P18                                                                              P1   General    Information to get you up and running                            P4   Move       How to move around the spreadsheet with the cursor               P39  F-Keys     Function keys                                                    P5   Format     How to change the appearance of your spreadsheet                 P6   Print      Print all or a portion of your spreadsheet                       P11  Width      How to Adjust the width of a Column                              P12  Graph      A description of available graphs                                P16  Macro      A little about macro keystroking                                 P22  Range      Operating on a Range of cells                                    P24  Math       The standard math functions                                      P27  Finance    Some Financial functions                                         P29  Stats      Statistical functions                                            P34  Logical    Logical Functions                                                P37  Sorting    How to sort a group of records                                   P38  Quest..    So ask your database what you want to know                       P43  Why?       Answers to common questions                                      P47  * Panels   Miscellaneous items                                              P49  Example    Some examples                                                    P                                                                                P                         *** A S - E A S Y - A S ***                            P                                                                                P    HELP SCREENS:  To view a selected page of help,  simply  move  the          P                   pointer  (at the bottom of the screen) to highlight a        P                   command and press [ENTER].                                   P                                                                                P         GENERAL:  Menus are accessed by pressing the  /  key.  To exit         P                   from any menu press the [ESC] key.                           P                                                                                P        SWITCHES:  Several options can be invoked when starting the program     P                   from DOS, by using one or more of the following switches:    P                                                                                P                   The form is  ASEASY /Switch1/Switch2/... [ENTER]             P                                                                                P                   /E     - Enables graphics for EGA                            P                   /Q     - Quick screen updating for CGA                       P                   /CTR   - Centers the column identifiers                      P                   /MY=x  - Sets the Currency sign to x (instead of $)          P                                                                                P                                                    (..More on next page..)     P          SWITCHES: (Continued)                                                 P                                                                                P                   /BK=x  - Sets the screen blank out period to x seconds       P                   /TP=x  - Sets the column header character to x               P                   /MONO  - Changes colors to white on black (CGA card)         P                   /SP    - Supresses the column and row borders                P                                                                                P                                                                                P          GRAPHS:  Graphs can be printed on your DOT matrix printer             P                   directly,from AS-EASY-AS, by accessing the Graph             P                   sub-menu.                                                    P                                                                                P                                                                                P          MACROS:  Menu driven and other automatic operations can be            P                   developed in AS-EASY-AS, using its powerfull macro           P                   commands.                                                    P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P   (-- See Next Page for Instructions on How to Order the latest version --)    P                  <<<<<<<    O R D E R    F O R M    >>>>>>>                    P  To  register and get  the LATEST version of  AS-EASY-AS,  and a PRINTED       P  manual, print this form on your printer, using Shift-PrtSc, fill it out       P  and send it to TRIUS Inc. (International Orders, add $5.00 for S&H).          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(0732) 771344        87 High St., Tonbridge, Kent TN9 1RX, ENGLAND       P                       M O V I N G   A R O U N D                                P                                                                                P        ╔═══════════╗                      ╔══════╦═══════╦═══════╗             P        ║       TAB ║                      ║   7  ║    8  ║    9  ║             P        ║ Shift-TAB ║                      ║ Home ║   UP  ║  Pgup ║             P        ╚═══════════╝                      ╠══════╬═══════╬═══════╣             P                                           ║   4  ║    5  ║    6  ║             P                                           ║ Left ║       ║  Right║             P   Each of the keys on the cursor          ╠══════╬═══════╬═══════╣             P   keypad has the ability to move          ║   1  ║    2  ║    3  ║             P   the cursor around the spreadsheet.      ║ End  ║  Down ║  PgDn ║             P                                        ╔══╚══════╬═══════╬═══════╝             P    Home - Move to cell A1              ║    0    ║    .  ║                     P    Up   - Move up one row              ║ Insert  ║ Delete║                     P    Pgup - Move up 20 rows              ╚═════════╩═══════╝                     P    Left - Move left one column                                                 P    Right- Move right one column         TAB - Move right one page              P    Down - Move down one row       Shift-TAB - Move left  one page              P    Pgdn - Move down 20 rows                                                    P                                                                                P                           F O R M A T T I N G                                  P                                                                                P    The  appearance  of  one or more cells in a range can be assigned a         P    format with the following keystrokes: /rf                                   P                                                                                P           TYPE                 FORMAT           STATUS                         P           ----                 ------           ------                         P           Fixed                 123.12           [F2]                          P           Science             1.245E+8           [S3]                          P           Comma                1,500.0           [,1]                          P           Currency             $523.52           [C2]                          P           Percent                34.12           [%2]                          P           General                                                              P           Text                  +A1+B2           [T]                           P           +/-                    +++++           [+/-]                         P           Date               20 May,87           [D1]  Six different forms     P           Hide                                   [H]   Invisible cell          P           Reset                                  Return to global format       P                                                                                P      (The value in the cell is actually retained with all decimals)            P                              P R I N T I N G                                   P                                                                                P    Printing to the printer, or a file, can be achieved by accessing the        P    Print sub-menu from the main menu.                                          