
     LESSON 2:  NUMBERS, SINGLE LETTER CONTRACTIONS, PARENTHESES, CAPITALS

SECTION I:  NUMBERS
Part I:  Explanation

1.   The Number Sign

1.1  The braille numbers 1 - 9 and 0 correspond to the braille characters
for the alphabet letters a - j.  To clearly distinguish braille letters from
numbers, a number sign must be placed immediately before the number or group
of numbers to which it applies.  The number sign is composed of dots 3-4-5-6.
The number sign, like the capital sign, has no inkprint counterpart and is
known as a composition sign.  Below are the numbers (with their corresponding
dot numbers in parentheses).

        1 (1)         2 (1-2)      3 (1-4)    4 (1-4-5)    5 (1-5)

        6 (1-2-4)   7 (1-2-4-5)   8 (1-2-5)    9 (2-4)    0 (2-4-5)
       
    EXAMPLES:    8          123,456            12        1993
       
2.  With Punctuation

2.1 The number sign retains its effect after intervening commas, hyphens,
colons, fraction signs, and decimals.  However, the number sign must be re-
peated following other punctuation such as the dash, parenthesis or question
mark, and when followed by a space.  When two numbers joined together by a
hyphen fall at the end of a line and must be divided, the number sign must be
repeated on the new line.  Integral numbers can only be divided between lines
after commas, and the number sign must not be repeated on the new line.

    EXAMPLES:      1935-                  1,000,-
                  36                     000


2.2 The hyphen must be used between inclusive dates, as in:  Abraham Lincoln
    (1809-1865).  Even though a space may appear between the hyphen and the
    closing parentheses in print, no space should be left between the hyphen 
    and closing parentheses in the braille copy.

    EXAMPLES:    Abraham Lincoln (1809- )

                May 23-25                     1994-2001

3.  Usage

3.1 The number sign cannot be used to represent the word `number', the  
abbreviation `No.', or the print number sign (#).  The print number sign 
should be represented in braille by the abbreviation `No.' followed after
a space by the braille number sign and the corresponding braille number.

    EXAMPLES:   catalog No. 1812       package #632

4  With Apostrophes

4.1 In the case of a print number being preceded by an apostrophe, the apos-
trophe represents a missing number; therefore, a number sign must precede the
apostrophe.  In plural numbers, the apostrophe should be inserted in braille
before the `s' whether or not it has been omitted in print.

    EXAMPLES:   '67          1920's            7s, 8s, 9s
Now that you know numbers, you will find the sentences in the exercises
are numbered.  When you type in your responses, please include the number and
period followed by 2 spaces for print materials, one space for braille.

This concludes the section on numbers.  When you are ready, press Esc
to return to theselection menu and practice exercises.


Part II:  PRINT TO BRAILLE EXERCISES
     81        94        100         351         947
     632      1,380       6,390      9,000
     5,670,123              983,721,000
     1921-25             #89-101              1865-73
1.  I replace my motor oil at 2500-3000 miles.
2.  At Las Vegas we saw Lucky Lil bet 25,000 on a crap toss.
3.  Monty Hall asks if Kurt selects door No. 1, door No. 2, or door No. 3.
4.  My favorite classic automobile is a 1965 Corvette.
5.  Look up item #382-1 or #383-2.
6.  On May 13, 1995 Billy graduates.  On July 9, 1995 he gets a job.

Part III:  BRAILLE TO PRINT EXERCISES
     11  99  81  49  153
     456  783  998  1,000  3,351
     No. 92-142  1,345,000
     6,894,232  1941-1945
1.  I jog, or walk, 30-35 miles on a weekly basis.
2.  May I view all 15 lake-side rooms?
3.  Clay wants item No. 91-10256 at a sale price.
4.  Micaela met Viktot on April 15, 1975.
5.  Lloyd Hatfield sold a ruby-orange 1957 or 1958 McCormick tractor.
6.  Adrianna Adams did get 1,256 negative responses on a mall proposal.

Part IV:  PROOF READING EXERCISES
1.  Call me at home, dial 739-0120.
2.  My old roommate has 42 books on geology.
3.  Item No. 18-450 is a new Japanese model.
4.  If a cat has 9 lives I hope my dog has 10 or 11.
5.  Cab No. 52 has a late pick-up at 1321 Royce Ave.


