From: Digestifier To: Linux-Admin@senator-bedfellow.mit.edu Reply-To: Linux-Admin@senator-bedfellow.mit.edu Date: Wed, 3 Nov 93 19:37:42 EST Subject: Linux-Admin Digest #137 Linux-Admin Digest #137, Volume #1 Wed, 3 Nov 93 19:37:42 EST Contents: How-to make a 5 1/4 Boot-/RootDisk (Thomas Heiling) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- From: phar006@wrzx12.rz.uni-wuerzburg.de (Thomas Heiling) Subject: How-to make a 5 1/4 Boot-/RootDisk Date: 3 Nov 1993 16:52:18 GMT HOW-TO make a Rescue-Disk with two 5 1/4 Floppies By Thomas Heiling Email heiling@wrzv01.rz.uni-wuerzburg.de Here is my proposal for all those in Net-world, who want a Rescue-Disk, because the SLS-Boot Disk ( as in the version for the 5 1/4 Disk comes with an old Kernel and - this is the main problem - an old libc). The biggest Problem is *SPACE* therefore the following ! What You need : - Two (MS-DOS) formatted 5 1/4 disks - A Kernel-Image, usually /vmlinuz or /zImage - A copy of rdev, singleinit, agetty, (optional ksh) - Eventually the util-etc-2.1 Package, if you have no recent mount or the above files Therefore the ( I hope ) easiest way is the following : 1. Make a Directory TMP which holds all the temporary files eg mkdir /usr/tmp/tmp 2. Copy your Kernel-Image to TMP 3. Modify your Kernel-Image - to boot from your Floppy /etc/rdev TMP/vmlinuz /dev/fd0 - to boot the Kernel Read-Only /etc/rootflags TMP/vmlinuz /dev/fd0 1 - to boot with a RAMDISK with kkk KB ( eg. 1200 KB ) /etc/ramsize TMP/vmlinuz 1200 - optional: boot with asking for the videomode /etc/vidmode TMP/vmlinuz 3 4. Make the Boot-Floppy Put a formatted floppy in your 5 1/4 Drive dd if=TMP/vmlinuz of=/dev/fd0 bs=16k If you don't have /etc/rootflags,/etc/ramsize and/or /etc/vidmode -> These are only symlinks to /etc/rdev You can make them with ln -sf /etc/rdev /etc/rootflags ln -sf /etc/rdev /etc/ramsize ln -sf /etc/rdev /etc/vidmode Now you have a bootable Floppy, but no Filesystem. /* The other method to obtain a bootable Floppy with LILO is a little bit complex. Only a hint : - Make a fs on the floppy - Mount the floppy on (eg) /mnt - Make the directories /mnt/etc and /mnt/etc/lilo - cd to /mnt/etc/lilo - edit the file /mnt/etc/lilo/config as shown boot = /dev/fd0 install = /etc/lilo/boot.b delay = 100 compact image = /vmlinuz label = LX root = /dev/fd0 read-only - Test the LILO installation /etc/lilo/install -r /mnt -v -v -t - Make the installation /etc/lilo/install -r /mnt -v -v */ 5. Take the Boot-Floppy out of the Floppy-Drive and label it. 6. Put a new formatted Disk in the Floppy-Drive 7. Make a Filesystem on it ( I would propose a MINIX-Filesystem, because an EXT-2 FS needs extra space for the lost+found directory ) /etc/mkfs.minix -c -n30 /dev/fd0 1200 8. Mount the new Filesystem on /mnt mount -t minix /dev/fd0 /mnt 9. Change to /mnt and make directories cd /mnt mkdir bin dev etc lib proc tmp usr user 10. Absolutely necessary files in /mnt/bin are cp gzip login mkdir mv passwd rm sh (I have used the PD-Kornshell as sh, and the normal passwd not the shadow passwd ) Copy these files to /mnt/bin 12. The next directory is /mnt/dev ChangeDir to it and copy your /dev/MAKEDEV to it /* If you have no such File you must make the devices per hand with mknod */ Make the Standard Devices,Hard Disks, Floppy Disks Terminals and all Devices for your Setup. BEWARE!! In my MAKEDEV Script are the /dev/ram with a major 1 and minor 0. THIS IS IMHO WRONG !! It should be major 1 and minor 1. If this is the case do a "rm -f ram", "mknod -m 660 ram b 1 1" and "chown root.disk ram" 13. Absolutely necessary files in /mnt/etc adjtime getty* mkfs.ext2* profile* shells umount* brc group mkfs.minix* psdatabase shutdown* update* fsck.ext2* init* mkfs.xiafs* rc swapon* utmp fsck.minix* inittab motd rc.local sync* wtmp fsck.xiafs* issue mount* rdev* termcap fstab lilo/ passwd securetty tune2fs* You may skip the mkfs.* and fsck.* files, if your kernel can't recognize this Filesystem. 