P                                                                                P    Once selected, your  next  decision  will  be to either:                    P                                                                                P                 a). send all output to a printer, or                           P                 b). send all output to an ascii (.PRN) file.                   P                                                                                P    After selecting your output device,  you must define a range to print       P    with the RANGE command.  A range can be one cell or your entire             P    worksheet.                                                                  P                                                                                P    Once  the  range has been defined you can start printing by selecting       P    GO.  To exit the print menu select QUIT.                                    P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                           [More........]       P                       P R I N T   C O M M A N D S  (1)                         P                                                                                P    Range - stands for the rectangular area of the spreadsheet  which  is       P    to be printed.  This must be defined prior to initiating printing.          P                                                                                P    LINEFEED -  advance the paper in the printer a single line upwards.         P                                                                                P    PAGEADV  - advance the paper in the printer to the top of next page.        P                                                                                P    Adjust - Since most computers don't know exactly where the top of  the      P    page  is  you have to tell it.  So line up the paper perforation with       P    the top  of  your  printers  print  head.  Then  select  ALIGN.  This       P    synchronizes the computers and the printer so the pages line up.            P                                                                                P                              * * * * * * * *                                   P                                                                                P    If  you  don't  ALIGN  your  printer  you  may  print  over the paper       P    perforation. Messy!                                                         P                                                           [More...stuff]       P                                                                                P                       P R I N T   C O M M A N D S  (2)                         P    OPTION - This selection allows  access  to  another  menu.                  P        MARGINS                                                                 P           LEFT    - Maximum left margin is 240 characters                      P           RIGHT   - Maximum right margin is 240 characters                     P           TOP     - Set the number of blank lines before printed text          P           BOTTOM  - Set the number of blank lines after printed text           P                                                                                P        PG-LENGTH  - Allows you to set the length of a page. Up to 1024 lines   P        HEADER     - The header string will be the top line of every page       P        FOOTER     - The footer string will be the bottom line of every page    P        SETUP      - Send special formatting control codes to the printer       P        TYPE       - Instead of printing appearance , print contents            P                                                                                P    GO     - Finally when ready to print, select go.                            P                                                                                P    Notes:  You can STOP the printer at any time by pressing the [ESC] key      P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                           [More...stuff]       P                  P R I N T    C O N T R O L    C O D E S                       P                                                                                P    With  every  type  of  printer  you  usually  get  a  printer manual.       P    Somewhere  in  the  manual  are  instructions  for   formatting   the       P    appearance of characters produced by the printer.  These instructions       P    usually  consist  of  a  series  of  codes  sent to the printer.  For       P    example the codes to produce  EMPHASIZED  text  with  an  EPSON  type       P    printer are: 027 069                                                        P                                                                                P    The  number  27 stands for the [escape] code and the number 69 stands       P    for the capital letter 'E'.                                                 P                                                                                P                                                                                P    You can define the codes by selecting the following PRINT commands:         P                                                                                P          / PRINTTO   PRINTER   OPTION   SETUP                                  P                                                                                P    After which you will be prompted to enter a setup string.                   P                                                                                P                                                           [More...Codes]       P      All control codes must be placed in a  SETUP  string.  ASEASYAS  will     P    accept  codes only if they are separated by the back-slash  character       P    [\] .  For example type the following in response to the  prompt  for       P    the setup string:                                                           P                                                                                P                 \027\069   [enter]                                             P                                                                                P    If  you  want to change the string you can edit it by reselecting the       P    SETUP option.  Other commonly used codes for an EPSON  type  printers       P    are:                                                                        P                                                                                P     \027\070   Emphasized text off        \027\071    Double Strike on         P     \015       Condensed text on          \027\072    Double Strike off        P     \018       Condensed text off         \027\048    1/8"  line spacing       P     \014       Enlarged  text on          \027\049    7/72" line spacing       P     \020       Enlarged  text off         \027\050    1/6"  line spacing       P                                                                                P    Pressing \ and then F1, will open a secondary window containing the         P    setup codes available in the printer setup file (see manual).               P                                                                                P                         C O L U M N    W I D T H S                             P                                                                                P    You may adjust the width of any individual  column  by  pressing  the       P    following sequence of keystrokes:                                           P                                                                                P                            /wcs32 [enter]                                      P                                                                                P    This  example  activates  the  main menu,  selects WSHEET COLUMN SET        P    and then  inputs  the  size  as  32  columns.                               P                                                                                P                              OR . . . .                                        P                                                                                P    Instead of typing you can also  adjust the width by using the cursor        P    [left] and [right]  keys.  Try  pressing  one  of  these  keys  when        P    prompted for the column width.                                              P                                                                                P    You  can also adjust the global column width which applies equally to       P    all columns for which no local width has been assigned.  