              LESSON 11:  INITIAL LETTER CONTRACTIONS WITH DOT 5

SECTION I:  INITIAL-LETTER CONTRACTIONS
Part I:  Information

1.  Introduction

Up to this point, all the contractions you have learned, with the exception
of the word "into" and the double dash, have utilized only one braille cell.
However, there are also two-cell contractions in braille and some of these
will be studied here.  Initial-letter contractions utilize two braille cells
and are formed by preceding the initial letter or contraction of the word by
dot 5, dots 4-5, or dots 4-5-6.  In this lesson you will learn the two-
cell initial-letter contractions that use dot 5.

  day       ever       father       here       know         lord
  (5)d      (5)e        (5)f        (5)h       (5)k         (5)l

  mother    name       one          part       question     right
  (5)m      (5)n       (5)o         (5)p         (5)q        (5)r

  some      time       under        work       young        character
  (5)s      (5)t       (5)u         (5)w       (5)y          (5)(ch)

  through   where      ought        there
  (5)(th)   (5)(wh)    (5)(ou)      (5)(the)

2.  These initial-letter contractions SHOULD be used:

2.1 as either whole words or as parts of words whenever they retain their
original sound.

    EXAMPLES:    gr(and)(mother)      s(ever)al      (time)ly
              (character)ize       (work)(er)     b(right)     fev(er)i(sh)
              br(ought)      ye(st)(er)(day)          (young)(st)(er)

    EXCEPTION:   (these two contractions should be used even though their
                  sound changes)

    a.  (know) in ac(know)l(ed)ge and its derivatives

    b.  (ought) in dr(ought) and d(ought)y and their derivatives

2.2 With respect to the initial-letter contractions for (one), (some), and
(part), there are some modifications to the above rule.

    a.  The contraction (one):  Use this contraction whenever the letters `o'
        and `n' are in the same syllable even if the combination does not
        have the sound of the word "one".

    EXAMPLES:    Use the contraction in:

                  l(one)      ph(one)      h(one)y      g(one)
                  m(one)y     d(one)       J(one)s      dogg(one)
                  oz(one)     (ch)apt(er)  (one)

                 Do not use the contraction in:

                  pione(er)   dragonet     m(ar)ionette
                  Oneida      phonetic     (er)rone(ou)s

    b.  The contraction (some):  Use this contraction only where the letters
        it represents retain their original sound AND form a complete syllable
        in the BASE WORD.
    EXAMPLES:    Use the contraction in:

                  h(and)(some)      l(one)(some)      li(the)(some)
                  h(and)(some)r     (some)(th)(ing)

                 Do not use the contractions in:

                  blossom(ed)        ransom(ed)
                  som(er)sault       (ch)romosomes

    c.  The contraction (part):  Use this contraction unless the prefix `par'
        is followed by any form of the word `take'.

    EXAMPLES:    Use the contraction in:

                  im(part)ial      S(part)an      (part)icipate
                  de(part)ing      (part)ridge

                 Do not use the contraction in:

                  partaking        partook

2.3 Where a choice must be made between using a one-cell contraction or a
two-cell contraction, preference should be given to the one-cell contraction
unless use of the two-cell contraction would result in saving space.  This
situation most commonly occurs where the letters "d, r, or n" follow (one)
or (here), in which case the contractions for (ed, er, and en) should be used
in preference to the contractions for (one) and (here).

    EXAMPLES:      (st)on(ed)      phon(ed)      zon(ed)
                   prison(er)      coh(er)(en)t      P(ar)(the)non

2.4 Where a choice must be made between two contractions to avoid mis-spell-
ing, use the contraction which would better indicate correct pronunciation.

    EXAMPLES:    (wh)(er)(ever)    NOT    (where)v(er)
                 (wh)(er)e'(er)    NOT    (where)'(er)
                 h(er)etic         NOT    (here)tic

2.5 An initial-letter contraction should not be used if its use would alter
the pronunciation of a digraph or a trigraph.

    EXAMPLES:    sph(er)e    NOT    sp(here)
                 Boone       NOT    Bo(one)

This concludes the information on Initial Letter Contractions With Dot 5.
When ready, press Esc to return to the Submenu.