14. If you are using LILO on your Hardrive add a directory /mnt/etc/lilo with these files: any_d.b, boot.b, bootargs, bootsave, chain.b, config, disktab, install@, install.lilo*, lilo*, map, mkck*, os2_d.b 15. Copy your /libc-so.4.4.? and /lib/libm.so.4.4.? to /mnt/lib cp /lib/libc.so.4.4.4 /mnt/libc.so.4.4.4 cp /lib/libm.so.4.4.4 /mnt/libm.so.4.4.4 16. Make symbolic links to lib[cm].so.4 BEWARE!!! You *must* be in /mnt/lib ln -sf libc.so.4.4.4 libc.so.4 ln -sf libm.so.4.4.4 libm.so.4 17. Now look how much Space is left on the device df 18. Copy your Keymap to /mnt/tmp/keys.map and compress it with gzip -9 19. Copy necessary Files to a temporary Directory on your Harddrive. Compress it with gzip -9. I have done it with these Files : awk*, chmod*, clock*, ctrlaltdel*, date*, df*, dmesg*, domainname*, doshell*, du*, env*, fdformat*, fdisk*, fdprm*, frag*, free*, hostname*, ipcrm*, ipcs*, joe*, joerc*, kbdrate*, keys.map*, kill*, killall*, ldd*, ln*, loadkeys*, ls*, makehole*, mkswap*, more*, newgrp*, ps*, rdev*, sed*, setfdprm*, setserial*, setterm*, top*, uname*, vi*, w*, wall*, write* 20. Move the compressed Files to /mnt/tmp ( As long as Space permits it ) Now you have a full FileSystem, but you have to edit the scripts in /mnt/etc: 21. You have to edit these Files in /mnt/etc adjtime, brc, fstab, group, inittab, issue, motd, passwd, profile*, rc, rc.local, securetty, shells, I will give you my setup for every File : See it in the Addendum A 22. As a last step you must edit the root Init Files These are .profile and .kshrc ( Remember ? I use the ksh as sh. As usually because of space ... ) See it in Addendum B 23. You are finished !!! Try it out ... /* Boot with your Boot-Floppy,after the Kernel-Request to enter the ROOT-DISK put your Root-Disk in the floppy-drive and watch for error messages */ P.S. The whole Thing started, because i wanted to "tune2fs" my machine at work. OK, No Problem - i thought. Simple boot the SLS-Disk, copy the tune2fs to it and that's all. But..., Wrong Library Version ... After 2 days hack with one Disk, LILO and the EXT2-FS, i gave up. There is not enough Space on a 5 1/4 disk... ( I *don't* want learn ed, i need vi or joe ! And i hate the US-Chars on my German-Keyboard ) Then i tried it with TCX/UNTCX, but after some time i thought it's overkill. I must have space to expand the files and the only way is to do it via a RAMDISK. And if i must have a RAMDISK, i don't need TCX, because i can unpack all file to it when i modify my Startup scripts. Much later ( in the night ... ) i tried it again with one Disk, but the Kernel Image needs to much space, therefore i maked it in the described way. If anyone can show me another way to do it, i would say much thanks. Ideas,Flames and critics to heiling@wrzv01.rz.uni-wuerzburg.de Addendum A : Here is a list of all setup file in /mnt/etc *** adjtime *** 0.0 0 0.0 *** brc *** #!/bin/sh # # /etc/brc.. This script gets run just before the system is down. # PATH=/bin:/etc:/usr/bin /bin/killall -KILL echo Unmounting file systems..... /etc/umount -a echo Done. *** fstab *** # /etc/fstab # static file system information, see fstab(5) /dev/fd0 / minix defaults none /proc proc defaults *** group *** root::0:root other::1: bin::2:root,bin,daemon sys::3:root,bin,sys,adm adm::4:root,adm,daemon uucp::5:uucp users::6: mail::7:root info::8:root,adm,info wheel::10:root daemon::12:root,daemon floppy::13:root cron::16: tty::17:tty lp::18:lp disk::19:root,adm mem::20:root kmem::21: sysadmin::23:sysadmin shadow::49:root group::50: *** inittab *** # Format: # ttyline:termcap-entry:getty-command tty1:con80x25:/etc/getty 9600 tty1 tty2:con80x25:/etc/getty 9600 tty2 tty3:con80x25:/etc/getty 9600 tty3 tty4:con80x25:/etc/getty 9600 tty4 # tty5:con80x60:/etc/getty 9600 tty5 # ttys1:dumb:/etc/getty 9600 tty64 # tty65:dumb:/etc/getty -m -t60 2400 tty65 *** issue *** Welcome to Linux ! *** motd *** |^^^^^^| _____________________ | | / \ | | | Welcome to emperor. | | (o)(o) | | @ _) | A public access Linux | | ,___| ,,| system. | | / ..'' | | /____\ \_____________________/ *** passwd /* No Password for root,uucp and sync !! */ *** root::0:0::/:/bin/sh daemon:x:1:1::/etc: bin:x:2:2::/bin: adm:x:4:4::/: uucp::5:5::/usr/uucp: sync::255:0:::/bin/sync *** profile *** # commands common to all logins PATH="/etc:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:." TERM=console PS1='$ ' PS2='> ' alias rm='rm -i' alias md=mkdir alias rd=rmdir alias ll='ls -l' alias ls='ls -F' alias cp='cp -i' alias mv='mv -i' alias which='type -path' alias m1d='mount -t msdos /dev/fd1 /user' alias m0d='mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /user' alias u0='umount /dev/fd0' alias u1='umount /dev/fd1' alias lf0d="mf0d; ls -s /user; uf0" alias lf1d="mf1d; ls -s /user; uf1" ignoreeof=10 DISPLAY=":0" export PATH DISPLAY TERM PS1 PS2 ignoreeof export XDVIFONTS=/usr/local/lib/tex/fonts/cm/%f.%p umask 022 *** rc *** # /etc/rc # # These commands are executed at boot time by init(8). # User customization should go in /etc/rc.local. PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/etc # fsck disks if system crashed if [ -f /fastboot ] then echo Skipping fsck else echo "Starting fsck" /etc/fsck.minix -a /dev/fd0 # If there was a failure, drop into single-user mode. # NOTE: This is not secure. If security is needed, make sure than # /etc/securesinlge exists and "reboot single". simipleinit # will then prompt for root's password. if [ $? -gt 1 ] then echo "Warning: fsck FAILED" echo " Starting single user shell" echo " Fix filesystem and REBOOT" /bin/sh -si < /dev/console > /dev/console 2>&1 fi fi # Remount the root filesystem in read-write mode echo "Remounting the ROOT Filesystem!" /etc/mount -n -o remount /dev/fd0 / # start the update(8) sync demon /etc/update & # remove /etc/mtab* so that mount will create it with a root entry /bin/rm -f /etc/nologin /fastboot /etc/mtab* # mount file systems in fstab (and create an entry for /) # but not NFS because TCP/IP is not yet configured /etc/mount -avt nonfs # remove stale locks (must be done after mount -a!) /bin/rm -f /usr/spool/locks/* /usr/spool/uucp/LCK* # remove /etc/utmp and touch it rm -f /etc/utmp /etc/wtmp echo -n > /etc/utmp echo -n > /etc/wtmp # enable swapping /etc/swapon -a # start up cron if it exists if [ -f /usr/etc/crond ]; then /usr/etc/crond fi # do any local stuff /bin/sh /etc/rc.local exit 0 *** rc.local *** # /etc/rc.local # # This file is executed after /etc/rc and consist of local customizations. #This is a hack ... mkfs.minix -c -n30 /dev/ram 2400 if [ $? -gt 1 ] then echo "Warning: mkfs failed" /bin/sh < /dev/console > /dev/console 2>&1 fi /etc/mount -t minix /dev/ram /usr mkdir /usr/bin mkdir /usr/tmp export TMPDIR='/usr/tmp' cp /tmp/*.gz /usr/bin/ mkdir /usr/lib mv /usr/bin/joerc.gz /usr/lib gzip -dv /usr/lib/joerc gzip -dv /usr/bin/* # update clock clock -a # Set your hostname hostname linux # enable screen blanking setterm -term console -foreground black -background white \ -store -blank 10 -clear rest > /dev/tty1 setterm -term console -foreground white -background blue \ -store -clear all > /dev/tty2 setterm -term console -foreground blue -background cyan \ -store -clear all > /dev/tty3 setterm -term console -foreground cyan -background blue \ -store -clear all > /dev/tty4 # set the modem speed to 57600 when 38400 is selected # setserial /dev/modem spd_hi # make keyboard repeat rate reasonable kbdrate -r 24 -d 250 if [ -f /etc/rc.net ] then /etc/rc.net # now we can safely mount our NFS filesystems, if any mount -avt nfs fi #Load the German Keymap loadkeys /usr/bin/keys.map *** securetty *** tty1 tty2 tty3 tty4 *** shells *** /bin/sh /bin/bash /bin/csh /bin/ksh /bin/tcsh /bin/rc /bin/zsh Addendum B: Here are my .kshrc and .profile *** .profile *** HOSTNAME=`hostname` PS1='$HOSTNAME[!]$PWD> ' PS2='rest?> ' export HOSTNAME PS1 PS2 CDPATH=:$HOME ENV=$HOME/.kshrc FCEDIT=/usr/bin/vi HISTFILE=$HOME/.ksh_history export HISTSIZE=25 #export HZ=100 MAIL=/usr/spool/mail/$USER PATH=/etc:$HOME/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin/X11 VISUAL=/usr/bin/vi umask 022 #trap clear 0 export CDPATH ENV FCEDIT HISTFILE export SHELL VISUAL export TERM MAIL PATH And here is my .kshrc *** .kshrc *** #!