


FIND(1L)						 FIND(1L)


NNAAMMEE
       find - search for files in a directory hierarchy

SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
       ffiinndd [path...] [expression]

DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
       This  manual page documents the GNU version of ffiinndd.  ffiinndd
       searches the directory tree rooted at each given file name
       by  evaluating  the  given  expression from left to right,
       according to the rules of precedence (see  section  OPERA-
       TORS),  until  the outcome is known (the left hand side is
       false for _a_n_d operations, true for  _o_r),	at  which  point
       ffiinndd moves on to the next file name.

       The first argument that begins with `-', `(', `)', `,', or
       `!' is taken to be the beginning of  the	expression;  any
       arguments before it are paths to search, and any arguments
       after it are the rest of the expression.	If no paths  are
       given, the current directory is used.  If no expression is
       given, the expression `-print' is used.

       ffiinndd exits with status 0 if all files are  processed  suc-
       cessfully, greater than 0 if errors occur.

EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS
       The expression is made up of options (which affect overall
       operation rather than the processing of a  specific  file,
       and  always  return  true),  tests (which return a true or
       false value), and actions (which	have  side  effects  and
       return a true or false value), all separated by operators.
       -and is assumed where the operator  is  omitted.	If  the
       expression  contains  no actions other than -prune, -print
       is performed on all files  for  which  the  expression  is
       true.

   OOPPTTIIOONNSS
       All options always return true.

       -daystart
	      Measure  times  (for  -amin, -atime, -cmin, -ctime,
	      -mmin, and -mtime)  from	the  beginning	of  today
	      rather than from 24 hours ago.

       -depth Process each directory's contents before the direc-
	      tory itself.

       -follow
	      Dereference symbolic links.  Implies -noleaf.

       -maxdepth _l_e_v_e_l_s
	      Descend at most  _l_e_v_e_l_s  (a  non-negative	integer)
	      levels  of directories below the command line argu-
	      ments.  `-maxdepth 0' means only	apply  the  tests



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FIND(1L)						 FIND(1L)


	      and actions to the command line arguments.

       -mindepth _l_e_v_e_l_s
	      Do  not  apply  any tests or actions at levels less
	      than _l_e_v_e_l_s (a non-negative  integer).   `-mindepth
	      1'  means process all files except the command line
	      arguments.

       -noleaf
	      Do not optimize by assuming that	directories  con-
	      tain  2  fewer  subdirectories than their hard link
	      count.   This  option  is	needed	when	searching
	      filesystems  that do not follow the Unix directory-
	      link convention, such as CD-ROM or MS-DOS	filesys-
	      tems or AFS volume mount points.	Each directory on
	      a normal Unix filesystem has at least 2 hard links:
	      its  name	and  its  `.'	entry.	Additionally, its
	      subdirectories (if any) each  have  a  `..'   entry
	      linked to that directory.	When ffiinndd is examining a
	      directory, after it has statted 2 fewer subdirecto-
	      ries than the directory's link count, it knows that
	      the rest of the entries in the directory	are  non-
	      directories  (`leaf'  files in the directory tree).
	      If only the files' names need to be examined, there
	      is  no  need to stat them; this gives a significant
	      increase in search speed.

       -version
	      Print ffiinndd version number on standard error.

       -xdev  Don't descend directories on other filesystems.

   TTEESSTTSS
       Numeric arguments can be specified as

       _+_n     for greater than _n,

       _-_n     for less than _n,

       _n      for exactly _n.

       -amin _n
	      File was last accessed _n minutes ago.

       -anewer _f_i_l_e
	      File was last accessed more recently than _f_i_l_e  was
	      modified.	-anewer  is affected by -follow only if
	      -follow comes before -anewer on the command line.

       -atime _n
	      File was last accessed _n*24 hours ago.

       -cmin _n
	      File's status was last changed _n minutes ago.



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FIND(1L)						 FIND(1L)


       -cnewer _f_i_l_e
	      File's status was last changed more  recently  than
	      _f_i_l_e  was modified.  -cnewer is affected by -follow
	      only if -follow comes before -cnewer on the command
	      line.