For  example       P    try typing:                                                                 P                      /wgc15 [enter]                                            P                                 G R A P H S (1)                                P                                                                                P     You can plot up to 6 different curves on a single graph.  Types of         P     graphs include:                                                            P                                                                                P              LINE      - X values are treated as labels and plotted in         P                          the order they occur in the X-range                   P                                                                                P              X-Y       - X values treated as numbers                           P                                                                                P              BAR       - X values treated as labels                            P                                                                                P              PIE       - Y values plotted as percent of sum of Y values.       P                          X contents are treated as labels and plotted          P                          next to percent Y values.                             P                                                                                P              STACK     - Stacked Bar Graph. Each specified Y range is plotted  P                          as an incremental bar, on top of the previous one.    P                                                                                P                                                      [...More Graphs...]       P                                 G R A P H S (2)                                P                                                                                P   An additional type of graph is also available from the Format submenu of     P   the Graph menu.  This is the Hi-Lo type graph, and it is only useful when    P   more that one Y-Ranges have been specified.  In this type of graph, all      P   Y-ranges points, corresponding to a given X-value, are connected with        P   a line.                                                                      P        i.e.  a line is drawn through points:  Y1(X1), Y2(X1), Y3(X1), ...      P              a line is drawn through points:  Y1(X2), Y2(X2), Y3(X2), ...      P                                   etc.                                         P                                                                                P   Scaling  of  both the  X and Y  axis can be performed.  Log Scales can       P   also be applied to either the X or Y axis or Both axis. The graph menu       P   can be activated by pressing the slash [/] and the letter G.                 P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                      [...More Graphs...]       P                               G R A P H S (3)                                  P                                                                                P   Steps in defining a graph:                                                   P                                                                                P       a).  Define the X-Range                                                  P       b).  Define one or more Y-ranges (A through G)                           P       c).  Specify the format of the X and Y axes (if desired)                 P       d).  Specify the Graph, X-axis and Y-axis titles (if desired)            P       e).  Finally, View or Print the graph.                                   P                                                                                P   To generate an exploding pie chart (with one or more slices of the           P   pie separated from the rest), in the column to the right of the              P   Y-range enter the number of pixels that you want that slice removed          P   from the rest of the pie.                                                    P                                                                                P   Remember that a pie chart can only have one Y-range.  If more than           P   one Y-ranges are defined, then the A-range is used in generating             P   the pie chart.                                                               P                                                                                P                                                   [...More Graphs...]          P                               G R A P H S (4)                                  P                                                                                P   This version of AS-EASY-AS also allows you to merge two graphs, the          P   currently defined graph and a previously named one.                          P                                                                                P       Assume you have a named graph, with the name "Graph-1".                  P       Define a new current graph.                                              P       Invoke the Name, Merge, Select option.                                   P       Select Graph-1 from the list that appears.                               P       Press View to display both graphs at the same time.                      P                                                                                P                                                                                P   Generated graphs can be printed on a Dot Matrix printer that                 P   supports Dot Addressable Graphics.  The setup code option, from              P   the Graph, Plot submenu, can be used to accomodate virtually any             P   such printer.                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                [...End of Graph...]            P                                                                                P                           M  A  C  R  O  S                                     P                                                                                P   A macro is a sequence of keystrokes or commands which can be  performed      P   automatically, just like a program.  Macros can be defined by assigning      P   a range name a single letter [A..Z] preceeded by a  [\]  backslash.          P                                                                                P   The macro will continue to execute downwards from the first row until a      P   blank  row  is  reached or the [ESC] key is pressed.                         P                                                                                P   AutoExecute macros start executing immediately after  a  spreadsheet  is     P   loaded.  To define an autoexecute macro apply  a range name of \0 to the     P   first macro cell to be executed.                                             P                                                                                P   All macro keys and substitute function keys must be enclosed in braces {}.   P   Try the following simple macro which moves the cursor right 2 cells.         P                                                                                P   Type the following in cell A1:   {RT}{RT}        [ENTER]                     P                                                                                P   Give cell A1 a range name of \A.   Now press [alt] and the letter A. SEE!    P                                                                                P                            M A C R O    K E Y S                                P                                                                                P   {LT}   - move cursor left       {PGLT} - move one page left                  P   {RT}   - move cursor right      {PGRT} - move one page right                 P   {UP}   - move cursor up         {PGUP} - move one page up                    P   {DN}   - move cursor down       {PGDN} - move one page down                  P   {HOME} - move cursor to A1                                                   P                                                                                P             Substitute Function keys and OTHERs.                               P                                                                                P   {EDIT}     {NAME}    {GOTO}      {CALC}   ~  - Substitute for [enter]        P   {ESC}      {ABS}     {WINDOW}    {GRAPH}                                     P                                                                                P   {?}  - Pause for input           {END}  -  Just like the end key             P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                       [More........]           