronunciation of the word, or cause difficulty with pronunciation.
    This is especially a concern with consonantal digraphs or trigraphs.

    EXAMPLES:    l(in)g(er)ie      tabl(ea)u

3.4 if it would alter the usual braille form of a base word.  This rule ap-
    plies whether the word has been written on one braille line or divided
    between braille lines.

    EXAMPLE:    blemish           unblemish
           (can't use the ble contraction in either one of these words)

4. Choices Between Alternative Contractions

4.1 When a choice must be made between two different contractions or combina-
    tions of contractions, preference should be given to the choice that saves
    the greater amount of space, assuming relevant rules are followed.

    EXAMPLES:    ba(the)s    NOT    ba(th)es
               (with)(er)    NOT    wi(the)r

4.2 Contractions and, for, of, the, with should be used in preference to any
    other contractions unless more space would be used.

    EXAMPLES:    bro(the)r      anes(the)sia      ba(the)d


     This concludes the information on Part-Word Contractions ing and ble.
When you are ready, press Esc to return to the Submenu and begin the practice
exercises.


Part II:  Print to Braille Exercises
1.  Fern Gulley was her favorite movie just after Lady and The Tramp.
2.  Ed could not say whether he wanted the red shirt or the brown slacks.
3.  Ow.  That hurt, he said after he paid the restaurant and hotel bill.
4.  If you do not reduce the price of the clothes, we will not have a cloth-
    ing store anymore.
5.  The Costa Rican volcano, Irazu, will erupt again as geothermal tempera-
    tures rise.
6.  Brahma-cross steers are used out west on the rough ranges, with few
    plants growing except tumble weeds.
7.  The campers walked for awhile and then canoed the rest of the way.
8.  Dogs are not now like the wolf, for that wild side has been bred out of
    them.
9.  The naked eye can't view a bacteria or a virus, so an electronic micro-
    scope is used.
10. The anesthesiologist told my brother that the surgery would last well
    until night.
11. We are all quite nervous about seeing the results of our braille mid-
    terms.
12. Towanda told her best friend the terrible news about her family moving
    out of town.
13. After he shoed both horses, the blacksmith nailed an old horseshoe over
    the barn door for good luck.
14. Ginger professes that she feels like a bumbling idiot during drill
    practice.
15. With only the far off rumble of a foghorn as a guide, the ship and crew
    made it ashore safely.

Part III: Braille to Print Exercises
1.  Mr. McWhorter waited all afternoon for the return of the towhee.
2.  The flowers looked as if they would wither and die from the lack of sun-
    light.
3.  What sort of wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck
    wood?
4.  The aerospace firm has an attractive logo and slogan.
5.  Tammi and Marna made illegal thermoforms while the disheveled secretary
    stood on the look-out.
6.  Her 3rd plate of spaghetti fell on the floor just like her first two
    plates.
7.  Did the volcano erupt again on the 19th of January?
8.  Howard, our dog, has slept at the foot of our bed nearly every night for
    the last 10 years.
9.  The gymnast could not quite pull off her 2nd back aerial, and thus set-
    tled for a 4th place.
10. Kerry always takes her riflery class very seriously, which makes her
    dad happy.
11. Is algebra a prerequisite for that statistics class?
12. LaVerne best have very nimble fingers if she plans on playing Flight of
    the Bumble Bee on the piano.
13. If my morning shower does not get me going, the aroma of fresh brewed
    coffee will, without a doubt, do the trick.
14. It is very probable that the Maya people predated the Aztec culture
    more than 1,000 years.
15. Every other morning my dad blocked off an hour for studying.

Part IV:  Proof Reading Exercises
1.  Darla loathed the bitter northern climate, and that is why she soon moved  
      south.
2.  Braille is a medium which is quite important for persons who are blind.
3.  It is still unclear why the class bursth out in laughter.
4.  That old grey horse is marked out at 17 hands at the withers.
5.  Do not follow that person down the road to despair and melancholy.


SECTION II:  SHORT-FORM WORDS
Part I:  Information Section

        either      neither      immediate      today      tomorrow
        ei          nei          imm            td         tm

        tonight     great        letter         little     necessary
        tn          grt          lr             ll         nec

1.  REVIEW OF RULES FOR SHORT-FORM WORDS

1.1 These signs SHOULD be used:

1   as complete words or as parts of words.

2   as parts of words as long as it does not result in an incorrect spelling.

3   as parts of words only if the short-form word retains its original mean-
    ing.

4   as whole proper names only.

5   when they appear in names of books, articles, chapters, publisher's
    name's, etc.

6   for after, blind, friend when followed by a consonant or a hyphen in a
    divided word.

1.2 These signs SHOULD NOT be used:

1   as parts of proper names.

2   for after, blind, friend when a suffix is added that begins with a vowel
    (e.g. blinded, befriended), because usage would result in the formation
    of a new word and confuse the reader.


     This concludes the information on Short-Form Words, continued.  When you
are ready, press Esc to return to the Submenu and continue on to exercises.


