


TAIL(1L)						 TAIL(1L)


NNAAMMEE
       tail - output the last part of files

SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
       ttaaiill  [-c  [+]N[bkm]] [-n [+]N] [-fqv] [--bytes=[+]N[bkm]]
       [--lines=[+]N] [--follow] [--quiet] [--silent] [--verbose]
       [--help] [--version] [file...]

       ttaaiill [{-,+}Nbcfklmqv] [file...]

DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
       This  manual page documents the GNU version of ttaaiill.  ttaaiill
       prints the last part (10 lines by default) of  each  given
       file;  it  reads from standard input if no files are given
       or when a filename of `-' is encountered.   If  more  than
       one  file  is  given, it prints a header consisting of the
       file's name enclosed in `==>' and `<==' before the  output
       for each file.

       The  GNU	ttaaiill  can  output any amount of data, unlike the
       Unix version, which uses a fixed size buffer.  It  has  no
       _-_r  option (print in reverse).  Reversing a file is really
       a different job from printing the end of a file;	the  BSD
       ttaaiill  can  only reverse files that are at most as large as
       its buffer, which is typically 32k.  A reliable	and  more
       versatile way to reverse files is the GNU ttaacc command.

   OOPPTTIIOONNSS
       ttaaiill  accepts  two  option  formats: the new one, in which
       numbers are arguments to the option letters, and	the  old
       one, in which a `+' or `-' and optional number precede any
       option letters.

       If a number (`N') starts with a `+', ttaaiill begins	printing
       with  the Nth item from the start of each file, instead of
       from the end.

       _-_c _N_, _-_-_b_y_t_e_s _N
	      Tail by N bytes.	N is a nonzero	integer,  option-
	      ally followed by one of the following characters to
	      specify a different unit.

	      b	512-byte blocks.

	      k	1-kilobyte blocks.

	      m	1-megabyte blocks.

       _-_f_, _-_-_f_o_l_l_o_w
	      Loop forever trying to read more characters at  the
	      end of the file, on the assumption that the file is
	      growing.	Ignored if reading from a pipe.	If  more
	      than  one file is given, ttaaiill prints a header when-
	      ever it gets  output  from  a  different	file,  to



FSF			GNU Text Utilities			1





TAIL(1L)						 TAIL(1L)


	      indicate which file that output is from.

       _-_l_, _-_n _N_, _-_-_l_i_n_e_s _N
	      Tail  by	N lines.  _-_l is only recognized using the
	      old option format.

       _-_q_, _-_-_q_u_i_e_t_, _-_-_s_i_l_e_n_t
	      Never print filename headers.

       _-_v_, _-_-_v_e_r_b_o_s_e
	      Always print filename headers.

       _-_-_h_e_l_p Print a usage message and exit with a non-zero sta-
	      tus.

       _-_-_v_e_r_s_i_o_n
	      Print  version  information  on standard error then
	      exit.







































FSF			GNU Text Utilities			2


