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\title{Interstellar, Intrastellar, and Space Travel List \\
(How To Get There From Here) \\ Version 1.2}
\author{\copyright1991 Jack De Winter \\
Jack a.k.a. Wildside}
\date{Dewinter@watserv1.uwaterloo.ca\\Dewinter@watserv1.waterloo.edu\\
University of Waterloo, Canada}
\thanks{Copyright 1990, 1991 Jack De Winter. All Rights Reserved. This
document is the sole
property of the compiler. No part of this list may,
in part or in whole, be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
translated, transcribed, or
transmitted in any form or by any means manual, electric, electronic,
electro-magnetic, mechanical, chemical, optical, or otherwise, without
prior explicit written consent from the compiler except for purposes of
personal and private reading. Use of this article, in part or in
whole, for commercial purposes is forbidden without prior consent
of the compiler of this list. Use of this article for personal
and private enjoyment is acceptable, and is encouraged as long as
the article remains in whole, with the exception of minor
formatting changes to acommodate different word-processing systems.  If
major changes in the formatting are needed, the consent is needed
from the compiler of the list.}
\maketitle

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\vspace{.2in}

{\it
{\Large T}his is version 1.2 of Jack's list of forms of space travel from
fantasy and science fiction literature, movies and television, and, of course,
RPG's. This list is neither an acceptance, nor a denial, of the idea that
the forms of travel listed herein may, in fact, be possible.
If the reader has any corrections or
additions, he is encouraged to contact Jack by writing to:\\}

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l}
Jack a.k.a. Wildside\\
80 Churchill Dr. Unit 30\\
Waterloo, ON, Canada\\
N2L 2X2\\
\\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

\begin{center}
{\Large Compilation History\\}

\begin{tabular}{lll}
Version & Version Date  & Comments\\
\hline
1.0	& Mid-Nov, 1990	& Original\\
1.1	& Dec 12, 1990	& New Section: Gates\\
1.1.1	& Jan 10, 1990	& Corrections \& Additions\\
1.2     & Jan 31, 1991  & Cross-Referencing\\
& \\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

\newpage

\begin{center}
{\Large Thanks\\}
\end{center}

Thanks to the following people who have contributed to the list.  They are
listed in alphabetical order to avoid hurt feelings.\\

\begin{center}

3040\_3744@uwovax.uwo.ca\\
Andrew.Wallace@prg.oxford.ac.uk\\
aaron@serss0.fiu.edu\\
angus@godzilla.cgl.rmit.oz.au\\
ap1i+@andrew.cmu.edu\\
brabec@acm.princeton.edu\\
brabec@pysgjb.ncsu.edu\\
burdickj@copper.ucs.indiana.edu\\
CABP10@vaxb.strathclyde.ac.uk\\
Chris.Holt@newcastle.ac.uk \\
caplan@cs.stanford.edu\\
cbmvax!snark.thyrsus.com!cowan@uunet.UU.NET\\
choinski@primerd.prime.com\\
cshafai@eeserv.ee.umanitoba.ca\\ 
d9bertil@dtek.chalmers.se\\
dahe@cl.cam.ac.uk\\
dana@chaos.cs.brandeis.edu\\
dicely@tybalt.caltech.edu\\ 
dkfenger@sunee.uwaterloo.ca\\
dzweig@rnd.gba.nyu.edu\\
ELEE7G9@jetson.uh.edu\\
ehs@jyu.fi\\
enn@cwns5.INS.CWRU.Edu\\ 
erich@through.cs.caltech.edu\\
fledley@mbir.bcm.tmc.edu\\
fox-r@cis.ohio-state.edu\\
gls@cbnewsh.att.com\\
gls@odyssey.att.com\\
hammer@rpi.edu\\ 
hartman@cs.swarthmore.edu\\
hennebry@plains.NoDak.edu\\
hoey@etl.army.mil\\ 
hp@junior.vmars.tuwien.ac.at\\
jalden@eleazar.dartmouth.edu\\
james@castle.edinburgh.ac.uk\\
jefft@athena.mit.edu\\ 
jpb@umbio.med.miami.edu\\
jsh44765@uxa.cso.uiuc.edu\\
kaveh@ms.uky.edu\\
ken@valkyrie.ecn.uoknor.edu\\ 
kominetz@cbmvax.cbm.commodore.com\\
llethe!tvcent!andrew@zoo.toronto.edu\\ 
ltanzos@lehi3b15.csee.Lehigh.EDU\\
malloy@nprdc.navy.mil\\
marty@cs.uoregon.ed\\
mmhazewi@praxis.cs.ruu.nl\\
muilliken@bbn.com\\ 
neufeld@helios.physics.utoronto.ca\\
OTTO@vaxb.acs.unt.edu\\ 
philj@tekig5.pen.tek.com\\
piersol@apple.com\\
pjlthoma@praxis.cs.ruu.nl\\
psavoie@pro-micol.cts.com
rcbajv@urc.tue.nl\\
rparker@wpi.WPI.EDU\\
S.J.Lovatt@massey.ac.nz\\ 
s5!maus@uunet.UU.NET\\
spcoltri@uokmax.ecn.uoknor.edu\\
sthomas@mitroc.UUCP\\ 
torkel@sics.se\\
trip@cobalt.cco.caltech.edu
ua\_rlp@nuhub.acs.northeastern.edu\\
utgard!chris@csusac.csus.edu\\
veck@ddsw1.MCS.COM\\
wyvern@agora.hf.intel.com\\
xanthian@zorch.SF-Bay.ORG\\
YOURAA@morekypr\\
\end{center}

\begin{center}
{\Large Faster Than Light Drives\\}
\end{center}

{\large Books:}

\begin{description}

\item[(Unknown).] \underline{Perry Rhodan}.  This comic series uses a gravity
well attached to
	the front of the ship using a magnetic container.  When going Faster
	Than Light, the field is intensified until a black hole is created by
	which the ship can enter hyperspace.  The acceleration range is usually
	between 500 and 800 km/$s^{2}$, and ship seem to fall into suns if they
	are in planetary systems.

\item[Adams, Douglas.] \underline{Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy}. 
        The idea is that the
	infinite improbability drive places you at every point in the
	universe at the same time.  Has really weird side effects.  Uses
	a cup of tea somewhere in the design process.

\item[Adams, Douglas.] \underline{Life, The Universe, and Everything}. Almost
identical except
	that it uses waiters in an Italian restaurant instead of a cup of
	tea.

\item[Anderson, Poul.] \underline{The Avatar}.  A system of artifacts, set up by
an alien race,
	establish artificial jump points in the universe.

\item[Anderson, Poul.] ``Flandry" series.  Similar to the drive from the game 2300 AD.
        The quirk with this drive is that beam weapons between two ships only
        work if the two ships have the same skip rate.
        (q.v. FTL-Games: 2300 AD.)

