
      LESSON 10:  WHOLE WORD LOWER-SIGN CONTRACTIONS and SHORT-FORM WORDS

SECTION I:  WHOLE-WORD LOWER-SIGN CONTRACTIONS FOR:  to, into, and by
Part I:  Information

            to (2-3-5)     into (3-5, 2-3-5)      by (3-5-6)

1.  These contractions SHOULD be used:

1.1 only when you can write them adjacent to the word, composition sign, or
symbol that follows.  If, at the end of a braille line, there is not room for
the contraction (to, into, or by) and the word, or first syllable of the word
that follows, then the word (to, into, or by), should be spelled out, and the
contraction should not be use.  If the word is "into", the contraction for 
(in) should be used.

    EXAMPLES:    Turn nor(th) (by)(the) wat(er) t(ow)(er).

                 (Ar)e (you) r(ea)dy (to)(go)?

                 He fell (into)Jack's pond.

1.2  used before composition signs (such as the capital sign, number sign,
letter sign, italic sign), abbreviations, and symbols (dollar sign, percent
sign, etc.).

    EXAMPLES:     We drove (to)Spr(ing)field.

3 AFTER opening quotation marks, opening parentheses, brackets, and the
dash.

    EXAMPLES:     "(To)be or not (to)be"
                  (Sh)e walked (into)(the) ni(gh)t--(into)(the) 
                        cold, sn(ow)y ni(gh)t.

1.4 before any contraction which stands for a word or begins a word, with the
EXCEPTION of the six whole-word lower-sign contractions (his, was, were, be,
in, or enough).  If to, into, by occur before one of these six contractions,
then the second contraction must not be used.

These contractions ,"to, into, and by", may be used before the part-word
lower-sign contractions for "be, com, con, and dis" since these letter con-
tractions would be in contact with an upper cell character, (dots 1 or 4).

    EXAMPLES:    He walk(ed) (by)in a daze.    
                 (by)(con)s(en)t only

5 These contractions may occur after or before the capital sign or the 
double capital sign.

    EXAMPLE:    (To)H(ar)ry it (was) excit(ing).
                "(To)(er)r is human."
                (IT) HAS (TO)BE (YOU)

2.  These contractions SHOULD NOT be used:

2.1 before any punctuations signs.  Remember the general lower-sign rule:
    two lower signs may not follow one another without a space unless one of
    them is in contact with a character containing dot 1 or 4.

2.2 before any of the six whole-word lower-sign contractions (his, was, were,
    be, in, enough).  If "to, into, or by" occur before any of these six
    contractions, the second contraction must not be used.

2.3 as part-word contractions, nor to form one component of a hyphenated word.

    EXAMPLES:       too          toothed            intonate

                     well-to-do              by-and-by


This concludes the information on Whole-Word Lower-Sign Contractions.  When
you are ready press Esc to return to the Submenu and the practice exercises.


Part II:  Print to Braille Exercises
1.  To yourself always be true.
2.  According to his opinion poll, Mr. Niklas was guilty before all the facts
    were in.
3.  BY THE LIGHT OF THE SILVERY MOON is her beau's favorite tune.
4.  Please put all by-products into the green tubes for easy disposal.
5.  We were warmly greeted by the congressman as he walked into the crowd.
6.  Be sure to set your clocks forward by 1 hour tonight, otherwise you may
    oversleep and miss the flight.
7.  Byron traveled to Toledo by way of Buffalo, N. Y. 
8.  Inch by inch the pokey little turtle crept across the highway without
    injury.
9.  From 1812 to 1815 the Americans and Great Britain were at war with each 
    other--history records it as the War of 1812.
10. "By the way, will we be stopping for dinner after the play?" Tom asked
    his friends.
11. Jamal promised that he would not allow the group to get into that sort of
    trouble again.
12. Beneath the old log lay a fawn so small that most hikers were not able
    to detect it.
13. Ian missed having the winning lottery ticket by just 1 number.
14. Before he gets into his car Malcolm checks all four tires to see that they
    are properly inflated.
15. By the halo of a street lamp Nikola painted the portrait of an innocent
    child.