P                       M A C R O    L A N G U A G E (1)                         P                                                                                P    A  special  set  of programming macros is available which gives sub-        P    routines, goto's and special label and value inputs.   These choices        P    are available only from within an executing macro.                          P                                                                                P       {Beep}           - A single beep sound.                                  P       {Blank  RANGE}   - Erase the specified range                             P       {Bordcolor x}    - Sets the Border color to x                            P       {BorderOff}      - Turn OFF the row and column borders                   P       {BorderOn}       - Turn ON the row and column borders                    P       {Botcolor x}     - Sets color of bottom line to x                        P       {Bs}             - Backspace, deletes character to the left              P       {Call}           - CALL routine at following cell and execute            P                          until {Ret}                                           P       {ClrScr}         - Clear the entire screen                               P       {Curscolor x}    - Sets color of cursor to x                             P       {Default "Ann"}  - Sets Panel menu position to line nn                   P       {Default "Enn"}  - Sets Cell Echo area position to line nn               P                                                        [..More..]              P                       M A C R O    L A N G U A G E (2)                         P                                                                                P       {Default "Fnn"}  - Sets Bottom row position to line nn                   P       {Default "Hnn"}  - Sets Column Heading position to line nn               P       {Default "Tnn"}  - Sets Top line position to line nn                     P       {Delay x}        - Delay an action, waiting for pressing any key         P       {Get Cell}       - Accepts the next key pressed and places it in Cell.   P       {GotoXy A1,A2}   - Position character cursor at col,row                  P       {If Test}        - IF  true then execute at following cell:              P                          else execute next row                                 P       {InLabel "Msg",A1}  - Input a LABEL and place at following cell          P       {InValue "Msg",A2}  - Input a NUMBER and place at following cell         P       {Indxy m,n}      - Place mode/status indicator in col m, row n           P       {Inkey cell}     - Accepts the next key pressed, places it in cell       P       {Iolabel "xx",Y} - Send string "xx" to the AUX device, wait for          P                          text (from AUX device) and place it in cell Y         P       {Iovalue,"xx",Y} - Send string "xx" to the AUX device, wait for a        P                              value (from AUX device) and place it in cell      P                                                                                P                                                               [..More..]       P                         M A C R O    L A N G U A G E (3)                       P                                                                                P       {Jump}           - JUMP to cell following instruction and start executingP       {Let cell,Arg}   - Replaces the contents of cell with Arg (value,        P                          equation, etc.)                                       P       {MenuCall NAME}  - Similar to above but acts as subroutine call          P       {MenuJump NAME}  - Define your own menu and branch to it                 P       {MenuOff}        - Turn off menu updating                                P       {MenuOn}         - Turn on menu updating                                 P       {MenuWidth A1}   - Set the width of menu, up to a maximum of 30          P       {MenuXy A1,A2}   - Set the col,row position of the menu.                 P       {Menucolor x}    - Sets the color of the menu to x                       P       {Option "BLx"}   - Sets left border character to x                       P       {Option "BRx"}   - Sets right border character to x                      P       {Option "C"}     - Center character on column header                     P       {Option "Dx"}    - Changes column dots to character x                    P       {Option "L"}     - Selects panel menu (instead of pull-down)             P       {Option "Vx"}    - Sets column header divider character to x             P       {Quit}           - QUIT, stop executing the macro                        P                                                           [..More..}           P                     M A C R O    L A N G U A G E (4)                           P                                                                                P       {Recalc RANGE}      - Calculate only the specified range                 P       {Ret}               - RETURN from a called subroutine                    P       {ScrnOff}           - Turn off the screen display update                 P       {ScrnOn}            - Turn on the screen display update                  P       {TextColor x}       - Changes the text color to X                        P                                   (see manual for colors)                      P       {Tone A1,A2}        - Play a tone of duration, frequency                 P       {Topcolor x}        - Sets color of tip line to x                        P       {Update}            - Refresh the screen with new cell values            P       {Window}            - Toggles cursor between two windows                 P       {Write "Message"}   - Place message at character cursor position         P       {WriteLn "Message"} - Same as above ,after move cursor row down          P                                                                                P       {InRange "Message",Cell} - Promts for a range using "Message".           P       The range is specified using the pointing method, and terminated         P       by [ENTER].  The resultan cell range is placed in Cell.                  P                                                                                P                                                   [.. End-of-Macros..]         P                             R A N G E                                          P                                                                                P    The  Range  command  allows  you to operate on a rectangular block of       P    cells.  For example,  consider all the cells bounded by cell  A1  and       P    cell  D2,  and  assume that the cursor is currently at A1.  To format       P    all the cells within the  above  block,  to  FIXED  FORMAT  with  two       P    decimals, enter the followin keystrokes:                                    P                                                                                P        /r ff 2 [ENTER] [LEFT] [LEFT] [DOWN] [DOWN] [ENTER]                     P        ││ ││ │    │      │      │      │       │     └────── Finish            P        ││ ││ │    │      │      │      │       └─ Operation                    P        ││ ││ │    │      │      │      └──  Move to D2                         P        ││ ││ │    │      │      └──  Move to D1                                P        ││ ││ │    │      └── Move to C1                                        P        ││ ││ │    └─  Move to B1                                               P        ││ ││ └── 2 Decimals                                                    P        ││ │└─ Fixed                                                            P        ││ └─ Format                                                            P        │└─ Range                                                               P        └─ Invoke Menu                                    [More........]        