\item[Anthony, Piers.] \underline{Macroscope}.  Uses the idea that space is
actually folded.
	Therefore the warp drive links two points in space that touch at the
	fold and travel is seen to be instantaneous.  A large gravity well
	is needed for such transitions, so the ships ususally carried around
	large asteroids.  Also, do to the high-pressure conditions of
	transport, the human tissue had to be liquefied, then vaporized before
	transit, and restored after the transit had been completed.

\item[Asimov, Isaac.] ``Foundation" Series.  Uses same type of drive as
\underline{I, Robot}.

\item[Asimov, Isaac.] \underline{I, Robot}.  Operates by form of a controlled
nuclear explosion.
	The people were legally dead, while in transit, but lived through the
	experience.  A problem was encountered due to the Three Robotic Laws
	where the interpretation of `harm' seemed to include temporary
non-existence while `in transit'.  There was also a problem because
	the drives were to complicated for humans to build, so
	super brain robots did instead.  Their positronic brains, of
	course, froze when they discovered that the passengers would 
	be dead at one point (regardless of their final state!) so
	a special super-brain was made that could deal with temporary
	deadness.  The two passengers, as i recall, had terrible
	nightmares while in transit (scenes from hell, etc\ldots) this was 
	the work of the super-brain, who had developed a sense of 
	humor in order to deal with the temporary deaths.  Entering transit
	from too deep within a gravity well causes really ugly side effects.

\item[Asimov, Issac.] ``Robot Detective" Series.  Jump drives are used, but they under
	control of spacers, humans who do not live on Earth, but out in space.
	The drive has the side effect of making people who use it feel sick.

\item[Asimov, Isaac.] \underline{Nemesis}.  The superluminal drive negates the effect of
	inertia allowing many multiples of the speed of light.  Computer
	controlled and the vessel remains in real space.  However, the
	speed of light is treated as Ground Zero.  Above the speed of light
	gravity repels objects rather than attracting them.

\item[Asimov, Isaac.] \underline{Thiotimoline To The Stars}.
Uses Azimov's famous substance
	thiotimoline as a drive.  Uses logical inconsistencies from the
	previous books (like the fact that it goes into the water before
	the water hits it).

\item[Bertin.]  A drug reminiscent of LSD is used to unleash the full power of the
	human brain and teleportation across interstellar distances becomes
	possible.

\item[Blish, James.] ``Flying Cities" Series.  Travel was performed using a `spindizzy'
	drive which operated on a little known law of physics.  The speed
	obtained is proportional to the mass (i.e. larger mass, larger speed).
	Cities and planets were hooked up to this drive.

\item[Brin, David.] \underline{Earthclan}, \underline{Startide Rising},
\underline{The Uplift War}.  One of the
	species uses a drive that suppresses reality, hence no lightspeed
	barrier.  Really dangerous concept though.  Other species used drives
	that could only be used at particular points near stars.  The humans
	and their uplifted children utilize a quasi-jump drive augmented with a
	stasis field to slow down time for the occupants of the ship.

\item[Bujold, Lois McMaster.] ``Miles Vorkosigan" series and associated books:
        \underline{Shards of Honor}, \underline{The Warrior's Apprentice},
\underline{Ethan of Athos},
\underline{Falling Free}, \underline{Borders of Infinity},
\underline{Brothers In Arms}, \underline{The Vor Game}.
This method of travel utilizes wormholes in the universe.
        Special jump pilots are given direct mind-computer links in order to
        navigate the wormholes.  While a jump will take hours for a pilot and
        will be very draining, the rest of the crew do not notice the voyage.

\item[Chalker, Jack.] ``Wells of Souls" series.  In this series, the universe is a
	giant computer running a simulation.  Therefore, if you change the
	bits that represent your location, you change two.  Seeing as this
	can involve a hyperspace approach, it seems like Faster Than Light.

\item[Chalker, Jack.]  ``Soul Rider" series: \underline{Spirits of Flux \& Anchor},
\underline{Empires of Flux \& Anchor}, \underline{Masters of Flux \& Anchor},
\underline{Birth of Flux \& Anchor}, \underline{Children of Flux \& Anchor}.
Travel is accomplished by
        punching a hole in the universe to a layer of raw energy (called
        `Flux') that surrounds the universe.  There, the speed of light
        is millions of times greater than that of our universe, and when
        something is shot into the boundary, it will eventually return
        to our universe due to a weaker boundary between the Flux and the
        universe.  Later in the books, gates are established in space and
        on planets where ships can be sent through.  The location of exit
        points in our universe are generally not known as they are far
        away.
        (q.v. Gates-Books: Chalker, Jack: ``Soul Rider" Series.)

\item[Cook, Glen.] ``Darkwar" series: \underline{Doomstalker},
\underline{Warlock}, \underline{Ceremony}.  Space
        travel is performed using witchcraft which uses `Ghosts' to move
        the ships.  There is also a run-in with a technological civilization
        that uses an unspecified hyperdrive system.

\item[Foster, Alan Dean.] ``Humanx Commonwealth" Series. The `KK Drive' uses a gravity
	field which is projected in front of the ship.  The ship moves, then
	the field moves, etc.  Takes advantage of the fact that as you
	approach the speed of light, gravitational acceleration is constant.

\item[Gemmell, David.] ``Sipstrassi Tales" series:
\underline{Wolf in Shadow/The Jerusalem Man},
\underline{Ghost King}, \underline{Last Sword of Power},
\underline{The Last Guardian}.
        The power of the magical Sipstrassi Stones is used to open
        gates between different places and times. The gates are direct
        connections, everything passes through in both ways including light
        and gravity.

\item[Haldeman, Joe.] \underline{The Forever War}.  A drive
that used black holes was used in
	this novel, but not much of the inner workings were explained.

\item[Harrison, Harry.] \underline{Bill the Galactic Hero}.
A `Bloater Drive' is used which
	acts like a rubber band.  You stretch the size of the ship until it
	stretches to your destination and then let go of the tension from
	the starting point.

\item[Heinlein, Robert.] \underline{Methuselah's Children}.
Andrew Jackson Libby discovers
        a way to propel the ship through space at barely sublight speeds
        and the explanation is detailed in the reference in the Sublight
        section.  When the ship travels to the planet of the `Gods' of the
        Jockaira, the `Gods' use another type of faster than light drive
        in order to transport them to another planet, somewhat like Eden.
        Observing the trip, Libby talked to the dominant species there and
        came up an analagous faster than light drive.  They then use this
        drive to return to the Solar System.  This drive is also used in
        Heinlein's books \underline{Time Enough For Love}, with possibly some new
        improvements being made to the drive.
        (q.v. FTL-Books: Heinlein, Robert: \underline{Time Enough For Love},
Sublight Books: Heinlein, Robert: \underline{Methuselah's Children}.)

