


          * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
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          *      THE ALLIES ARE SUSPICIOUS OF EACH OTHER      *
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          Once we were on the east side of the Rhine, we hoped for
          an early end to the war. It was, however, not to be this
          easy. Although we never ran into a coherent German defense
          line in southern Germany, it soon became clear that the war
          would only be over when we had occupied all the country.
          Furthermore, there was the continuing concern that Hitler
          would make a last stand in the Alps.
          
          Although Eisenhower had decided that Berlin was not a
          useful military objective, the debate about it continued. It
          only ended on April 16, when the Russians launched their
          final offensive.
          
          Relations among the Allies during this period was
          characterized by paranoia. As a result of the contacts
          between various Germans and Americans, Stalin became
          suspicious that Roosevelt and Churchill would negotiate a
          separate cease fire. The British were concerned that, having
          denied them the forces to take Berlin, the Americans were
          secretly planning to have this honor. Since de Gaulle was
          unsure whether the Big Three would give France an
          occupation zone, French forces were busy seizing one in
          southwestern Germany. (Eisenhower was primarily concerned
          that US forces get to Hechingen, the German atomic center,
          before the French.)
          
          Although these suspicions caused tensions, what really
          threatened to sour the coming victory most were the brutal
          Soviet actions in eastern Europe. After Roosevelt's death on
          April 12, President Truman and the people around him
          decided on an increasingly firm stand. Some people date the
          beginning of the Cold War from that month.
          
          In the meantime, Washington was locked in a debate over
          the future of Germany. Led by Secretary of the Treasury
          Henry Morgenthau Jr., there was a group of officials who
          favored a Draconian peace. They wanted to strip Germany
          of a great deal of its industry and leave it largely a pastoral
          land.
          
          While fighting the war, Allied forces found themselves
          devoting ever increasing resources to coping with the
          disorder behind their lines. In addition to the millions of
          displaced persons, they also had the responsibility for seeing
          that Germans did not starve.
          
          During April, the infantry was running into scattered
          resistance, but there were no battles like those to the west
          of the Rhine. After crossing the river, the 4th worked its way
          east toward Wuerzburg and then headed south toward
          Augsburg and Munich. When there was firing from a town,
          we would dump a lot of artillery shells on it. At the fire
          control center, however, I had more spare time than when
          I was with the infantry. Hence, my parents got a flood of
          letters, particularly about my reaction to the German people.
          There were so many that to use them all would strain your
          patience. I will, therefore, only quote excerpts.       


          THE GERMANS DO NOT ACCEPT DEFEAT GRACEFULLY

          Dear Folks, April 2, 1945, Germany
          
          And when I say Germany, I do mean Germany (the Reich).
          Time was when we Americans fooled around where there
          were still a few people who speak French, but no more.
          These people are genuine, dyed-in-the-wool square heads
          (Nazis).
          
          Oh, they don't all love Adolf. As a matter of fact, there are
          a few who suggest a dislike of this well known personality.
          Yesterday in a town that was captured, an oil painting of
          Hitler was taken out of a local party headquarters. Some
          civilians saw it, and a little crowd collected. They all started
          to laugh. One got hold of it, tore it to pieces, and then
          stamped on it, to the cheers of some. I won't say this is
          frequent, but it does happen occasionally.
          
          Most of the people just stare at us, sullenly. They aren't
          pleased, but neither are they belligerent to the extent of
          giving any trouble.
          
          It is difficult for the American soldier not to be friendly, to
          laugh and joke with adults, give candy to the children. The
          people here are often friendly. They are curious about us
          and try to start conversations. In this respect, it is a good
          thing only a few of us speak German.
          
          But they do not understand - and it will be difficult to
          convince them - that we have defeated their armies and
          conquered their land. For example. We are not supposed to
          be billeted with German civilians. If we want to use their
          homes, we are to move them out.
          
          In one town a home at one end had been evacuated by
          civilians. When we approached they feared we would shoot
          it up a bit. We moved our CP into this building. When all
          the noise had died down, back came the civilians. With
          them were an English speaking man and woman.
          
          I told them they would have to find some place else to live
          in town; we were going to use their home. But couldn't they
          use a few rooms to live in?
          
          "No!"
          
          "But what of the children?"
          
          "You'll have to find room with friends in town."
          
          "That's difficult. All are crowded with refugees. Can't we use
          the basement?"
          