       -ctime _n
	      File's status was last changed _n*24 hours ago.

       -empty File  is	empty  and  is either a regular file or a
	      directory.

       -false Always false.

       -fstype _t_y_p_e
	      File is on a filesystem of type  _t_y_p_e.   The  valid
	      filesystem  types	vary among different versions of
	      Unix; an incomplete list of filesystem  types  that
	      are accepted on some version of Unix or another is:
	      ufs, 4.2, 4.3, nfs, tmp, mfs, S51K, S52K.	You  can
	      use  -printf with the %F directive to see the types
	      of your filesystems.

       -gid _n File's numeric group ID is _n.

       -group _g_n_a_m_e
	      File belongs  to	group  _g_n_a_m_e  (numeric	group  ID
	      allowed).

       -ilname _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
	      Like -lname, but the match is case insensitive.

       -iname _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
	      Like -name, but the match is case insensitive.  For
	      example, the patterns `fo*'  and	`F??'  match  the
	      file names `Foo', `FOO', `foo', `fOo', etc.

       -inum _n
	      File has inode number _n.

       -ipath _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
	      Like -path, but the match is case insensitive.

       -iregex _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
	      Like -regex, but the match is case insensitive.

       -links _n
	      File has _n links.

       -lname _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
	      File  is a symbolic link whose contents match shell
	      pattern _p_a_t_t_e_r_n.	The metacharacters do  not  treat
	      `/' or `.' specially.




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       -mmin _n
	      File's data was last modified _n minutes ago.

       -mtime _n
	      File's data was last modified _n*24 hours ago.

       -name _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
	      Base of file name (the path with the leading direc-
	      tories removed) matches shell pattern _p_a_t_t_e_r_n.  The
	      metacharacters  (`*', `?', and `[]') do not match a
	      `.' at the start of the base  name.   To	ignore	a
	      directory	and  the files under it, use -prune; see
	      an example in the description of -path.

       -newer _f_i_l_e
	      File was modified more recently than _f_i_l_e.   -newer
	      is affected by -follow only if -follow comes before
	      -newer on the command line.

       -nouser
	      No user corresponds to file's numeric user ID.

       -nogroup
	      No group corresponds to file's numeric group ID.

       -path _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
	      File  name  matches  shell  pattern  _p_a_t_t_e_r_n.   The
	      metacharacters  do  not treat `/' or `.' specially;
	      so, for example,
			find . -path './sr*sc'
	      will  print  an  entry  for  a   directory   called
	      './src/misc'  (if	one  exists).	To ignore a whole
	      directory tree, use  -prune  rather  than	checking
	      every  file  in the tree.	For example, to skip the
	      directory `src/emacs' and all files and directories
	      under  it,  and  print the names of the other files
	      found, do something like this:
			find  .	-path	'./src/emacs'  -prune  -o
			-print

       -perm _m_o_d_e
	      File's  permission  bits are exactly _m_o_d_e (octal or
	      symbolic).  Symbolic modes use mode 0 as a point of
	      departure.

       -perm -_m_o_d_e
	      All  of  the  permission	bits _m_o_d_e are set for the
	      file.

       -perm +_m_o_d_e
	      Any of the permission bits _m_o_d_e  are  set	for  the
	      file.





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       -regex _p_a_t_t_e_r_n
	      File name matches regular expression _p_a_t_t_e_r_n.  This
	      is a match on the whole path, not	a  search.   For
	      example,	to match a file named `./fubar3', you can
	      use the regular expression  `.*bar.'  or	`.*b.*3',
	      but not `b.*r3'.

       -size _n[ck]
	      File  uses  _n 512-byte blocks (bytes if `c' follows
	      _n, kilobytes if `k' follows _n).  The size does  not
	      count  indirect  blocks,	and  does count blocks in
	      sparse files that are not actually allocated.

       -true  Always true.

       -type _c
	      File is of type _c:

	      b	block (buffered) special

	      c	character (unbuffered) special

	      d	directory

	      p	named pipe (FIFO)

	      f	regular file

	      l	symbolic link

	      s	socket

       -uid _n File's numeric user ID is _n.