\item[Heinlein, Robert A.] \underline{Number of the Beast},
\underline{The Cat Who Walks Through Walls},
	\underline{To Sail The Sunset}.  Based in a 6-dimensional space, you can
	instantaneously travel to where you want to go provided you know the
	proper vectors.  Upon arrival, you can be anywhere, anywhen, with any
	speed below that of the speed of light.  The drive is computer
	controlled and uses virtually no power.  It can also be as small or
	as possible as the user desires.  A good example of this is the first
	test of the drive on a spaceplane, where the drive was disguised as
	a sewing machine.  The mechanics of the drive are like that of a simple
	gyroscope.  If you push a gyroscope, it moves with a result vector that
	is ninety degrees from the vector of the push.  Extrapolate this into
	a push from three orthogonal directions simultaneously.  Then assume
	that space-time is composed of three space axis and three time axis
	with all of them being orthogonal.  When that gyroscope is pushed, it
	will appear from our point of view.  However, from the gyroscopes
	point of view, one or more of the normal four space-time axis have
	been rotated out and replaced with the other two.  With six axis there
	are $6^{6^{6}}$ possible combinations, 666 being the number of the beast.
	With the normal space-time axis plus two more axis, it is possible
	to rotate into another dimension, time, or position with a result
	velocity vector in the space dimensions being in existance.  The device
	itself is a very simple gyroscope spinning in a vacuum, with the only
	energy needed for the drive being that to keep the gyroscopre spinning.

\item[Heinlein, Robert A.] \underline{Starman Jones}. The starship in
question accelerated to
	the speed of light where it jumped elsewhere through the use of
        `congruencies'.  The `conguencies' are a form of space warp that is
        dependent on the folds that occur in the space-time continuum.  The
        ship accelerates to a speed near the speed of light and enters the
        congruency.  If the congruency is entered with the right velocity
        vector, the ship jumps to a destination point.  These congruencies
        are fixed and a fair amount of effort is put into charting new ones.

\item[Heinlein, Robert.] \underline{Time Enough For Love}. This
	drive, the Libby drive, transports the ship to an alternate
	dimension when the ship is in flight.  The ship is totally cut of
	from the space-time continuum and has a side effect of having a
	potential to be as many years off target as there are light years
	in the jump.This is possibly an
        improved version from the one that is used in \underline{Methuselah's
        Children}.
        (q.v. FTL-Books: Heinlein, Robert: \underline{Methuselah's Children}.)

\item[Herbert, Frank.] \underline{Dune}, \underline{Dune Messiah}.
The travel used in the book stems
        from the work of one person: Holtzmann.  In order to travel, it was
        necessary to use the three-dimensional version of the `Holtzmann
        Effect', also called the `Suspensor Nullification Effect'.  This
        effect moved the ship into `hyperspace', where the travel speed was
        quicker.  Navigators, people who hve mutated due to overexposure to
        the spice melange, we responsible for seeing that the ship got to
        its destination quickly and safely.  They did this by searching the
        possible futures and then bring the ship around that time line.
        The Navigators were important as computers didn't exist in that
        universe, due to the work of the Butlerian Jihad.  Before him,
        computers were used to transport the ships.  More about the effects
        discovered by Holtzmann appear in the same heading in the section
        on Ansibles And Other Communication Devices.
        (q.v. Ansibles-Books: Herbert, Frank: \underline{Dune},
\underline{Dune Messiah}.)

\item[Hogan, James Patrick.] \underline{Giant's Star}.  The concept used for
this drive is the
	passage of the ship through and artificially generated toroid-shaped
	black hole.  By controlling the parameters such as size, rotation
	speed, attitude, and others, a hyperspace tunnel was created to a
	destination that could be light years away where a corresponding black
	hole was formed and was used to exit hyperspace.  If the ships did not
	gain at least a light days distance from any planets, the black hole
	would disrupt the orbit of the planet.  More than a light years
	distance was needed if the ship was not designed for this mode of
	travel.

\item[King, Stephen.] \underline{Tommyknockers}.  This drive is run off of
the minds of the
	slaves that are kept on board of the ship.  The effects on the slaves
	are not very nice.

\item[Kube-McDowell, Michael P.]  ``Trigon Disunity" series: \underline{Emprise},
\underline{Enigma}, and
	\underline{Empry}.  The AVLO drive creates an artificial gravity field in front
	of the ship, causing the ship to ``fall" into it.  Because the field's
	distance to the starship is fixed, the field ``falls" at the same rate
	as the ship, producing forward acceleration.  The acceleration is
	constant right up to lightspeed, and beyond, into the ``craze" of FTL
	speeds.  The ship is cut off from the outside universe during the
	craze, and significant time dialation occurs.  A small percentage of
	people undergoing the craze develop psychological problems due to
	being unable to tell if the universe is still there outside the ship.

\item[L'Engel, Madelaine.] \underline{A Wrinkle in Time}. Uses the idea that
space and time
	can be folded so that any two points touch. A ``tesserect" is used
	for travel and the three ladies, Mrs. Who, Mrs. What, and Mrs. Which
	use mental power in order to travel through the ``tesseract" to their
	destination.

\item[Longyear, Barry B.] \underline{SHAWNA, Ltd.}.  This short story uses a
device called the
	SHAWNA (Superluminal Hegelian Absolutized World Neospatial Amplifier)
	which allows philosophers to sit around and to think the ship from one
	place to another.

\item[Martin, George.] ``WildCard'' Series.  Dr. Tachyon's ship, `Baby', uses a tachyon
	propulsion system where the ship and its occupants are transformed
	or considered to behave like a single particle, in this case a tachyon.
	A weapon is also used that follows these principles.  The Takisian
	names for the drive and weapon are `ghostdrive' and `ghostlance'.  The
	reason for Faster Than Light travel is the property of the emulated
	particle, in this case the tachyon which can theoretically travel
	faster than the speed of light.

\item[May, Julian.] ``Exiles" Series. Ships pass into a place called `the grey limbo'
	in order to travel.  An `Upsilon field' is created for the ship to
	enter and exit hyperspace, and if the spacial lattices of the ship
	are not adjusted properly to the new surroundings after emergence, then
	`the rubber band effect' sends the ship back to its original point.
	The problem with this mode of transport is the pain that is caused
	by the Upsilon field and usually only Metapsychics who can use a
	mitigator to dull the pain can go very fast.  As the pain experienced
	is proportional to speed, passenger ships go nice and slow.

\item[McCaffery, Anne.] ``Dragonriders of Pern" series.  In this series, all of the
	creatures descended from dragons have the ability to go ``between".
	There is one book in which they actually travel to another planet by
	this method in order to try and kill alien spores.  As the dragons
	go to a cold, dark void, and then out of their destination, it could
	be argued that they are going through jump space at the time.

\item[McCollum, Michael.] ``Antares" Series. The instantaneous transport scheme used
	here is based upon the heavy gravity wells of stars.  In these wells
	exist folds that are half of a pair of folds.  It is then possible
	to travel from one fold to its partner fold.  The heavier the star,
	the more fold points are contained within its gravity well.  The
	existence of the folds themselves are actually functions of the mass of
	the star and of the target star.  If a star goes supernova, all fold
	points leading to that star are either destroyed or severely distorted
	instantaneously.  As well as the fold points near the star being
	changed, all of ``foldspace" was altered, some effects being
	instantaneous and some effects spreading outwards at the speed of
	light.
	