/bin/ksh #ksh environment setup if [ xx$HOSTNAME = xx ] then HOSTNAME=`hostname` export HOSTNAME fi alias rm='rm -i' alias md=mkdir alias rd=rmdir alias ll='ls -l' alias ls='ls -F' alias cp='cp -i' alias mv='mv -i' alias which='type -path' alias m1d='mount -t msdos /dev/fd1 /user' alias m0d='mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /user' alias u0='umount /dev/fd0' alias u1='umount /dev/fd1' alias lf0d="mf0d; ls -s /user; uf0" alias lf1d="mf1d; ls -s /user; uf1" alias m=more alias h='fc -l' alias al=alias alias bye=exit alias rmv=/bin/rm alias lc='ls -C' #stty erase \^h susp \^z kill \^u intr \^? set -o trackall -o ignoreeof -o monitor set -o emacs >/dev/null 2>/dev/null bind '^I'=complete >/dev/null 2>/dev/null bind '^A'=beginning-of-line >/dev/null 2>/dev/null bind '^[['=prefix-2 >/dev/null 2>/dev/null bind '^XA'=up-history >/dev/null 2>/dev/null bind '^XB'=down-history >/dev/null 2>/dev/null bind '^XC'=forward-char >/dev/null 2>/dev/null bind '^XD'=backward-char >/dev/null 2>/dev/null bind '^P'=up-history > /dev/null 2>/dev/null bind '^N'=down-history >/dev/null 2>/dev/null Addendum C : Here is a complete List of My Files total 18 drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 448 Nov 2 00:58 ./ drwxr-xr-x 16 root root 1024 Nov 1 22:53 ../ -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1088 Nov 2 00:22 .kshrc -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 406 Nov 2 00:16 .profile drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 512 Nov 1 23:16 bin/ drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2304 Nov 1 23:54 dev/ drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 1248 Nov 2 00:57 etc/ drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 192 Nov 1 23:14 lib/ drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 64 Nov 2 00:13 mnt/ drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 64 Nov 1 23:09 proc/ drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1504 Nov 2 00:26 tmp/ drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 64 Nov 1 23:09 user/ drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 64 Nov 1 23:09 usr/ bin: total 201 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 512 Nov 1 23:16 ./ drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 448 Nov 2 00:58 ../ -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 12080 Nov 1 23:09 cp* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 15792 Nov 1 23:21 ed* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 46084 Nov 1 23:09 gzip* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 8156 Nov 1 23:09 login* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 4104 Nov 1 23:09 mkdir* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 6724 Nov 1 23:09 mv* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 5100 Nov 1 23:09 passwd* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 5056 Nov 1 23:09 rm* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 91140 Nov 1 23:09 sh* dev: total 15 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2304 Nov 1 23:54 ./ drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 448 Nov 2 00:58 ../ -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 9723 Nov 1 23:49 MAKEDEV* crw--w--w- 1 root tty 4, 1 Nov 1 23:52 console brw-r----- 1 root floppy 2, 0 Nov 1 12:00 fd0 brw-r----- 1 root floppy 2, 1 Nov 1 12:00 fd1 brw-r----- 1 root disk 3, 0 Nov 1 12:00 hda brw-r----- 1 root disk 3, 1 Nov 1 12:00 hda1 brw-r----- 1 root disk 3, 2 Nov 1 12:01 hda2 brw-r----- 1 root disk 3, 3 Nov 1 12:01 hda3 brw-r----- 1 root disk 3, 4 Nov 1 12:01 hda4 brw-r----- 1 root disk 3, 5 Nov 1 12:01 hda5 brw-r----- 1 root disk 3, 6 Nov 1 12:01 hda6 brw-r----- 1 root disk 3, 7 Nov 1 12:01 hda7 brw-r----- 1 root disk 3, 8 Nov 1 12:01 hda8 brw-r----- 1 root disk 3, 64 Nov 1 12:01 hdb brw-r----- 1 root disk 3, 65 Nov 1 12:01 hdb1 brw-r----- 1 root disk 3, 66 Nov 1 12:01 hdb2 brw-r----- 1 root disk 3, 67 Nov 1 12:01 hdb3 brw-r----- 1 root disk 3, 68 Nov 1 12:01 hdb4 brw-r----- 1 root disk 3, 69 Nov 1 12:01 hdb5 brw-r----- 1 root disk 3, 70 Nov 1 12:01 hdb6 brw-r----- 1 root disk 3, 71 Nov 1 12:01 hdb7 brw-r----- 1 root disk 3, 72 Nov 1 12:01 hdb8 crw-r----- 1 root mem 1, 2 Nov 1 11:59 kmem crw-r----- 1 root daemon 6, 