P     ***   MORE ABOUT RANGES  ***                                               P                                                                                P    The following operations can be performed on a range(block) of cells:       P                                                                                P     FORMAT   with a choice of:                                                 P                                                                                P                    FIXED     PERCENT     COMMA    TEXT     DATE                P                    SCIENCE   CURRENCY    +/-      HIDE     RESET               P                                                                                P     NAME         :  Give a rectangular range of cells a name                   P                                                                                P     ERASE        :  Erase a range of cells                                     P                                                                                P     LOCK         :  Prevent or allow changes on a cell                         P                                                                                P     PREFIX       :  Set up a range of cells to default to left                 P                     justified, right justified or centered.                    P                                                                                P     AUDIT        :  Trace the links to a cell throughout the  worksheet.       P                                                                                P                              F U N C T I O N S                                 P                                                                                P    The  following functions act upon the arguement (represented by 'x' )       P    contained within the parenthesis.  The argument may be a value  or  a       P    formula which references other cells within the spreadsheet.                P                                                                                P    Function     Description                     Example                        P    ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────        P    @ABS(x)      Returns the absolute value of arguement.                       P                                                                                P                     Example.  @ABS(-10) = 10                                   P                                                                                P    @INT(x)      Integer value of arguement. The fractional part                P                 of the number is truncated  and  the  integer                  P                 remainder is returned.                                         P                                                                                P                     Example: @INT(10.6) = 10                                   P                                                                                P                                                           [More........]       P                                                                                P      Function     Description                     Example                      P    ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────        P                                                                                P    @LOG(x)      Logarithm to base '10'          @LOG(10) = 1                   P                                                                                P    @LN(x)       Natural Logarithmn of base 'e'  @LN(6) = 1.7917594692          P                                                                                P    @EXP(x)      Raise 'e' to the 'x' power      @EXP(5) = 148.4131591          P                                                                                P    @SIN(x)      Sine of angle, x in radians.    @SIN(1.047) = 0.866            P                                                                                P    @COS(x)      Cosine of angle, x in radians.  @COS(1.047) = 0.5              P                                                                                P    @TAN(x)      Tangent of angle, x in radians  @TAN(1.047) = 1.732            P                                                                                P    @ATAN(x)     Arc Tangent, returns radians    @ATAN(1.732) = 1.047           P                                                                                P    @ASIN(x)     Arc Sine, returns radians       @ASIN(0.866) = 1.0471          P                                                                                P    @ACOS(x)     Arc cosine, returns radians     @ACOS(0.5) = 1.0471            P     Function     Description                     Example                       P   ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────          P   @SQRT(x)     Square root of arguement.       @SQRT(2) = 1.4142135624         P                                                                                P   @MOD(x,y)    Modula division,                @MOD(10,3) = 1                  P                Remainder of x divided by y     @MOD(8,2)  = 0                  P                                                                                P   @PI          Constant which has a value of   @PI = 3.14159...                P                                                                                P   @NA          Constant has a value of -1                                      P                                                                                P   @TRUE        Constant has a value of 1                                       P                                                                                P   @FALSE       Constant has a value of 0                                       P                                                                                P   @RAND        Returns a new random number after each CALC.                    P                                                                                P   @ROUND(x,y)  Rounds value x to y digits right   @ROUND(123.123,1) = 123.1    P                of decimal. Negative round to left.@ROUND(123.123,-2)= 100      P                                                                                P                F I N A N C I A L   F U N C T I O N S   (1)                     P                                                                                P    @PMT(Principal,interest,period)    ex.  @PMT(75000,0.0925,30) = 7462.61     P                                                                                P    Returns  the  amount  of  an  annuity  equal  to  the  principal            P    amortized over the period.                                                  P    ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────        P                                                                                P    @PV(Annuity,interest rate,period)  ex.  @PV(700,0.0925,30) = 7035.08        P                                                                                P    Returns the present value corresponding  to  an  annuity  occuring          P    over the specified period.  Reverse of the above.                           P    ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────        P    @FV(Annuity,interest rate,period)  ex.  @FV(700,0.0925,30) = 99979.77       P                                                                                P    Returns the future value corresponding to  an  annuity  occuring            P    over the specified period.  Reverse of the above.                           P                                                                                P                                                          [More...Math]         P                                                                                P              F I N A N C I A L   F U N C T I O N S  (2)                        P                                                                                P      @NPV(Interest rate,Range)                 @NPV(0.1,A1..D1)                P                                                                                P     Returns  the  Net  present  value  of a cash flow over interest            P     period.                                                                    P                                                                                P     ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────       P                                                                                P      @IRR(Interest rate,Range)                 @IRR(0.11,H1..H5)               P                                                                                P     Returns the Rate of Return per period  associated  with  a  cash           P     flow.  More than one solution may be possible if cash flow changes         P     between positive and negative values throughout range.                     P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                S T A T I S T I C A L   F U N C T I O N S (1)                   P                                                                                P    Statistical  functions  operate  on  a  range  of  values.   