Part II:  Print to Braille Exercises
1.  Bertha said that Edgar would like either movie.
2.  All afternoon Suzie walked up and down the coast collecting shells and
    starfish.
3.  Is an immediate reply necessary, or could we hold off until a little
    later?
4.  The little boy wrote a great letter about friendship.
5.  Shall I help Mr. Bowlis shovel the snow from the driveway?
6.  It is still a great mystery why we park on the driveway, but drive on
    the parkway.
7.  From out of the water rose the slimy, black monster and devoured the
    small fishing village.
8.  Ed called all the neighbors who did not have prior knowledge of the ar-
    rests.
9.  This child is blind and prefers braille over taped text.
10. Pearl told me that it's necessary we call back tomorrow and reserve a
    spot on the plane.
11. If they keep going at this rate, neither political party will pass a
    bill.
12. Just wishing it true does not make it necessarily so.
13. Tonight is a great night for observing the nocturnal migrating patterns
    of birds like orioles, warblers, and thrushes.
14. Richie,s might have bled profusely, but the school nurse responded im-
    mediately with direct pressure on the cut.
15. Arlo will take either job so that he can start putting the paychecks
    toward a new acoustic guitar.

Section III:  Braille to Print Exercises
1.  Neither person could agree on the exact date of the arrival of the pack-
    age.
2.  The friendship will go on aeons after the two paths have separated.
3.  Write a letter about the visit from the outer spaceship and post it for
    the editor of the Star Journal.
4.  It is very good today, and it will outdo tomorrow as my friend just ar-
    rived.
5.  It is necessary that all persons on the ship have the facts about the
    use of life jackets.
6.  Dr. Doolittle could talk with any animal and would also sing with them
    as necessary.
7.  The immediate need is that we all stay calm while the boat goes down the
    rapids.
8.  Either school will do if Archie wants a career as an auto mechanic.
9.  She feels that a little white lie will not hurt anybody.
10. Serguei is a very friendly sort of guy, but he will get as tough as neces-
    sary if the job dictates it.
11. The Board of Directors met and decided that neither logo design evoked
    the message they wanted.
12. The Arlington race track is a great place for watching horse racing.
13. I hope today's snow lasts a little while so that we can have a white
    Christmas.
14. The letter is the necessary proof that Arnold planned this crime.
15. You shall have the choice of cutting the lawn either today or tomorrow
    provided that we do not get any showers.

Section IV:  Proof Reading Exercises
1.  Neither friend would immediately admit guilt.
2.  Mr. Littleton started up a new dry-goods store across town.
3.  Either route will take us past the shelterhouse.
4.  He shall make a career of aerodynamics.
5.  Tonight my little niece plans on staying up late so she can see the sandman.

SEXTION VI:  SELF-TEST EXERCISES
Part I:  Information 

                   Destiny is not a matter of chance,
                        it is a matter of choice.
                                    Anonymous

                 Good Luck!

Part II:  Braille to Print Exercises
1.  Why can't you make it home at nightfall like all the other fellows?
2.  Aloysius and Eloise are brilliant scholars, but niether will study with-
    out coercion.
3.  I would appreciate a little letter or postcard from Rose Marie during her
    travels abroad.
4.  Do not mumble as we can not make out anything you are saying.
5.  The doctor immediately ordered a sedative for the hysterical victim.
6.  The hoot owl startled me so that I could neither shout or move, but just
    stood still, trembling.
7.  The stranded motorist faced the prospect of walking miles down the road
    during the snow storm.
8.  The lighthearted attitude exhibited so far is frivolous for a trial law-
    yer.
9.  The nightshade family is made up of either herbs, shrubs, or trees with
    cymose flowers and fruits that are berries.
10. If today did not pan out the way you hoped, just make sure that tomorrow
    is great.

Part III:  Braille to Print Exercises
1.  Out of the five Great Lakes, Lake Erie is my favorite.
2.  Tomorrow I will look for a new job as an artistic designer, but today I
    will take advantage of this carefree afternoon.
3.  My friend lives down on the farm and owns cows, pigs, and sheep.
4.  Four out of five drivers surveyed chose the domestic car over the for-
    eign model.
5.  The show premiers on the 15th, just two nights away, and you have not
    called for tickets yet?
6.  Ed needed either a calculator or a slide ruler so that he could figure
    out the mathematical formula.
7.  Bring fresh water for the horses and food for my gang immediately, for
    tonight we shall ride.
8.  Don't act like a child.  It is not fair that you hold a grudge toward a
    great friend like Hal.
9.  Neither child shall go out and play, for once again they will not take a
    half-hour nap.
10. It is absolutely necessary that you wear protective eyeglasses so the
    chemicals don't blind you.

Part IV:  Proof Reading Exercises
1.  Fred and Carol woke up early and left for the west Coast.
2.  Neither letter from home arrived on the specified date.
3.  The old milk cow still puts out her share of milk for the farmer.
4.  Every night Momma Marge's cooking filled the neighborhood with the smell of
    tomato sauce and garlic.
5.  During lunch today he orders an espresso hoping it will provide the kick   
    needed for the afternoon duties.
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