0 Nov 1 12:01 lp0 crw-r----- 1 root daemon 6, 1 Nov 1 12:01 lp1 crw-r----- 1 root daemon 6, 2 Nov 1 12:01 lp2 crw-rw---- 1 root mem 1, 1 Nov 1 11:59 mem crw-rw-rw- 1 root mem 1, 3 Nov 1 11:59 null crw-rw---- 1 root mem 1, 4 Nov 1 11:59 port crw------- 1 root tty 4, 128 Nov 1 12:03 ptyp0 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 129 Nov 1 12:03 ptyp1 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 130 Nov 1 12:03 ptyp2 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 131 Nov 1 12:03 ptyp3 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 132 Nov 1 12:03 ptyp4 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 133 Nov 1 12:03 ptyp5 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 134 Nov 1 12:03 ptyp6 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 135 Nov 1 12:03 ptyp7 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 136 Nov 1 12:03 ptyp8 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 1, 1 Nov 1 23:55 ram crw-rw-rw- 1 root tty 5, 0 Nov 1 11:59 tty crw------- 1 root tty 4, 0 Nov 1 19:55 tty0 crw--w--w- 1 root other 4, 1 Nov 2 00:48 tty1 crw--w--w- 1 root root 4, 2 Nov 2 00:53 tty2 crw--w--w- 1 root root 4, 3 Nov 2 00:48 tty3 crw--w--w- 1 root root 4, 4 Nov 2 00:48 tty4 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 5 Nov 1 19:55 tty5 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 6 Nov 1 19:55 tty6 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 7 Nov 1 19:55 tty7 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 8 Nov 1 19:55 tty8 crw-r--r-- 1 root tty 4, 64 Nov 1 12:04 ttyS0 crw-r--r-- 1 root tty 4, 65 Nov 1 12:04 ttyS1 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 192 Nov 1 12:03 ttyp0 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 193 Nov 1 12:03 ttyp1 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 194 Nov 1 12:03 ttyp2 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 195 Nov 1 12:03 ttyp3 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 196 Nov 1 12:03 ttyp4 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 197 Nov 1 12:03 ttyp5 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 198 Nov 1 12:03 ttyp6 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 199 Nov 1 12:03 ttyp7 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 200 Nov 1 12:03 ttyp8 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 240 Nov 1 12:03 ttys0 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 241 Nov 1 12:03 ttys1 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 242 Nov 1 12:03 ttys2 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 243 Nov 1 12:03 ttys3 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 244 Nov 1 12:03 ttys4 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 245 Nov 1 12:03 ttys5 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 246 Nov 1 12:03 ttys6 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 247 Nov 1 12:03 ttys7 crw------- 1 root tty 4, 248 Nov 1 12:03 ttys8 crw-rw-rw- 1 root mem 1, 5 Nov 1 11:59 zero etc: total 280 drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 1248 Nov 2 00:57 ./ drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 448 Nov 2 00:58 ../ -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 28 Nov 2 00:48 adjtime -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 183 Nov 2 00:07 brc -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 37892 Nov 1 23:10 fsck.ext2* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 11356 Nov 1 23:15 fsck.minix* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 21508 Nov 1 23:16 fsck.xiafs* -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 115 Nov 2 02:16 fstab -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 8564 Nov 1 23:10 getty* -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 327 Nov 1 23:10 group -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 6232 Nov 1 23:10 init* -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 335 Nov 1 23:10 inittab -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 22 Nov 1 23:10 issue drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 800 Nov 1 23:35 lilo/ -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 21508 Nov 1 23:10 mkfs.ext2* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 8988 Nov 1 23:15 mkfs.minix* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 17412 Nov 1 23:16 mkfs.xiafs* -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 374 Nov 1 23:10 motd -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 9660 Nov 1 23:10 mount* -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 118 Nov 1 23:10 passwd -rwxr--r-- 1 root root 586 Nov 1 23:10 profile* -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 52912 Nov 1 23:33 psdatabase -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1552 Nov 2 00:34 rc -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1221 Nov 2 00:09 rc.local -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 5724 Nov 1 23:15 rdev* -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 21 Nov 1 23:10 securetty -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 63 Nov 1 23:10 shells -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 6424 Nov 1 23:10 shutdown* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 3992 Nov 1 23:10 swapon* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 3104 Nov 1 23:10 sync* -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3434 Nov 1 23:10 termcap -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 13316 Nov 1 23:15 tune2fs* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 7328 Nov 1 23:10 umount* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 3212 Nov 1 23:10 update* -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Nov 2 00:57 utmp -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Nov 2 00:57 wtmp etc/lilo: total 69 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 800 Nov 1 23:35 ./ drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 1248 Nov 2 00:57 ../ -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 192 Nov 1 23:34 any_d.b -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2984 Nov 1 23:34 boot.b -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 31 Nov 1 23:34 bootargs -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 512 Nov 1 23:34 bootsave -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 84 Nov 1 23:34 chain.b -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 120 Nov 1 23:34 config -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 169 Nov 1 23:34 config.orig -rw------- 1 root root 358 Nov 1 23:34 disktab lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 Nov 1 23:35 install -> lilo* -rwxr--r-- 1 root root 41 Nov 1 23:34 install.lilo* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 46084 Nov 1 23:34 lilo* -rw------- 1 root root 4608 Nov 1 23:34 map -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 419 Nov 1 23:34 mkck* -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 140 Nov 1 23:34 os2_d.b lib: total 724 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 192 Nov 1 23:14 ./ drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 448 Nov 2 00:58 ../ lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 Nov 1 23:13 libc.so.4 -> libc.so.4.4.2* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 623620 Nov 1 23:13 libc.so.4.4.2* lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 Nov 1 23:14 libm.so.4 -> libm.so.4.4.2* -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 107524 Nov 1 23:13 libm.so.4.4.2* mnt: total 2 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 64 Nov 2 00:13 ./ drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 448 Nov 2 00:58 ../ proc: total 2 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 64 Nov 1 23:09 ./ drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 448 Nov 2 00:58 ../ tmp: total 315 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1504 Nov 2 00:26 ./ drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 448 Nov 2 00:58 ../ -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 46998 Nov 2 00:28 awk.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 3046 Nov 1 23:10 chmod.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 3223 Nov 1 23:22 clock.