A  range       P    specifies a rectangular block of data in the  spreadsheet.  Only  ONE       P    range may be used as an arguement.  i.e.  Range = A1..B10 defines the       P    block of data from:                                                         P                          a1...b1                                               P                         a10...b10                                              P                                                                                P    When specifying the range only two  dots  can  be  used  to  seperate       P    cells. i.e.  A1..B6                                                         P                                                                                P           The range may be specified in two ways.                              P                                                                                P    The  first way is to type the name of the formula up to and including       P    the first bracket.  At this point use the cursor  keys  to  move  the       P    pointer  out  of  the cell,  and move it to one corner of the desired       P    range you wish to highlight.                                                P                                                           [More........]       P                                                                                P                S T A T I S T I C A L    F U N C T I O N S (2)                  P                                                                                P    Press the '.' key.  This  anchors  the  pointer  so  that  additional       P    pointer movements highlights more than just a single cell.                  P                                                                                P    Expand the pointer until the desired range is completely highlighted.       P    If  the  range  is bigger than that area displayed on the screen then       P    press the '.' anchor key to examine each of the corners of the range.       P    A little flashing cursor will indicate  the  current  corner.  It  is       P    also this side of the pointer which may be moved by the cursor keys.        P                                                                                P    When the range is completly highlighted press any other key to return       P    to your original cell and continue to input your formula.  Or if your       P    finished  with  the formula press the [enter] key.  Your formula will       P    be entered into the spreadsheet at the current cell position.               P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                           [More...Stats]       P                                                                                P                S T A T I S T I C A L   F U N C T I O N S (3)                   P                                                                                P    The second way to specify a range is simply to type the range name by       P    specifying the corners of the range as individual cells separated  by       P    two periods. i.e.  A1..B2                                                   P                                                                                P    Presented  below  are  the  statistical  functions  available  within       P    ASEASYAS.  To illustrate the use  of  each  function  an  example  is       P    included.                                                                   P                                                                                P    All  examples will operate on the numbers contained in the portion of       P    the spreadsheet duplicated below, A1..B2                                    P                                                                                P                      /........A/.......B/.......C/                             P                    1       1.1      5.6      8.2                               P                    2       2.3      7.5       10                               P                    3       3.5      4.4        2                               P                                                                                P                                                           [More....Stats]      P                                                                                P                S T A T I S T I C A L   F U N C T I O N S (4)                   P                                                                                P                                                                                P   @SUM(Range)   Sum of the range                    @Sum(A1..C3) = 44.6        P                                                                                P   @AVG(Range)   Average value of the range          @Avg(A1..B2) = 4.955555    P                                                                                P   @COUNT(Range) Count the number of elements        @Count(A1..B2) = 9         P                 in the range.  Blank cells ignored.                            P                                                                                P   @MIN(Range)   Minimum value in the range          @Min(A1..B2) = 1.1         P                                                                                P   @MAX(Range)   Maximum value in the range          @Max(A1..B2) = 10          P                                                                                P   @VAR(Range)   Returns the population variance of  @Var(A1..B2) = 8.438024    P                 the range.                                                     P                                                                                P   @STD(Range)   Standard deviation of the range     @Std(A1..B2) =  2.904827   P                                                                                P                                                           [More........]       P                 S T A T I S T I C A L   F U N C T I O N S (5)                  P                                                                                P   @HTABLE(compare,range,ofs)                                                   P                                                                                P                 Returns the value at vertical offset in the column             P                 that matches the  compare value.                               P                                                                                P                      Ex.  @HTABLE(5.6,A1..C3,1)                                P                                                                                P   @VTABLE(compare,range,ofs))                                                  P                                                                                P                 Returns the value at horizontal offset in the row              P                 that matches the compare value.                                P                                                                                P                      Ex. @VTABLE(2.3,A1..C3,2)                                 P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                           [More........]       P                     L O G I C A L   F U N C T I O N S                          P                                                                                P      The function    @IF(Test arguement,arg1,arg2)    returns:                 P                                                                                P                   value of arg1 if the test is true                            P                   value of arg2 if the test is false                           P                                                                                P    Test may use logical operators >,<,=,<>,>=,<= #OR#, #AND#, #XOR etc.        P                                                                                P               Example    @if(10>2,3*2,4+5) = 6                                 P                          @IF(10<2,3*2,4+5) = 9                                 P                                                                                P    As an example of using logic within a formula try the following:            P                                                                                P                 +(a1>2)*3+(a1<=2)*4                                            P                                                                                P    This formula will yield a result of 3 if  the  value  stored  in            P    cell  A1  is  greater  than 2 and will yield a 4 if the value is            P    less than or equal to 2.                                                    