\item[Niven, Larry.] ``Known Space" Series/Universe. Technology purchased from aliens
where there is a fixed speed-limit of {\em x} light years per hour.
This rate of transport
	depends which hyperspace is entered as there are five levels ranging
	from, `I want to be there now' to `Next month is okay too'.  Weird
	psychological effects on people travelling through this hyperspace,
	as the hyperspace is treated as a big blind spot by the optic nerves.
	While it is possible to go outside of the ship in hyperdrive, it is
	quite possible that you will forget what sight is until you look back
	at the ship.  Therefore, while it is possible to have your eyes open
	and your face towards the viewport, it is impossible to look out of the
	viewport.  There is also a strange disappearance that occurs if the
	jump passes too close to a gravity well.

\item[Niven, Larry and Pournelle.] \underline{The Mote In God's Eye}.
Takes place in the
	future of the CoDominium universe (q.v. Pournelle, Jerry) about
	1000 years and uses Pournelle's Alderson drive..
(q.v. FTL-Books: Pournelle,Jerry: ``CoDominium Series".)

\item[Niven, Larry.] \underline{One Face}. The ship travels into
an `Overspace' which has
	two possible subspaces: c=0 or c=infinity.  Interesting consequences
	if the wrong one is entered.  Apparently, this type of drive is the
	ancestor of the drives used in the Known Space universe.

\item[Niven, Larry.]  \underline{One-Way Street}.  In this short story,
a really novel approach
	is used.  The crew is placed in suspended animation for a sublight
	voyage to the destination, followed by a time travel backwards to the
	starting date of the journey.  Depending on the method used to travel
	backwards, this could be considered Faster Than Light.

\item[Pohl, Frederick.] ``Heechee" Series.  By removing all of the mass from the ship,
	the limitation about accelerating masses to luminal velocities
	would disappear.

\item[Pournelle, Jerry.] ``CoDominium" Series, \underline{A Step Father Out}.
Transportation
	was possible using the drive along lines of equal nuclear-magnetic
	flux between stars.  This only works for certains points in space.
	There were a series of these points around most stars, some within the
	photospheres of some of these stars. (A friend of his, Dan Alderson,
        wrote a six page proof on how this couldn't work, and Pournelle named
        the drive after him for pointing this fact out.) Thus a ship
	would jump at star one and would jump to star two.  This drive is
	called the Alderson Drive and produces a slight amount of discomfort
	after use.  One theory is that the drive sends the vessel to an
	alternate universe where gravity wells are inverted and thusly, the
	ship would slide down one gravity gradient and glide up another
	gradient before instantaneously appearing in the target solar system.
	This drive is explained in very good detail in the book \underline{A Step
	Farther Out} which is edited by Pournelle.

\item[Sagan, Carl.] \underline{Contact}.  The drive used in this book uses wormholes for
	travel.

\item[Schmitz, James H.] \underline{The Witches of Karres}.  The residents of the planet
        Karres have developed a form of magic.  One of its more useful
        manifestations is the ``Sheewash Drive", which is a mentally powered
        drive that can propel spaceships (and, with enough people, planets)
        at very high speeds exceeding that of light.  Other faster than
        light systems are mentioned, but are not described in detail.

\item[Scott, Melissa.] \underline{Five-Twelfths of Heaven},
\underline{Silence in Solitude}, \underline{The Empress
	of Earth}.  Alchemy is used in order to get the ship into hyperspace
	where medieval symbology used in the drive can take effect.

\item[Shaw, Bob.] \underline{Night Walk}.  The faster than light travel is accomplished
        with a hyperspace that is very warped with respect to our space.
        In the beginning, it was very hard to predict where you would end
        up, so drones were send out to hopefully find useful routes, and
        once found, they were jealously guarded.  However, the hero of the
        story discovers that the hyperspace maps to some previously
        abstract mathematical space.

\item[Simmons, Dan.] \underline{Hyperion}, \underline{The Fall of Hyperion}.
The `Hawking Effect Drive' is a faster than light drive that experiences
the problem of the
        objective time, that is the time experienced by the traveller, is
        less than the subjective time, that is the time experienced by people
        that are not moving.  The ships are then able to set up `singularity
        spheres' which are used for interstellar distance teleporters called
        `farcasters', and is further described in the entry under the Gates
        section.  An ansible is used and is described under the Ansibles
        sections.
        (q.v. Ansible-Books, Gates-Books: Simmons, Dan: \underline{Hyperion},
\underline{The Fall of Hyperion}.)

\item[Smith, Cordwainer.] ``Instrumentality of Mankind" Series:
\underline{The Colonel Came Back
	From Nothing-At-All}, \underline{The Game of Rat and Dragon},
\underline{The Burning of
	the Brain}.  Uses two kinds of drives, the Space-2 and Space-3 drives.
	While most of the details are left out, the Space-2 drive involves going
	two dimensional.  These drives are put onto `planoforming' ships which
	have defense crews which consist of teams of feline and human
	`pinlighters' who ward of the energy-beast `dragons' who live there.
	After jumps using the Space-3 drive (which was instantaneous),
	a `Go-Captain' would consult star charts to figure out how far off
	course they were.  In the last story, an indication is made that a
	drive could be hooked up to a mansion so that people could have a
	pleasant afternoon at a cocktail party, end up at their destination
	in a leisurely fashion.

\item[Smith, E.E. ``Doc".] ``Lensman" Series.  Drive renders ship inertialess.  Speeds
	of greater than 100 parsecs per hour.  People uncomfortable due to
	total loss of inertia.  Collisions with inert objects cause ship to
	stop and `tractors' pull the vessels together. Speed limit is that
	of the friction of interstellar gas against the shields of the vessel
	versus the thrust of the main drive (which is reactionless).  Much
	better at intergalactic space then intragalactic space due to density
	changes. Also, a hyperspatial tube, a mind controlled `Gunther
        Drive', and a hyperspace drive are used.

\item[Smith, E.E. ``Doc".]
\underline{Spacehounds of the IPC}.  A cosmic intake is used in
        order to allow the ship to move at slower than light speeds.

\item[Spinrad, Norman.] `Subjectivity' from \underline{The Last Hurrah of the
Gloden Horde}.
	A starship crew is drugged out on Omnidrene, a new hallucinogen, and
	move their ship by instantaneously concentrating together.  While
	technically not a drive, a drive is developed by scientists observing
	what had happened.

\item[Spinrad, Norman.]
\underline{The Void Captain's Tale}.  Apparantly a faster than light
        drive is used here which is sex-powered.

\item[Vance, Jack.]
\underline{The Killing Machine}.  The drive used here is often referred to
        as Vance's standard faster than light drive.