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 2076 Nov 1 23:22 ctrlaltdel.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 7171 Nov 2 00:14 date.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 2853 Nov 2 00:14 df.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 2002 Nov 1 23:22 dmesg.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 2023 Nov 1 23:21 domainname.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 1953 Nov 1 23:22 doshell.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 3099 Nov 2 00:14 du.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 1393 Nov 2 00:14 env.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 2610 Nov 1 23:22 fdformat.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 9953 Nov 1 23:22 fdisk.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 526 Nov 1 23:22 fdprm.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 2951 Nov 1 23:22 frag.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 2284 Nov 2 00:14 free.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 2022 Nov 1 23:21 hostname.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 2102 Nov 1 23:22 ipcrm.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 5251 Nov 1 23:22 ipcs.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 22349 Nov 1 23:10 joe.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 3129 Nov 1 23:32 joerc.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 2367 Nov 1 23:22 kbdrate.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 1966 Nov 1 23:10 keys.map.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 2434 Nov 1 23:21 kill.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 3247 Nov 2 00:06 killall.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 2257 Nov 1 23:21 ldd.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 3174 Nov 1 23:40 ln.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 10431 Nov 1 23:10 loadkeys.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 6903 Nov 2 00:04 ls.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 2604 Nov 1 23:22 makehole.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 2649 Nov 1 23:22 mkswap.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 9768 Nov 1 23:21 more.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 2133 Nov 1 23:21 newgrp.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 6633 Nov 1 23:34 ps.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 3242 Nov 1 23:22 rdev.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 18380 Nov 2 00:26 sed.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 2703 Nov 1 23:22 setfdprm.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 4611 Nov 1 23:22 setserial.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 5445 Nov 1 23:21 setterm.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 7869 Nov 2 00:05 top.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 1393 Nov 2 00:08 uname.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 43740 Nov 1 23:23 vi.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 6283 Nov 1 23:34 w.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 3396 Nov 1 23:21 wall.gz* -r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 3378 Nov 1 23:21 write.gz* user: total 2 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 64 Nov 1 23:09 ./ drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 448 Nov 2 00:58 ../ usr: total 2 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 64 Nov 1 23:09 ./ drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 448 Nov 2 00:58 ../ ------------------------------ ** FOR YOUR REFERENCE ** The service address, to which questions about the list itself and requests to be added to or deleted from it should be directed, is: Internet: Linux-Admin-Request@NEWS-DIGESTS.MIT.EDU You can send mail to the entire list (and comp.os.linux.admin) via: Internet: Linux-Admin@NEWS-DIGESTS.MIT.EDU Linux may be obtained via one of these FTP sites: nic.funet.fi pub/OS/Linux tsx-11.mit.edu pub/linux sunsite.unc.edu pub/Linux End of Linux-Admin Digest ******************************