P                                                                                P                      O T H E R     F U N C T I O N S                           P                                                                                P    @ISSTR(Cell)                                                                P           Returns 1 if the referenced cell contains a                          P           label, 0 otherwise.                                                  P                                                                                P    @ISNUM(Cell)                                                                P           Returns 1 if the referenced cell contains a                          P           value, 0 otherwise.                                                  P                                                                                P    @LENGTH(Cell)                                                               P           Returns the number of characters, if the                             P           referenced cell contains a label, 0 otherwise.                       P                                                                                P    @CASE(N,Arg1,Arg2,Arg3,......)                                              P           Returns the Nth argument from the Argument list.                     P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                      D A T E      F U N C T I O N S                            P                                                                                P    @DATE(Year,Month,Day)               @DATE(87,5,20) = 31917                  P                                                                                P               Returns a unique integer for each day since Jan 1,1900           P                                                                                P    @TODAY                                                                      P               Returns the unique integer corresponding to todays date.         P                                                                                P    @YEAR(x)                             @YEAR(31917)  = 87                     P               Computes the year in which unique day occurs                     P                                                                                P    @MONTH(x)                            @MONTH(31917) = 5                      P               Based on total elapsed days determine month                      P                                                                                P    @DAY(X)                              @DAY(31917)   = 20                     P               Based on total elapsed days determine day in month               P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                            S O R T I N G                                       P                                                                                P     Sorting a data base of records by any field ( a column ) may be            P     done by performing the following sequence of keystrokes.                   P                                                                                P        1.   Get into the Data Sort menu by typing   /DS                        P                                                                                P        2.   Define the INPUT range, This includes all records in the data      P             base.( i.e. all rows and columns, excluding the headings)          P                                                                                P        3.   Define the PRIMARY key                                             P                                                                                P        4.   Optional: Define the SECONDARY key or tie breaker                  P                                                                                P        5.   Select GO to initiate the sort.                                    P                                                                                P        6.   WAIT!     The sort will be completed shortly and a beep will       P                       sound.                                                   P                                                                                P                                                                                P                           Q U E S T I O N I N G                                P                                                                                P      So now you have entered in your data and you want to extract all          P      records which match a selected criteria.  Follow these steps.             P                                                                                P         1.  Define your Criterion range by first copying those headings        P             over top of the fields you wish to search.   The headings          P             MUST match exactly.                                                P                                                                                P         2.  In the row beneath each of the headings type in the criteria.      P             If searching for a string match use the wildcard identifiers.      P                                                                                P             asterix *  - match all characters including and to right of *      P                mark ?  - match single character in position of ? mark.         P                                                                                P             Example    NAME       <----  Heading of data base                  P                        BOB?       <----  First criterion                       P                        B*         <----  Second , match all beginning with     P                                          letter B                              P                                                                                P                      F U N C T I O N    K E Y S (1)                            P                                                                                P                                                                                P                         ┌─────╖ ┌─────╖                                        P  Display   - HELP  «««  │ F1  ║ │ F2  ║ »»» EDIT   - Allow changes to cell     P  Help                   ╘═════╝ ╘═════╝              under cursor.             P                         ┌─────╖ ┌─────╖                                        P  List      - NAME  «««  │ F3  ║ │ F4  ║ »»» ABS    - Makes cell references     P  File names             ╘═════╝ ╘═════╝              absolute                  P                         ┌─────╖ ┌─────╖                                        P  Move to   - GOTO  «««  │ F5  ║ │ F6  ║ »»» WINDOW - Changes windows or        P  indicated              ╘═════╝ ╘═════╝              flips screens.            P  cell                   ┌─────╖ ┌─────╖                                        P             Undefined - │ F7  ║ │ F8  ║ - Undefined                            P                         ╘═════╝ ╘═════╝                                        P                         ┌─────╖ ┌─────╖                                        P  Recalc    - CALC  «««  │ F9  ║ │ F10 ║ »»» GRAPH  - Display current graph     P  all cells              ╘═════╝ ╘═════╝                                        P                                                                                P                                                                                P                      F U N C T I O N    K E Y S (2)                            P                                                                                P  F1 - In the ready mode invokes the Help screens (that's how you got here)     P       In the edit mode:                                                        P                                                                                P         a).  After a left curly bracket has been entered, it brings up a       P              screen containing all the macro command names.                    P         b).  After an operator has been entered (+,-,/,....), it brings        P              up a screen containing all the range names in the worksheet.      P         c).  After the @ key has been entered, it brings up a screen           P              containing all the function names.                                