\item[Vance, Jack.]
\underline{The Palace Of Love}.  An `intersplit' drive is used to
        make the ship go faster than light.  A substance called `space-foam'
        is ``whorled into a spindle; the pointed ends crack and split the
        foam, which has no inertia; the ship inside the whorl is insulated
        from the effects of the universe; the slightest force propels it at
        an unthinkable rate. Light curls through the whorl, we have the
        illusion of seeing the passing universe."  Therefore, if someone
        were to carry a small unit like this on his person, they would
        become invisible and a single breath would be capable of drifting
        a million miles in a single breath.

\item[Vance, Jack.] \underline{Rialto the Marvelous}.
The castle, through the use of magic,
	is able to obtain faster than light speeds. 

\item[Wren, M.K.] ``The Phoenix Rebellion" series:
\underline{Sword of the Lamb}, \underline{Shadow of
        the Swan}, \underline{House of the Wolf}.  A hyperdrive is used powered by
        matter/anti-matter annihilation.  Later this is replaced by matter
        transmission.

\item[Zahn, Timothy.] \underline{Cascade Point},
\underline{Evidence of Things Not Seen} (novellas).
	A ``Colloton field" is generated around a stationary ship.  While in
	this field, small real rotations of the ship produce huge displacements
	of the ship's position in ``real" space, measured in lightyears.  There
	are only certain locations at which this works correctly; they are
	called ``cascade points." The ships must use a sublight drive to travel
	from one point to the next.  In the stories, the Colloton drive is
	used commercially, but not fully understood.  Ships are known to simply
	disappear.  A poorly-understood side-effect of the drive is that while
	the Colloton field is engaged, images of the crew and passengers appear
	that are apparently alternate-universe versions of them.  They are
	unsettling to most people; for that reason, everyone but the pilot of
	the ship is drugged during cascade rotations.

\item[Zahn, Timothy.] \underline{Warhorse}.  ``Space Horses" were discovered,
a life-form that
	lives in space, and feeds on elements found in small asteroids.  They
	have the ability to jump instantaneously from star-system to
star-system.  They are non-sapient, but can be tamed.  A ship tethered to a
	horse goes with it when it jumps.  Why the horses can do what they do
	is not understood, but that doesn't stop intelligent beings from
	making use of them.
\end{description}

{\large Movies and Television:}

\begin{description}
\item[Battlestar Galactica.]  The ships are able to move at superluminal velocities
	by using a Maron drive.  This drive creates a field around the ship
	which allows for great velocities inside of the filed.  A chemical
	fuel, tylium, is used in order to generate the enormous power needed
	to make the field work.

\item[Blake's 7.]  A time-distort system is used that distorts space-time where a
	plasma drive is utilized for the travel itself.  The result is that
	the bubble goes faster than light with the ship encase within.

\item[Doctor Who.]  The TARDIS, a vessel that is transdimensional, is able to travel
	through the use of the vortex.  The vessel itself only exists as an
	inner dimension, and an outer appearance is normally maintained when
	the ship is not going through the time-vortex.  As the outside of the
	ship does not technically exist, it is easy for the vessel to move
	quickly throughout the universe as it does not have to observe the
	rules regarding the speed of light.  This requires a massive power
	source, like that gained by arresting a black hole.

\item[Dune.]  Unlike the book, in the movies, humans who have been genetically altered
	for a higher psychic capability using the spice Melange are able to
	change the physical location of an object by simply wishing it to go
	somewhere else. (q.v. FTL-Books; Herbert, Frank; \underline{Dune})

\item[Explorers.] In this movies, the kids dream up and create a generator that
	causes an inertialess bubble to be created.  The kids then build the
	ship from scrap parts.

\item[Last Starfighter.]  The StarDrive that is used here allows the vessel to
	cover great distances in really short amounts of time.  Doppler
	red shift is included.

\item[Planet of the Apes.]  The ship that is used in the movies seems to be capable
	of faster than light travel, or sublight travel with a time warp
	effect.  It is used in order to get to the future planet Earth, and
	the two intelligent chimpanzees use the drive to get back to the past
	in order to try and stop the holocaust.

\item[Robotech.]  There are three types of drives that are used.  The first two are
	part of the same drive.  The `SpaceFold' system uses the drive as a
	one shot jump, and the superluminal drive uses the reaction on a
	continuous basis.  The `protoculture' that is used to power the drive
	is mixed with magnetic monopole ore, the result being the creation of
	a fold in space.  The ship then jumps across the fold and arrives at
	the new point.  The spores from a plant called the `Flower of Life',
	can also be placed in a sealed container at a given pressure.  As a
	result, cell division is arrested and the resulting heat is transferred
	into electrical energy.  The side effect is that the machines that
	utilize this energy gain a form of semi-sentience in the form of
	reflexes.  The third type of drive uses a mutant strain of the Flower
	of Life called the `Ur' flower.  The two setbacks of this drive are
	that people age while the drive is operating, and that only the beings
	from the planet that the Ur flowers come from can activate the flower
	and hence the drive.  The beings must touch the flower before it is put
	into the engine, as opposed to the Flower of Life where anyone with a
	matrix can make protoculture from the Flower of Life.  The first drive
	can also be called a hyperjaunt drive, the second is a fold-jump
	system, with the third definitely being superluminal.  It is unclear
	if the fold-jump drive is actually repititions of the first drive, or
	if the ship goes into a hyperspace where there are time-dilation
	effects.

\item[Star Trek, The Original Series.]  By placing a ship inside of a `warp bubble',
	that is a field where the ship can break certain laws of physics as
	we know them, the ship can break the speed of light barrier.  Warp
	speed is Warp Factor cubed times the speed of light.

\item[Star Trek, the Next Generation.]  Like the original Star Trek, but faster. Due
	to technological advances, the ship can be placed in alternating warp
	fields to gain a theoretical maximum of 100,000 times the speed of
	light.  Warp speed is figured at the Warp Factor quintupled times the
	speed of light, that is to say that theoretically, Warp 10 is the
	fastest speed possible.

\item[Star Wars Trilogy:] \underline{Star Wars},
\underline{The Empire Strikes Back}, \underline{Return of the Jedi}.
Uses the idea of a hyperspace where some of the laws of the
        universe are reversed, in particular, ships cannot travel slower
        than the speed of light.  Therefore, all hyperspace-capable
starcraft have a device called a 'hyperspace motivator' which shifts
        the ship into hyperspace.  Objects that exist in real space have
        an analogue in hyperspace, except for a realspace object that is
        currently in hyperspace.  This makes navigation incredibly complex
        and navigational computers (nav'puters )are used to calculate the
        pathways before a hyperspace jump.
\end{description}

{\large Games:}

\begin{description}
\item[2300 AD.]  An follow up to the game, Twilight 2000, the drive used called the
	`stutterwarp' creates little jumps within spacetime.  These jumps are
	usually 100-200m quantum jumps which gives the ship the illusion of
	flickering or stuttering forward.  The tunneling or jumping that is
	performed is repeated millions of time per second.  Unfortunately,
	within a gravity field greater than 1/10000th of a gee, the efficiency
	of the drive drops to 0.01\%.  Therefore, a ship trying to jump from
	Earth (Terra), would have to be 2.4 Astronomical Units from the Sun,
	not allowing for the possibilities of planets close to the ship.  This
	is apparently one of the only superluminal drives based on existing
	physical concept. Similar drive (but without the gravity problem)
        can be found in the ``Flandry" series, by Poul Anderson.
(q.v. FTL-Books: Anderson, Poul: ``Flandry" series.)