Part II:  Print to Braille Exercises
1.  You know you must get a job because you can't live forever without money.
2.  My mother comforted the young child by saying, "Let us make a `Welcome
    Home' banner for your father's return."
3.  "Where there is a will there is a way."
4.  The child with the poor eyesight needs a large print questionnaire.
5.  Yesterday, my grandmother bought ice cream cones for me and several of my
    friends.
6.  Underneath the fallen tree the young boy discovered a sleeping fawn.
7.  `All work and no play' appears to be our supervisor's motto.
8.  Mr. Youngdahl acknowledged a particular difficulty with his eyes in 
    bright light.
9.  Mild to moderate temperatures throughout the year are common in the mar-
    itime states.
10. Jake likes his steak smothered in mushrooms and onions.
11. For question number one, name a favorite spot where someone might wish
    to travel if he/she were interested in winter sports.
12. The grown-ups partook of a light lunch and then retired to the porch to
    watch the youngsters turn somersaults and cartwheels.
13. Old-time gas ranges were not equipped with timers or self-cleaning sys-
    tems.
14. If your father were here he would see to it that you never wore that
    outfit in public.
15. Illinois is famous for Chicago and Abraham Lincoln, whereas Wisconsin
    is known for its cheese and dairy products.

Part III:  Braille to Print Exercises
1.  The young couple renamed the boy after her father.
2.  The percentage of working mothers has increased over the past ten years.
3.  "Will someone please call the police!" yelled the horrified young woman.
4.  The tune "Yesterday" by the Beatles was on top of the music charts dur-
    ing the 1960's.
5.  Some of a newborn baby's characteristics are inherent in the chromo-
    somes of the embryo.
6.  The question was twofold:  part one dealt with personal characteristics;
    part two dealt with work-related activities.
7.  Mrs. Somers preferred haddock to perch any day. 
8.  Boone Cnty., Kentucky was named after the well-known character, Daniel
    Boone.
9.  Scientists have discovered that our atmosphere is becoming depleted of
    ozone through misuse of the earth's resources.
10. "What a handsome young man!" cried his Aunt Marie as she pinched his
    cheeks and patted him on the head.
11. The children listened as the story began, "There once was a handsome
    prince who ..."
12. Large tobacco farms were scattered throughout the southeastern states
    during the 1800's.
13. Wendell sought out the perfect spot on the lake where he would propose
    to Hanna.
14. The director took her time in developing the characters, and her use
    of lighting and props was very clever.
15. Alta must have known that her flight was going to be delayed because
    of the thick fog that rolled in.

Part IV:  Proof Reading Exercises
1.  Colonel Doubleday cherishes the family heirlooms even though they have no  
    monetary value.
2.  Grandma's rambling stories were not very coherent.
3.  Psalm 23 begins with "The Lord is my Shepherd ..."
4.  The religious commune convicted the elder of heresy.
5.  Everyone ought to take time each day for recreating.

SECTION VII:  SELF-TEST EXERCISES
Part I:  Information

              Obstacles are those frightful things you see
                 when you take your eyes off your goals
                              Anonymous


Part II:  Print to Braille Exercises
1.  "One day," said the preacher, "the Lord will reward you for your good 
    deeds."
2.  At the present time there is no known cure for the HIV virus.
3.  Nilay's new bike was bright and shiny.
4.  The judge questioned each person to be assured of an impartial jury.
5.  My mother and father are of German-Irish descent.
6.  Uncle Everest's will named my brother as the executor of the estate and
    all monetary matters.
7.  The thunder echoed through the valley as the menacing storm approached.
8.  A frightened youngster clung to the side of his grandfather.
9.  Somewhere there ought to be ALL the ingredients I need:  red-bean paste,
    rice flour, Saki, and seaweed!
10. There are some experts who say that an American work-ethic has slowly
    disappeared over the past 40 years.

Part II:  Braille to Print Exercises
1.  Connie was a contestant on the "Name That Tune" game show.
2.  Our relatives all live out of state; our grandparents live in Indiana
    and the rest all live in New York and Pennsylvania.
3.  He always signs his name Allen Conway Underwood instead of A. C. Under-
    wood.
4.  "The earth--the only home we shall ever know, the only paradise we ever
    need ..."--Edward Abbey
5.  Arturo said that he wanted "to find himself", so he left from here for
    places unknown.
6.  Gaylord was not able to recite "The Lord's Prayer" when asked to in Sun-
    day School class.
7.  Oughtn't the blinds be moved several centimeters to the left so as to
    center them over the window?
8.  After arriving from Korea, her family made a little money by laundering
    clothes for local well-to-do families.
9.  My father-in-law worked for the aerospace company during the 1940's and
    1950's.
10. Alta questioned the young lad's character when one serious blunder oc-
    curred after another.

Part IV:  Proof Reading Exercise
     Splash!  Ruffle!  Splash!  Have you ever watched a bird take a bath?  It
dips in, fluffs itself up, shakes all over, flaps its wings and dips and flaps
some more ....  And it looks like it's having the greatest time.  Probably it is!

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