          "No!"
          
          "Do you really need all those rooms?"
          
          "Madam, our orders forbid our living in the same house with
          German civilians."
          
          "Oh, then can we get some clothes?"
          
          "Yes, but get all you want now, since once we occupy the
          house, no one will be allowed inside."
          
          Some other officers asked me why I didn't tell them that a
          lot of French and Belgians had no homes either. But, no, I
          said, that's not the way. You mustn't argue with them. Just
          tell them what's what; then don't budge an inch. Be polite,
          but be firm.
          
          But they are a hard-headed people. Thirty minutes after
          they've been overrun they expect to be given the best of
          treatment. This is especially true of the towns where the
          armor just sweeps through without resistance.
          
          My best, John
          
          Dear Folks, April 7, 1945, Germany
          
          And most Americans continue to treat war as a game. Just
          now our anti-aircraft shot down a Ju-88, and most of the
          men around here were outside watching the show. It
          crashed about a thousand yards away and burned. Everyone
          was enthusiastic about it, as much as a good shot at a
          basketball game. Even now they're standing about me,
          talking.
          
          "Too bad it burned. There go five good Lugers."
          
          "There's five good Jerries."
          
          "Why the hell do you think they continue to come over?"
          
          "Don't have a chance, do they?"
          
          And so it goes; war has become a game. Especially when
          you're shooting and not being shot at. No one really likes it,
          but there are moments when events appeal to one.
          
          Saw a good movie today. "Meet Me in St. Louis." Did you
          see it? Many of the incidents certainly brought back
          memories of similar circumstances in our family life. Taking
          the sister to the dance. Looking forward to moving from the
          home town. The first kiss. Trying to impress the girl next
          door. Halloween. All the things that happen in every family's
          life. I laughed over and over again.
          
          My love, John
          
          Dear Dad, April 10, 1945, Germany
          
          Of late I have been concerned with some of the questions
          and problems that arise with being in an enemy country
          and that will come up in the future should we occupy
          Germany. As one who has been through much of this as an
          enlisted man, perhaps you can at least give me a view of it
          from his view, if not from the officer's side.
          
          First - fraternization.
          
          You know, it's more than a rule this war. The Supreme
          Command has said that it intends to see that the rule is
          enforced. To do this, proper punishment has been prescribed
          and insisted upon. All commanders have been urged to
          enforce the orders.
          
          The order states that no allied soldier will have anything to
          do with a German civilian - he will not speak, drink, or eat
          with him. Only on official business will there be any contact
          with the enemy.
          
          Your son, John
          
          Dear Folks, April 12, 1945, Germany
          
          More and more one tends to lose respect for the German
          people, at least those we are encountering now.
          
          When one comes up against the German soldier, he must
          admire his army as a very efficient organization. The
          civilians in the areas where we fought heavily showed great
          courage and stamina. But what we see now is not at all
          admirable.
          
          Citizens of a town plead with the German soldiers not to
          defend it to avoid having their homes destroyed. Others
          come over to our lines to surrender their towns. For us this
          is good. No question. And we do feel the continued
          resistance of the Wehrmacht is a waste of lives. But, still,
          when the soldiers are willing to surrender their lives for
          their country, it speaks poorly for the civilians to want to do
          less. Surely the soldiers who might want to fight on must be
          very unhappy.
          
          Then the civilian's reaction when occupied. He cries and
          complains constantly. No doubt he is somewhat surprised
          that we are as firm as we are, but this doesn't excuse being
          such a "baby."
          
          When we move them out of their houses to quarter our
          troops, some act as though we were robbing them. All kinds
          of excuses are invented why we shouldn't displace them. No
          doubt they have never considered before what it is like to be
          "displaced" - as 12,000,000 slave laborers are in Germany
          today.
          
          If he wants to return to his home across the country or visit
          a nearby town, he is wounded when we give a flat "no."
          Doesn't he understand that in war an army can't permit
          enemy civilians to wander all over the place?
          
          At first I said, "Be polite - but firm." Bradley said it better
          recently, "Just - but firm."
          
          Those who wondered about the carefree American soldier -
           in the States and in Paris - would be amazed at the
          discipline at the front.
          