\item[Battletech.]  Here, the Kearney-Fuchida Jump drive is used.  The drive coil
	rips the fabric of space open allowing the ship to travel to the
	target star.  Most jump points are at the zenith or nadir (the
	north and south poles of a star) and the jump distance is limited to
	approximately nine parsecs.

\item[Expendables, Stellar Games.]  In this game, the most modern form of hyperdrive
        was sold uniquely by a group called The Company, who also regulated
        the fuel used for the drive.  The fact that the drive itself was a
        container for a bizarre alien creature that lived around the event
        horizon of black holes, and developed an ability to warp between two
        points in space as a natural ability.  The larger the creature, the
        larger the ship that it could transport.  Also need was hardware to
        translate the computer co-ordinates into signals that the creature
        could understand and thereby guide the creature to where they wanted
        to go.  The creatures had to be continually fed with a fuel only made
        at the event horizon of a black hole, with a larger amount being fed
        to the creature at jump time.  The shipowners were totally unaware
        of the nature of their drive.

\item[GURPS Space.] Hyperdrives. Class of drives where the ship travels for
        finite durations through a space that is not `real space'.  Ships
        can usually navigate and maneuver in `hyperspace', but they are
        unable to perceive or otherwise effect anything in `real space'.
        The transit time through this dimension may be different from the
        time measured in the home dimension.

\item[GURPS Space.] Jump Drives.  Instantaneous transmission of the object through
	great distances. This automatically precludes any maneuvering while
        going faster than light as the amount of time at that speed is not
        perceivable.  Depending on the campaign setting, the starting point
        and the destination point may be limited.

\item[GURPS Space.] Warp Drives. Any drive that circumvents the speed of light
        on travel through `real space'.  This type of a ship is able to
        perceive and effect the `real' universe even though it is going
        at faster than light speeds.  The ship is also able to maneuver
        and navigate in the `real space'.

\item[Renegade Legion.]  A tachyon drive is used where the ship is accelerated to
	a speed just short of that of light, and then activating the tachyon
	drive.  The ship is then transferred to T-space and travels at an angle
	perpendicular to the normal space.  There seems to be a limit if one
	month in T-space before fatal problems arise.

\item[Spelljammer.]  Spelljammer Helm. Included for completeness, this drive is
	magical in nature, and allows the ship in question to travel through
	space.  All laws suspended here.

\item[Star Frontiers.]  The ship accelerates to $\frac{1}{6}$ speed of
light where an effect
	that is natural in the universe causes the ship to go into a hyperspace
	that lasts for a few seconds.  The ship then exits at the other side
	and must begin braking maneuvers.

\item[Star Wars.] See the entry under the Star Wars Trilogy.
        (q.v. FTL-Movies and Television; Star Wars Trilogy)

\item[Traveller, MegaTraveller.]  Jump Drives. The ship goes into another dimension
	where it goes to a corresponding point that represents its position in
	the normal universe.  The transition is made using high energies
	(achieved by fusing enormous amounts of hydrogen very fast) and
	using that energy to tear a hole in the fabric of the universe into
	Jumpspace.  While in Jumpspace, an internal Grid creates a containment
	field that allows normal physical laws to be retained as Jumpspace
	has other laws.  These laws are so varied that closeness to the
	protective field will result in insanity or death.  Some species are
	totally unable to exist, even in a protective field, with Jumpspace.
	The maximum jump distance has been built into the drives and is
	Jump6.  Every jump takes approximately 160 hours, with the amount of
	fuel used for the jump being proportional to the mass of the vessel
	and the distance to be jumped.  The one important concept is that a
	ship should not enter Jumpspace near gravity wells.  Any violation
	of this usually leads to misjumps which will place the ship at a wrong
	destination, damage to the ship and/or the crew, effect the time needed
	for a jump, or destroy the ship totally.  If a ship is not only within
	a gravity well, but also very close to a gravity source, the ship will
	be attracted to that source, usually emerging within 100 diameters of
	the mass.  Once a ship has entered jump space, the only way to abort
	the jump is the destruction of the ship.

\item[Universe.]  Each `jump ship' contains a psionic navigation officer and the
	jump grid which is a grid of magnetic monopoles.  The navigation officer
	pictures the destination and imposes this on the grid.  As the grid
	changes, the ship jumps.  This is really bad if done in a gravity well
	and the navigator stands a chance of getting psionic backlash.

\item[Warhammer 40,000.]  Like other methods, this one uses a warp space.  The
	main difference is that the warp space used is like a fluid.  Thus,
	in order to go from point A to point B, you need to catch a current
	and ride that current.  A point of interest is that there are physical
	landmarks in this version of warp space.  As there are no landmarks,
	psychic Navigators are used in order to locate psychic beacons that
	have been set up.  The problem with this is that only people from the
	Navigator families that have the Navigator gene are able to do this.
	In order to keep the psychic beacons activating, thousands of lives
	each day must be sacrificed in order to keep them going.  If this was
	not complicated enough, a species called `Warp Demons' lives in the
	warp space and want to take over the normal universe.
\end{description}

\vspace{.1in}

\begin{center}
{\Large Gates \& Teleportation}
\end{center}

\begin{description}

\item[(Unknown).] \underline{The Stars My Destination}.  People in society use trainable
        psychic power in order to teleport to their destination.  They have
        to be able to visualize the destination, otherwise you would 'blue
        jaunt' and teleport into a wall and explode.  Unique in the fact
        that to prevent burglary to houses, mazes were built behind the
        doors so that the theives wouldn't ever get into the house and
        therefore be able to teleport in and out at will.

\item[Chalker, Jack.] ``Soul Rider" series:
\underline{Spirits of Flux \& Anchor}, \underline{Empires
        of Flux \& Anchor}, \underline{Masters of Flux \& Anchor},
\underline{Birth of Flux \&
        Anchor}, \underline{Children of Flux \& Anchor}. The gates are maintained
        by large computers that are capable of digitizing large amounts
        of mass and then blasting them through the `Flux' and the having
        them reconstructed on the other side by an equally powerful
        computer.  A description of the `Flux' is given in the Faster Than
        Light section.
        (q.v. FTL-Books: Chalker, Jack: ``Soul Rider" Series.)

\item[Clarke, Arthur C.] \underline{2001}, \underline{2010}.  A cosmic gateway was used.