Part III:  Braille to Print Exercises
1.  We all plan to attend the regional meeting in Houston only if we can
    travel by plane.
2.  We intended to invite them into our home when they stopped by, but the
    house was a complete disaster.
3.  The whole family spent the evening gathered together at the kitchen ta-
    ble playing Scrabble by teams.
4.  The man wanted to purchase the entire bedroom set until he discovered
    the price.
5.  You are going to need about thirty 4 by 4's to build a sturdy corral for
    your livestock.
6.  By the late 1950's the United States, too, was completely committed to
    the space race.
7.  Cho could not go to his 20th class reunion because he already planned a
    trip to Rome with his family.
8.  If a person could get into that club, s/he could probably meet a few
    well-to-do people.
9.  If you get to his home by noon, please tell Gustavo that I will be arriving
    any minute.
10. Go towards the eastern side of the lake to see the best view of the sun
    settling into the trees.
11. Shall we ask our guide to lead us back into the cave so we can look
    for your glasses?
12. It goes contrary to all my principles to vote for Mr. Parker for Presi-
    dent, but I feel he is the lesser of two evils.
13. Yvonne took me by the hand and proceeded to teach me the polka.
14. Martin only stopped by to remind me that I owed him ten dollars.
15. The coach told the cocky athlete to "shape up or ship out".

Part IV:  Proof Reading
  Once in a blue moon, in 1883, a volcano erupted on the Indonesian island of
Krakatoa.  The dust thrown into the atmosphere causes the moon to appear
temporarily  blue.  Natural disasters of great magnitude are rare so the phrase
"Once in a blue moon." means an event that seldom happens.

SECTION II:   SHORT-FORM WORDS
Part I:  Information

        against         although         children         should
        ag(st)          al(th)           (ch)n            (sh)d

        first          much             most             such
        f(st)           m(ch)            m(st)            s(ch)

        thyself         ourselves
        (th)yf          (ou)rvs

The following rules pertain to the short-form words listed above only.  A 
complete list of rules for short-form words is included in Braille Module 3.

1.  The above short-form words SHOULD BE used:

1.1 as whole-words or as part of a word.

    EXAMPLES:   musty        children's       shouldn't        mustn't
                m(st)y        (ch)n's          (sh)dn't        m(st)n't

1.2  A short-form word should be used as one component of a compound word.

    EXAMPLES:    stepchildren         inasmuch          first-hand
                   (st)(ch)n         (in)asm(ch)        f(st)-h(and)

1.3 A short-form word should never be divided between lines.  However, when a
syllable has been added to the short-form word, a division may be made be-
tween the added syllable and the short-form word.

    EXAMPLES:       inas-     (in)as-            should-       (sh)d-
                 much       m(ch)               n't          n't

1.4 Never spell out a word that may be represented by a short-form.  When 
dividing a word that consists of a short-form word and an additional syllable,
never spell out the short-form word even though it may be possible to write a
portion of the word on one line and the remainder on the rest.  It is prefer-
able to retain the normal appearance of the short-form word.

1.5 Short-form words should be used as part-word contractions in common
words, as long as they are not considered as proper names, in titles of books,
articles, songs, chapter heading, etc. or in names of publishers, organi-
zations, etc.

    EXAMPLE:       The Children's Press        (The) (Ch)n's Press

1.6 Short-form words may be used as part of a word only when it retains its 
    original meaning.  When a word has two or more meanings, its short-form
    may be used to represent any one of them, and additional syllables may be
    added to them.

    EXAMPLES:     Quicken your pace.
                  (Qk)(en) yr pace.

                  I must finish.
                  I m(st) f(in)i(sh).

This concludes the information on Short-Form Words, continued.  When 
ready, press Esc to return to the Submenu and the practice exercises.


Part II:  Print to Braille Exercises
1.  Although we were short on funds, we decided to stop by the Mall of Amer-
    ica anyway.
2.  Most children love to have books read to them, but this doesn't mean
    that they will love to read themselves.
3.  Much of what we learn will be out-dated in a relatively short period,
    such as computer technology.
4.  `First be true to thyself' is a philosophy that certain people live by.
5.  It is such a small price to pay when purchasing children's bicycle hel-
    mets compared to injury, that more parents should buy them.
6.  "You must stop by and see us when you're in Florida," Uncle Ramon and
    Aunt Bertha Elena told us.
7.  We have only ourselves to blame for investing all our resources into the
    fraudulent mine in Louisiana.
8.  "I shouldn't eat this hot fudge sundae since I'm supposed to be on a
    diet, so I'll just eat half of it."
9.  The town was against the proposal to build a multi-million dollar sports
    complex because it would surely result in a tax increase.
10. It is such lovely weather that I think we should treat ourselves to a
    carriage ride down Lake Shore Ave.
11. As children, my sisters and I would walk into town each weekend and buy
    penny candy at Adams' store.
12. We should treat ourselves to a movie after we finish our chores.
13. As much as I would like to go on the trip, I must first ask my wife if
    we have any other plans for that weekend.
14. Although it went against all his beliefs, Jeremy allowed his daughter
    to attend the concert.
15. Success can only be achieved by a true knowledge of thyself.