          Well, dad, when I guessed it might be necessary to defeat
          the last German company, it has proved more accurate than
          your guess that it wouldn't be necessary to cross the Rhine.
          But you're not to blame. You and many other misinformed
          Americans just don't understand that we are not fighting a
          nation of very human people but a tough, unreasoning
          group of fanatics. Convinced that their only hope is in
          fighting - which is accurate - they will fight as long as there
          are troops left to command.
          
          My love, John                                           


          A GI TAKES REVENGE

          While the infantry generally treated German soldiers who
          fired at them and then surrendered as prisoners of war,
          civilians were another matter. One day I heard a commotion
          outside the building I was in. Looking out the window, I saw
          a GI shoving a civilian along. The GI was crying and loudly
          accusing the civilian of having killed his friend. The civilian
          was terrified and trying to move away from the GI. Shortly
          later, I heard a shot. Those of us in the room I was in
          looked at each other and then went back to what we were
          doing.                                                


          FDR IS DEAD

          Dear Folks, April 13, 1945, Germany
          
          We are listening on the radio to what many people all over
          the world are saying about the death of our president. The
          news came first on the midnight newscast last night, when
          most of us were already asleep. This morning we were
          awakened by an officer telling us, "President Roosevelt is
          dead."
          
          There were no eulogies to the president by the common
          soldier. If they thought any, each kept it to himself. But
          they did talk. Above all, the question all asked was, "Can
          Truman do the job?" For the first time they were realizing
          that last November they had elected a president - not a vice-
          president. Frankly, many expressed doubt. Most don't know,
          don't pretend to know.
          
          The war did not miss a beat. It went on. The only time
          spent in talking about the president's death was the time
          normally spent discussing fraternization.
          
          For myself I'll just say this. Such events must be fitted into
          history. The president's death at this time cannot help but
          change the course our history was taking. What this may
          mean will only be realized in the days to come, in the years
          that follow. Let us pray that our fates will be not unkind.
          
          The radio says the world is stunned. No doubt it is. But we,
          we have now been shocked so deeply and so many times by
          all that is about us that perhaps we do not know our own
          sorrow. Somehow our world has not changed. The war goes
          on. As you at home cannot know what tragedies the men
          here see each day, they cannot arrange their thoughts here
          to mourn as you do.
          
          My love, John
          
          Dear Dad, April 19, 1945, Germany
          
          A friend who is on a speaking tour in the states says the
          workers laugh when he says the war in the Pacific will very
          likely take two more years to end. They just don't
          understand, do they? They don't understand the huge
          amounts of materiel and many casualties required to defeat
          an able enemy. They can't see what lies ahead in winning
          a war in China, the Indies, Burma, and on the Japanese
          home islands, if the Japanese go on as the Germans have,
          as they certainly shall.
          
          Ernie Pyle is dead. What a pity. This is a very cruel war. A
          great little man who hated and feared war, one who never
          gloried in victories but could see only the filth, death, and
          little humors that accompany them. We moved side by side
          on the St. L breakthrough for four days. The scenes he
          described were those I saw, the first time such printed
          accounts have been accurate and unexaggerated to my
          knowledge.
          
          Mr. Pyle was convinced he would get killed. He told me he
          couldn't take much more of it. I wasn't surprised when he
          went home after we got to Paris. He also told me that when
          he got home, he'd stay a few weeks and then possibly go to
          the Pacific. What a decision this must have been for him to
          make. It's OK for those who like to fight, but for a man who
          fears war, it's not. But as it must to every infantryman if he
          stays with it long enough, death came to Ernie Pyle. All the
          men who knew and sincerely loved him mourn his going.
          They have lost a friend and a spokesman.
          
          My love, John
          
          Dear Dad, May 2, 1945, Germany
          
          As I've told you before, I've been corresponding with four or
          five female acquaintances rather regularly for some months.
          Of late I've noticed that they are suffering from acute cases
          of loneliness. But now this has taken another turn. Two
          now have intimated very strongly that this has turned to a
          loneliness for me.
          
          One of the girls wrote to me in a letter, "At first I was
          disappointed at your letters, an affectation of style and
          philosophy, but that was long ago.... (Now) a man has
          emerged."
          
          Love, John
          
          Although my letters home during April were primarily
          concerned with myself and my reaction to the German
          people, I was not unaware that the war was finally drawing
          to an end. Before going into this, however, I want to tell you
          about two events which took place during April. They were
          our capture of Ellwangen, a town in southern Germany, and
          my visit to a death camp near Landsberg.                