\item[DeChancie, John.]  ``Starrigger" books.  The gateways used in this series of
        books are in the form of an interstellar highway built by an unknown
        power.  Roads across the planets lead to giant, rotating, levitating
        cylinders which bracket the road.  Vehicles travelling in the right
        speed range are instantly teleported to a similar pair of such
        cylinders on another planet.  The process is not reversible, so
        people are reluctant to map unexplored areas for fear that they will
        not be able to get home.

\item[Feist, Raymond.] \underline{Magician Apprentice}, \underline{Magician Master},
\underline{Darkness At
        Sethanon}.  An interdimensional rift exists between the worlds.

\item[Harrison, Harry.] \underline{One Step From Earth}.  This book is a collection of
	stories using a ``matter transmitter" that forms a gateway between
	one place and the other.

\item[Herbert, Frank.] \underline{The Dosadi Experiment}, \underline{Whipping Star}.
These novels use
        gates that are controlled by sentient stars that have a four-dimensional
consciousness.  Also used were psionicists for the
        purpose of communication.
        (q.v. Ansible-Books: Herbert, Frank. \underline{The Dosadi Experiment},
        \underline{Whipping Star}.)

\item[Langford, David.] ``The Space Eater".  Anomalous Physics gates.  AP devices
	vary fundamental constants to get their effect.  Imagine $E=mc^{2}$ as
	{\em c} approaches infinity.  The first AP gate was about 10 feet across; it
	eventually blew up (taking half of North America) and causing $\sim$10\% of
	the stars in the Galaxy to simultaneously nova.  A safer version
	exists, but is only 1.95 centimetres across --- they chop you into
	little bits and push you through.  Good book!

\item[Niven, Larry.] ``The Theory and Practice of Teleportation" (Speculative Essay).
        This form of travel is definitely unique.  Niven supposes a ship that
        has a teleport sender at one end, and a receiver at the other end.
        In order to move, the ship repetitively teleports itself in front
        of itself.

\item[O'Donnell Jr., Kevin.] ``The Journeys of McGill Feighan" series:
\underline{Caverns}, \underline{Reefs}, \underline{Lava}, \underline{Cliffs}.
In this series, there exists `Flingers',
        people charged with the duty of teleporting people from star to
        star.  There are many interesting twists such as a precise mass
        cutoff while `flinging', a strict maximum on the number of `flings'
        per day, as well as the fact that a `flinger' must have visited a
        place in order to Fling someone else to it.  The `Flinger' must go
        with cargo and or passengers and the limit for extra weight is
        exactly 918 kilograms.

\item[Simmons, Dan.] \underline{Hyperion}, \underline{The Fall of Hyperion}.
Gates were established
        by using `singularity spheres' set up by ships travelling at faster
        than light speeds.  These spheres enabled the use of `farcasters',
        interstellar distance teleport devices that allow for the
instantaneous transfer of matter by simply stepping through a gate that
        is created by the device.  The system of these `farcasters' is
        known as the Web, and the general impression is that each planet
        has an expensive piece of hardware in orbit that powers the gates
        on the planet below.
        (q.v. Ansible-Books, FTL-Books: Simmons, Dan: \underline{Hyperion},
\underline{The Fall of Hyperion}.)

\item[Van Vogt, A.E.] \underline{The Arsenals of Isher}, \underline{The Weaponsmiths}.
Instantaneous
        matter transmission is used within the solar system by the arsenals.
        A superluminal drive is also created later by someone working
        independently, but now details are given.

\item[Zelazny, Roger.] \underline{Creatures of Light and Darkness}.  In this book, a gate
        is used for travelling.

\item[Zelazny, Roger.] ``Amber" series.  In this series, travel between the
        different worlds is accomplished by use of `Shadow'.

\item[Zelazny, Roger.] \underline{Changeling},
\underline{Madwand}, \underline{Roadmarks}.
In these books,
        the concept of having a road that you can travel that goes between
        worlds is used.
\end{description}

\vspace{.1in}

\begin{center}
{\Large Ansibles and Other \\ Communications Devices}
\end{center}

\begin{description}
\item[Card, Orson Scott.] \underline{Ender's Game},
\underline{Speaker For The Dead}.  Used an ansible
	which was able to transport communications almost instantaneously.
        (q.v. Sublight-Books: Card, Orson Scott,
\underline{Ender's Game},
\underline{Speaker for the Dead},
\underline{The Worthing Saga}.)

\item[Herbert, Frank.]  \underline{Dune}, \underline{Dune Messiah}.
The communication is based on the
        work of Holtzmann.  The one-dimensional effect, called `Holtzmann
        Waves', creates catastrophic folds in the space-time continuum
        which produce long radio waves whenever they impact significant
        amounts of matter.  Therefore, you point your radio at the other
        person, the message is instantaneously transmitted, no matter how
        far the distance is, and the large objects that are in the way
        end up emitting the radio waves themselves.  The two-dimensional
        version of the effect, called the `Holtzmann Shield' is used quite
        often in the book.  The three-dimensional effect is described in
        detail under the same heading in the Book section of the Faster
        Than Light drive section.
        (q.v. FTL-Books: Herbert, Frank: \underline{Dune}, \underline{Dune Messiah}.)

\item[Herbert, Frank.] \underline{The Dosadi Experiment}, \underline{Whipping Star}.
These novels use
        psionicists as communication devices.  The psionicists who are capable
        of telepathy are used to communicate across interstellar distances.
        All known telepaths are in the employ of the communications company.
        (q.v. FTL-Books: Herbert, Frank.  \underline{The Dosadi Experiment},
        \underline{Whipping Star}.)

\item[LeGuin, Ursula K.] \underline{Rocannon's World},
\underline{The Left Hand of Darkness},
\underline{The Dispossessed}.
The author coined the term `ansible'.  The techincal
        definition of an ansible is a communication device, one end of which
        is mobile, and the other end which must be firmly rooted within a
        gravity well.  It violates relativity by allowing instantaneous
        communication across vast distances.

\item[Sheffield, Charles.] \underline{Between the Strokes of Night}.  As in the
entry under
	sub-light drives and methods of communication, the concept of S-space
	is used with respect to communication.  As the metabolic rates are
	slowed down, the messages seems to take days, not months and years,
	to get from the sender to the receiver.

\item[Simmons, Dan.] \underline{Hyperion}, \underline{The Fall of Hyperion}. 
The `fatline' communication system that is used is a tachyon based system that is
independent of the Web.
        (q.v. FTL-Books,Gates-Books: Simmons, Dan: \underline{Hyperion},
\underline{The Fall of Hyperion}.)
\end{description}

\vspace{.1in}

\begin{center}
{\Large Standard Spaceflight}
\end{center}

\begin{description}
\item[Anderson, Poul.] \underline{Tau Zero}. Slower than light travel is achieved
including a
	time dilation factor.

\item[Burroughs, Edgar Rice.] ``Mars" series.  Rays that controlled gravity were
        used nad were hept in tanks.