SECTION II: SINGLE-LETTER CONTRACTIONS
Part I:  INFORMATION SECTION

A braille contraction is a special braille character, also called a
braille sign, which represents more than one letter for the purpose of saving
space.  Single-letter contractions are one-cell, whole-word signs that are
represented by the single letters of the alphabet.  A complete list of the
single-letter contractions follows.  This list should be memorized.

        b    but             k    knowledge         t    that
        c    can             l    like              u    us
        d    do              m    more              v    very
        e    every           n    not               w    will
        f    from            p    people            x    it
        g    go              q    quite             y    you
        h    have            r    rather            z    as
        j    just            s    so

Except for `it' and `as', all these contractions are represented by
their initial letters.  The letters a, i, and o are already single-letter
words and may not be used as contractions for other words.
     
1.  These contractions should be used:          

1.1  To represent the whole words whenever they appear in print, regardless of
the part of speech involved.

     EXAMPLE:   People do like more knowledge.

1.2  When they represent proper names, as long as the contraction stands for
the entire proper name.

     EXAMPLES:   Uncle Will               Twylla More

1.3  These contractions may be followed by the apostrophe in the following 
combinations ONLY.

    c's for can's       t'll for that'll       x's for it's
    c't for can't       t's for that's         y'd for you'd
    p's for people's    w's for will's         y'll for you'll
    s's for so's        x'd for it'd           y're for you're
    t'd for that'd      x'll for it'll         y've for you've

1.4  They may also be used when 's is added to a proper name or form the 
possessive, as in "Uncle Will's house."

1.5 When joined by hyphens to other words to form hyphenated compound words, 
whether the words are written on one line or divided between lines.

     EXAMPLES:    self-knowledge     cat-like       milk-can 

They may NOT be used in a syllabized word carried over to a new braille line.
     EXAMPLES:    like-            will-             can-
                wise             call              dy

2.  These contractions may NOT be used:

2.1 When preceded by an apostrophe in an expression such as d'you.

2.2 As parts of words.  For example, c for can should not be used in canopy,
nor l in likeness, e in everywhere, b in butter, etc.

2.3  Contractions for the words `do' and `so' must not be used when the words
that they represent are notes on the musical scale.

This concludes the information section on Single Letter Contractions.  
When you are ready, press Esc to return to the Submenu.


Part II:  PRINT TO BRAILLE EXERCISES
1.  More knowledge will help you, not hurt you.
2.  Quite a few people will visit Dan Rather on T.V.
3.  I do not have every old picture from that antique album.
4.  It's rather cold, don't you agree?
5.  You look dirty.  You can't go like that as people will talk.
6.  Will's trip took just 52 weeks on horseback. You can do it too if you'd
    like.
7.  An empty plate is so very like Laurel, but you can have more cookies if
    you want.
8.  He took it from us rather freely.
9.  He will apologize, but I will not do likewise as I feel no remorse.
10. If Felix will put on that truck top, I'll haul a few goats home, okay?
11. Do not go up as I have not made up any rooms.
12. I bet Don gives us an alibi that is not quite correct.
13. Track No. 9 is a no go, so use track #10 as a backup.
14. Tonya's knowledge on Mayan culture is very impressive.
15. I promise that we will go on a trip, just as we do every fall.


Part III:  BRAILLE TO PRINT EXERCISES
1.  He likes apple pie, but only if it is a la mode.
2.  Mom told us every kid will have a turn at bat.
3.  If I go it will not make me very happy.
4.  That cat-like move causes quite a ruckus.
5.  I will try, but only if you help me acquire more knowledge.
6.  People act very silly as you will see.
7.  John More will move away from that rather rural region.
8.  He made me promise, so I can't tell you any details.
9.  Golf is not as easy as it looks, so practice more.
10. It is not a surprise that Claude views Canada as home.
11. I just can't do any more signs if Danzel doesn't help me.
12. Ross is very timid, so he made a rather quiet exit from my home.
13. Do you have a room that will hold 500 people?
14. We can see nice tracks from a grey wolf.
15. Uncle Tito will visit us from Tulsa next week.

Part IV:  PROOF READING EXERCISES
1.  Zella is quite a brilliant actress, not like that girl.
2.  That monkey is not from a zoo, but rather from a circus.
3.  Every five or six weeks, Tom will call us from a new locale.
4.  Joe lives at 103 Ellis Ave., but Tom lives at 203 Ellis Ave.
5.  It is very likely that Jim will take my spot as Sue will not do it.