       -used _n
	      File was last accessed _n days after its status  was
	      last changed.

       -user _u_n_a_m_e
	      File  is	owned  by  user	_u_n_a_m_e	(numeric  user ID
	      allowed).

       -xtype _c
	      The same as -type unless the  file  is  a	symbolic
	      link.   For symbolic links, if -follow has not been
	      given, true if the file is a link to a file of type
	      _c;  if  -follow  has  been given, true if _c is `l'.
	      For symbolic links, -xtype checks the type  of  the
	      file that -type does not check.

   AACCTTIIOONNSS
       -exec _c_o_m_m_a_n_d ;
	      Execute _c_o_m_m_a_n_d; true if 0 status is returned.  All
	      following	arguments  to	ffiinndd  are  taken  to   be



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FIND(1L)						 FIND(1L)


	      arguments to the command until an argument consist-
	      ing of `;' is  encountered.   The	string	`{}'  is
	      replaced	by  the current file name being processed
	      everywhere it occurs in the arguments to	the  com-
	      mand,  not  just in arguments where it is alone, as
	      in some versions of ffiinndd.	Both of these	construc-
	      tions  might  need  to  be  escaped (with a `\') or
	      quoted to protect them from expansion by the shell.

       -fprint _f_i_l_e
	      True;  print the full file name into file _f_i_l_e.  If
	      _f_i_l_e does not exist when ffiinndd is run,  it	is  cre-
	      ated;  if it does exist, it is truncated.	The file
	      names ``/dev/stdout'' and ``/dev/stderr'' are  han-
	      dled  specially;	they refer to the standard output
	      and standard error output, respectively.

       -fprint0 _f_i_l_e
	      True; like -print0 but write to _f_i_l_e like	-fprint.

       -fprintf _f_i_l_e _f_o_r_m_a_t
	      True;  like -printf but write to _f_i_l_e like -fprint.

       -ok _c_o_m_m_a_n_d ;
	      Like -exec but ask the user first (on the	standard
	      input);  if the response does not start with `y' or
	      `Y', do not run the command, and return false.

       -print True; print the full file name on the standard out-
	      put, followed by a newline.

       -print0
	      True; print the full file name on the standard out-
	      put, followed by a  null	character.   This  allows
	      file  names  that	contain newlines to be correctly
	      interpreted by programs that process the ffiinndd  out-
	      put.

       -printf _f_o_r_m_a_t
	      True;  print  _f_o_r_m_a_t on the standard output, inter-
	      preting `\'  escapes  and	`%'  directives.   Field
	      widths  and precisions can be specified as with the
	      `printf' C function.  Unlike -print,  -printf  does
	      not  add	a  newline at the end of the string.  The
	      escapes and directives are:

	      \a     Alarm bell.

	      \b     Backspace.

	      \c     Stop printing from this format  immediately.

	      \f     Form feed.




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	      \n     Newline.

	      \r     Carriage return.

	      \t     Horizontal tab.

	      \v     Vertical tab.

	      \\     A literal backslash (`\').

	      A	`\' character followed by any other character is
	      treated as an ordinary character, so they both  are
	      printed.

	      %%     A literal percent sign.

	      %a     File's   last  access  time  in  the  format
		     returned by the C `ctime' function.

	      %A_k    File's last access time in the format speci-
		     fied  by  _k, which is either `@' or a direc-
		     tive for the  C  `strftime'  function.   The
		     possible values for _k are listed below; some
		     of them might not be available on	all  sys-
		     tems,   due  to  differences  in  `strftime'
		     between systems.

		      @	seconds since Jan.	1,  1970,  00:00
			     GMT.