\item[Card, Orson Scott.] \underline{Ender's Game}, \underline{Speaker for the Dead},
\underline{The Worthing Saga}.
The use of slower than light, relativistic travel is shown
        here, complete with the time-dilation effects.  The drive itself
        allows the ship to go to speeds near that of that of light and then
        back, making trips subjectively take weeks.  Due to this, Ender
        Wiggins of the first two books, and Jason Worthing of the last book
        have lived long as they have spent a lot of time in transit.  They
        also use an ansible, but not much about it is ever known.
        (q.v. Ansible-Books: Card, Orson Scott: \underline{Ender's Game},
\underline{Speaker for the Dead}.)

\item[Chandler, Bertram A.]  (Unknown).  Uses a Mannschenn drive.

\item[Clarke, Arthur C.] \underline{Imperial Earth}.  Uses the `Asymptotic Drive'
which keeps
	a charged quantum black hole in the drive chamber using magnetic
	fields.  Gas pumped into the chamber is sucked into the black hole
	which in turn emits photons which excite the remaining gas.  The gas
	molecules fly out the drive outlet making a very efficient reaction
	drive.  Obsolete due to Hawking's work on black hole evaporation.

\item[Dick, Philip K.] \underline{The Unteleported Man}.  This story is based on a colony
        planet where you can teleport to the planet, but are unable to
        teleport back.  The title character sets off to the colony by way
        of a sublight ship.

\item[Forward, Robert.] \underline{Rocheworld}.  A solar sail is used with the
sun's light
	being concentrated by a laser and a detachable part is used as a
	brake when the destination is reached.

\item[Heinlein, Robert.]
\underline{Future History}. In one of the Lazarus Long stories an
        inertialess drive is used to go just under the speed of light.

\item[Heinlein, Robert.]
\underline{Methuselah's Children}.  The type of sublight used here
        was one that made the ship inertialess and allowed the Howards to
        escape the solar system.  This operated on the principle that when
        the ship lost all inertia, the light pressure of the Sun would
        kick it away at just under the speed of light.  This was made
        possible by Andrew Jackson Libby.
        (q.v. FTL-Books; Heinlein, Robert: \underline{Methuselah's Children}.)

\item[Heinlein, Robert.] \underline{Rocketship Galileo}.  This drive uses a type
of drive
	that is called a Nerva system.  Instead of using a fission plant
	to turn a turbine, the superheated fluid is used as a propulsive
	jet.

\item[Heinlein, Robert A.] \underline{Time for the Stars}.  Sublight travel is
achieved with
	time dilation being taken into effect communication is achieved by the
	use of ESP.

\item[Lindsay, David.]
\underline{A Voyage To Arcturus}.  This drive relies on `back rays',
        which are similar to light rays that get attracted to the star that
        they originated from.  If you fill a container with them, then the
        container, and the vessel attached to it, will move towards the
        star in question.

\item[Niven, Larry and Pournelle, Jerry.]
\underline{Footfall}.  Uses ORIONs to push the ship along.
        (q.v. Miscellaneous: ORIONs.)

\item[Rackham, John.] \underline{The Proxima Project}.  The ship is propelled by the
	overbalancing of inertia.  A massive piston moves down very slowly
	and up very quickly... thousands of times per second.  The result
	is the ship that houses the piston begins to rise.  Think of being
	in a canoe.  It is possible to move the canoe by leaning back very
	slowly and then move forward with a big jerk.  This drive, while
	feasible for atmospheric travel, does not work in space due to the
	fact that in order for the above to work, an appropriate frictional
	surface or medium is needed.  It can further be argued that most of
	the generated energy in a medium would go to heating the vessel.

\item[Sheffield, Charles.] \underline{Between the Strokes of Night}.
After experimenters in
	sleep research discover a stable metabolic rate which is 2000 times
	slower than normal for humans.  Physicists also discover a hyperspace
	called S-Space where the speed of light is 2000 times slower due to
	the space itself.  Therefore, people lower there metabolic rates and
	go into to S-Space, travel at 0.1 times the speed of light, and get
	to the next solar system in only a month instead of 100-200 years.
	As well, since everything is slowed down, only supplies for a month
	are necessary.  The problem is that only the metabolic rates of the
	people in the ship are changed, the laws of the surrounding universe
	are not.  While, from the traveller's viewpoint, the ship seems to be
	going faster than light, sub-light speeds are used with a form of
	suspended animation.  The ``immortals" in the book also use suspended
	animation to make the transit time appear to be nothing.

\item[Sheffield, Charles.]  ``MacAndrew" stories:
\underline{The MacAndrew Chronicles}.  In
	this series, a sub-light drive is used that uses quantum mechanical
	vacuum energy, thus getting something from nothing.  Of equal interest
	is the feature used to compensate for inertia at high accelerations.
	The thrusters are mounted on a huge disk of condensed matter with the
	living quarters on a column behind this disk.  The distance from the
	living quarters to the disk is adjustable so that gravitational
	attraction of the disk matches the inertial force due to acceleration.

\item[Vinge, Vernor.] \underline{Marooned in Realtime}.
The ``bobbles" are perfect spherical
	time stasis fields.  They have numerous applications; one of them is
	to encase a ship in one, then explode a series of atom-bombs next to
	it, like Orion.  The passengers are completly insulated from the
	effects, including the massive acceleration, due to the stasis field.
	The time stasis results in a vastly reduced perception of travel time,
	so it is suitable for {\em long} interstellar trips.
\end{description}

\vspace{.1in}

\begin{center}
{\Large Miscellaneous}
\end{center}

\begin{description}
\item[Bussard Ramjets.]  These are drives that scoop up ambient atoms in the
	surrounding area, and use them in order to make the ship move.

\item[Generation ships.]  These are usually ships with sublight drives that travel
	great distances.  In order to survive until the destination is reached,
	the ships is made with the purpose of generations of people being able
	to live on the ship itself.

\item[Hyperspace.]  A common feature of hyperspace is that, as the mapping between
	it and real space is usually quite random, a small error in hyperspace
	means a big error in real space.  Stories are written about ships that
	got lost doing a jump.

\item[Light Sails.] These are sails made of special materials that capture the waves
        of photons going through the universe.  It has the same effect that a
        wind sail has on an ocean.

\item[ORIONs.]  Coming from the original form, Project ORION.  Project ORION
        made use of nuclear weapons dropped one at a time behind the ship,
        which has a larger `pusher plate' affixed to the rear.
The resultant shockwave from each explosion pushes the ship forward.  Messy
        when used for launching from Earth.  Use on Earth and in space is
        now forbidden by international law, due to the Limited Test Ban
        Treaty of 1983.
        (q.v. Sublight-Books: Niven, Larry and Pournelle, Jerry:
        \underline{Footfall}.)

\item[Sleeper Ships.] The ship in question travels at normal velocities with all of
	the people on board in suspended animation.
\end{description}

\vspace{6in}

\begin{quote}
``Invisible, to telescopic eyes\ldots \\
\ldots Infinity, the star that would not die."

\ \ \ --- Rush: Cygnus
\end{quote}

\end{document}