Part III:  Braille to Print Exercises
1.  Most farmers apply the old adage, "The corn should be knee-high by the
    Fourth of July".
2.  In order to be admitted into the show, you need your ticket to get by
    the guard.
3.  "To be afraid is to not delve into the dreams of your heart, and life
    passes you by."
4.  "Nature's peace will flow into you as sunshine flows into trees, ...
    while cares will drop off like autumn leaves."--John Muir.
5.  The musty odors from Danny's closet permeated the entire house.
6.  Inasmuch as Jon he believed his place was at his brother's side, he wanted
    to go.
7.  The Children's Home Orphanage is in need of supplies; we will take such
    items as blankets, sheets, towels and canned goods.
8.  Perhaps he will muster up enough courage to shoulder his new responsi-
    bilities.
9.  "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself."
10. Little Nathan is bereft by the loss of his bike, but we must not de-
    ceive ourselves into thinking we can find the thief.
11. We need to treat others as we would like to be treated ourselves.
12. First and foremost in my mind is the old adage to "stop and smell the
    roses."
13. Although I loved the children dearly, my classroom of forty students
    could be a bit over-whelming.
14. After being quoted such an exorbitant price, we decided to paint the
    house ourselves.
15. Our first trip with the grandchildren was much more exhausting than I
    anticipated.

Part IV:  Proof Reading Exercises
The real source of all the rivers of the earth is above our heads.  Vast
quantities of water flow into the seas.  Fourteen of the largest rivers pour 5
billion tons of water into the seas every year.  Yet the sea levels appear to
remain constant.  Just as rivers flow from the land to the sea, they recirculate
back into the atmosphere as evaporated water.


SECTION VII:  SELF-TEST EXERCISES
Part I:  Information

                 To love what you do and feel that it matters,
                        how could anything be better?
                                Katherine Graham


Part II:  Print to Braille Exercises
1.  The storm was on top of us before I could think of what I must do to en-
    sure our safety.
2.  Robbie regarded himself as quite the entrepreneur.
3.  The wind beat against the small sailboat as it sailed back to shore.
4.  The three goof-offs separated themselves from the tour group to the re-
    lief of all the others.
5.  "Un-be-liev-a-ble" was the only response made by the stunned teenager.
6.  "Must we go to Grandma's," cried the children.
7.  I see a little boy on his way to school with his hands in his pockets 
    and his books in a satchel slung over his shoulder.
8.  "Enough is enough ... sit yourselves down in your seats!"
9.  As parents we must be responsible for ourselves and for our own behavior
    if we want our children to do the same.
10. Zachary was not able to attend the concert because he went to his sis-
    ter's piano recital.

Part II:  Braille to Print Exercises
1.  Children must first learn the alphabet before they can be expected to
    read and write.
2.  It is such a riddle as to why the chicken crossed the road that a lot of
    people simply don't care anymore.
3.  I should not go into that store by myself as I will end up charging too
    much on my credit card.
4.  The ladder is leaning against the tree because the children were intent
    on building a tree house.
5.  Although I haven't attended a meeting, I can tell that it is not a place
    you'd want to go.
6.  Let's buy a new speed boat to take to the cottage next summer for water
    skiing.
7.  Although it is such a short drive to the ocean--five hours by car--I'd
    still rather fly.
8.  "Be kind to thyself so that thee can be kind to others."
9.  The children should be home by 8:30 so that they can take a bath and get
    into bed by 9 p.m.
10. The lovebird, a small sized parrot, thinks it can stand up against any
    size bird, kind of like the attitude of a terrier.
Part IV:  Proof Reading Exercises
Label the child's:  school desk, bookshelves, books, locker, brailler,
miscellaneous school supplies; and the teacher's desk, wastebasket, pencil
sharpener, and bulletin board in grade 2 braille.  Guide the child to each label
and read it to him.