		     Time fields:

		      H	hour (00..23)

		      I	hour (01..12)

		      k	hour ( 0..23)

		      l	hour ( 1..12)

		      M	minute (00..59)

		      p	locale's AM or PM

		      r	time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss [AP]M)

		      S	second (00..61)

		      T	time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss)

		      X	locale's time representation (H:M:S)

		      Z	time zone (e.g., EDT), or nothing if
			     no time zone is determinable



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FIND(1L)						 FIND(1L)


		     Date fields:

		      a	locale's  abbreviated  weekday  name
			     (Sun..Sat)

		      A	locale's full weekday name, variable
			     length (Sunday..Saturday)

		      b	locale's	abbreviated   month  name
			     (Jan..Dec)

		      B	locale's full month  name,	variable
			     length (January..December)

		      c	locale's  date  and time (Sat Nov 04
			     12:02:33 EST 1989)

		      d	day of month (01..31)

		      D	date (mm/dd/yy)

		      h	same as b

		      j	day of year (001..366)

		      m	month (01..12)

		      U	week number of year with  Sunday  as
			     first day of week (00..53)

		      w	day of week (0..6)

		      W	week  number  of year with Monday as
			     first day of week (00..53)

		      x	locale's	date	representation
			     (mm/dd/yy)

		      y	last two digits of year (00..99)

		      Y	year (1970...)

	      %b     File's size in 512-byte blocks (rounded up).

	      %c     File's last status change time in the format
		     returned by the C `ctime' function.

	      %C_k    File's last status change time in the format
		     specified by _k, which is the same as for %A.

	      %d     File's  depth in the directory tree; 0 means
		     the file is a command line argument.

	      %f     File's name  with	any  leading  directories



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FIND(1L)						 FIND(1L)


		     removed.

	      %F     Type  of the filesystem the file is on; this
		     value can be used for -fstype.

	      %g     File's group name, or numeric  group  ID  if
		     the group has no name.

	      %G     File's numeric group ID.

	      %h     Leading directories of file's name.

	      %H     Command  line  argument under which file was
		     found.

	      %i     File's inode number (in decimal).

	      %k     File's size in 1K blocks (rounded up).

	      %l     Object of symbolic	link  (empty  string  if
		     file is not a symbolic link).

	      %m     File's permission bits (in octal).

	      %n     Number of hard links to file.

	      %p     File's name.

	      %P     File's  name  with	the  name of the command
		     line  argument  under  which  it  was  found
		     removed.

	      %s     File's size in bytes.

	      %t     File's  last modification time in the format
		     returned by the C `ctime' function.

	      %T_k    File's last modification time in the  format
		     specified by _k, which is the same as for %A.

	      %u     File's user name, or numeric user ID if  the
		     user has no name.

	      %U     File's numeric user ID.

	      A	`%' character followed by any other character is
	      discarded (but the other character is printed).

       -prune If -depth is not given, true; do	not  descend  the
	      current directory.
	      If -depth is given, false; no effect.

       -ls    True;  list  current  file  in `ls -dils' format on
	      standard	output.	The  block  counts  are  of  1K



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FIND(1L)						 FIND(1L)


	      blocks,	unless	the	environment	variable
	      POSIXLY_CORRECT is  set,	in  which  case	512-byte
	      blocks are used.

   OOPPEERRAATTOORRSS
       Listed in order of decreasing precedence:

       ( _e_x_p_r )
	      Force precedence.

       ! _e_x_p_r True if _e_x_p_r is false.

       -not _e_x_p_r
	      Same as ! _e_x_p_r.

       _e_x_p_r_1 _e_x_p_r_2
	      And  (implied);  _e_x_p_r_2 is not evaluated if _e_x_p_r_1 is
	      false.

       _e_x_p_r_1 -a _e_x_p_r_2
	      Same as _e_x_p_r_1 _e_x_p_r_2.

       _e_x_p_r_1 -and _e_x_p_r_2
	      Same as _e_x_p_r_1 _e_x_p_r_2.

       _e_x_p_r_1 -o _e_x_p_r_2
	      Or; _e_x_p_r_2 is not evaluated if _e_x_p_r_1 is true.

       _e_x_p_r_1 -or _e_x_p_r_2
	      Same as _e_x_p_r_1 -o _e_x_p_r_2.

       _e_x_p_r_1 , _e_x_p_r_2
	      List; both _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2  are  always  evaluated.
	      The  value  of _e_x_p_r_1 is discarded; the value of the
	      list is the value of _e_x_p_r_2.






















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