SECTION II:  PARENTHESES AND FULL CAPITALIZATION
Part I:  Explanation
1.  Parentheses

1.1 The use and placement of the braille parentheses, (dots 2-3-5-6) follows
that used in print.

    EXAMPLES:   (1994)           (See map, page 3.)

1.2 When portions of words are enclosed in parentheses in the print copy,
this same format needs to followed in the braille copy, with no spaces
between parentheses and the text within them.

     EXAMPLE:    fact(s)          (re)habilitate  
  
1.3 When a print passage consists of two or more paragraphs enclosed in
parentheses, the opening parentheses is placed at the beginning of each
paragraph, and the closing parentheses is placed ONLY at the end of the LAST
paragraph.

2.  Full Capitalization

2.1 When a string of characters is fully capitalized, this is indicated in 
braille by placing two consecutive capitalization signs (dot 6) immediately
before each word.  All the rules applicable to the capitalization sign apply.
Additional rules that apply to full capitalization will be explored in future
lessons.

     EXAMPLE:  I really like PRIDE AND PREJUDICE.


This concludes the information section of Parentheses.  When you are ready,
press Esc to return to the Submenu.  Being a short lesson, you will have only
a few exercises before continuing on to the the Self-Evaluation section
of module 2.

Part II:  PRINT TO BRAILLE EXERCISES
1.  Kaori WILL NOT climb a grassy hill!
2.  My Uncle Koos wrote books on Africa (1800-1900).
3.  Can't we visit Uncle Orville (at home) soon?
4.  CATS, a Broadway musical, is quite nice.
5.  Hallie (a girl from next door) visits Yoki.
6.  A Black cat is a bad luck sign.
7.  All Huskies (just back from music camp) sang victory tunes.

Part III:  BRAILLE TO PRINT EXERCISES
1.  My kids visit Grant's (1822-1885) tomb.
2.  Let's eat CAKE (if Gramma lets us). 
3.  I do not (quite) have all my cookie quota sold.
4.  I will sell twelve more policies (so that I can secure a Top Five spot).
5.  Yury LOVES sweets, (despite all Mom's attempts).

IV  PROOF READING EXERCISES
1.  MUSIC MAN is a lovely musical.
2.  I will go next door (my Sis is not home).


SECTION VII:  SELF-TEST

Part I:  Information

        Remember...
                  All things are difficult before they are easy.
                                           John Norley

                             Bon Chance!

Part II:  Print to Braille Exercises
1.  You'd rather not run, but will you walk?
2.  Aunt Celia left a will, but my mom did not get a dime.
3.  My boy is very picky, so just give more fruit.  He likes that.
4.  More people, not less, from every locale will vote.
5.  Josef will buy an old 1972 pick-up, not a new 1994 truck like he told us.
6.  Two weeks from that date Maurice plans on a big haul, approximately
    989,562 tons.
7.  1993-94 progress reports made us look bad, so I hope we can improve 1995
    sales.
8.  Let me have 4, or rather, 5 more cans from that box.
9.  That room is a total loss, but he will pay 1500-2000 bucks on repairs.
10. Ian likes Antonio Vivaldi but not Franz Josef Haydn.

III  BRAILLE TO PRINT EXERCISES
1.  Go get more people as that will make ticket prices go UP.
2.  You can go on foot (or on bicycle) quite well from that hill.
3.  Every Hepburn movie (1930-1980) I like is a very romantic, funny tale.
4.  A cannon will fire as a signal.  That signal will tell us if Grant won
    Spotsylvania.
5.  Saturn is not remote (just 896,000,000 miles) from Uranus.
6.  A CAN-DO-IT attitude is very important if you want fame.
7.  You can do more but ONLY if you apply that knowledge you have.
8.  Donald has a Milwaukee drill (model no. 458-279) that he will give us.
9.  So he did not set any records but ran a second place, correct?
10. You will rather that we go a few trips (five or six, I hope) up Hurri-
    cane Ridge once you see it.

IV  PROOF READING EXERCISES
1.  That cake is rather dry (but I will not tell).
2.  I hope it will drop 10-15 degrees so that we CAN ice skate.
3.  I have 20 nickels, but YOU just have 10 dimes.  So do I have more?
4.  Every class we take gives us more knowledge (but it can make me a poor man).
5.  My ROOMMATE will go from class on bus No. 22.