P                                                                                P         When one of the above screens is displayed, move to the desired        P         selection and press [ENTER]. Your choice is placed in the command      P         area and tyou are returned to the edit mode.                           P                                                                                P  F2 - Places the contents of the cell the cursor is currently on, in the       P       command area and enters the edit mode.  After you finish editing,        P       press [ENTER] to accept the changes and return to the ready mode.        P                                               [...More Function Keys...]       P                      F U N C T I O N    K E Y S (3)                            P                                                                                P  F3 - Pressing F3 you are prompted for a macro to execute.  You can            P       either type the name or hit ESCAPE.  If you hit ESCAPE, a window         P       appears with all the range names.  Select the one corresponding to       P       the macro you want to execute and press [ENTER].                         P                                                                                P  F4 - Makes the references in the current cell absolute.                       P                                                                                P  F5 - When you press F5, you are promted for a destination cell.  You can      P       either type the cell or range name you want to go to, or press           P       ESCAPE.  If you press ESCAPE, a window appears containing all the        P       range names in the worksheet.  Select the range name you want and        P       press [ENTER].                                                           P                                                                                P  F6 - If two windows are currently open, F6 toggles the cursor between         P       them.  If only one window is open, pressing F6 toggles the cursor        P       bettween the current and last cursor cell location.                      P                                                                                P                                            [..More Function Keys..]            P                      F U N C T I O N    K E Y S (4)                            P                                                                                P  F7 - Not Used                                                                 P  F8 - Not Used                                                                 P                                                                                P  F9  - Pressing F9 re-calculates all cells that contain an equation.           P        While in the edit mode, pressing F9 replaces the equation that is       P        displayed in the commands area with its calculated value.               P                                                                                P  F10 - F10 re-displays the currently defined graph.  This function key is      P        useful for viewing graphs while performing what-if analyses.            P        Using F10 you do not have to go through the /GV and then Quit           P        sequence every time you change the values of the defined X and Y        P        ranges.                                                                 P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                 [..End of Function Keys..]     P                                                                                P                          Q U E S T I O N S  (1)                                P                                                                                P Following are answers to some commonly asked questions.                        P                                                                                P Question                                  Answer                               P ---------                                 -------                              P I see ASTERIXES where my number          Number is to wide to be displayed     P used to be.                              in the column.  Expand column until   P                                          Number appears or change format ,     P                                          /Wsheet Column Set                    P                                                                                P Not all of my print range prints,        Your print margins are not wide       P part is cut off.                         enough.  Expand margin with,          P                                          /PrintTo Printer Options Margin.      P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                    [..More Questions..]        P                          Q U E S T I O N S  (2)                                P                                                                                P How do I get an AUTOEXEC macro?          Give your macro a range name of       P                                          \0 (zero not O),and save your         P                                          file.  Next time the file is          P                                          retrieved it will start               P                                          executing that macro.                 P                                                                                P Can I have a worksheet file              Yes, name your file AUTOEXEC.WKS.     P loaded automatically when I              Also, remember to set the default     P start the program?                       directory, to the one where this      P                                          file is located, when you start       P                                          the program.                          P                                                                                P I have a CGA card with a black           Use the /MONO switch when you         P and white monitor, and I can't           start the AS-EASY-AS program.         P see the graphs when they are                                                   P displayed.                                                                     P                                                                                P                                                    [..More Questions..]        P                          Q U E S T I O N S  (3)                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P I tried to view a graph that I           This symptom usually occurs           P had defined, and I only got the          when the X-axis is defined as         P axes, no data points.                    range of labels, and the graph        P                                          type is X-Y.                          P                                                                                P                                                                                P I imported a file into AS-EASY-AS        When importing an ASCII file          P using the File, Import, Values           as values, the only labels that       P command, and I got the values but        are retained are those enclosed       P not any of the labels.                   in double quotes.                     P                                                                                P                                                                                P How can I hide columns?                  Columns can be hidden by              P                                          specifying column width zero.         P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                       M I S C E L L A N E O U S                                P                                                                                PPARSE   -  Converts a string (a collection of characters) into equivalent       P           formulas or values in adjacent columns in the same row.              P                                                                                PTABLE   -  Allows you to automate the process of changing individual            P           cells (which feed a spreadsheet model) and have the spreadsheet      P           get the result and place it in a table for you.                      P                                                                                PSORT    -  You can sort a range of data alphabetically and numerically.         P           Each row is a single RECORD of information.  Each column             P           represents a FIELD.  You can sort based on a single field or         P           with an additional tie breaker field.                                P                                                                                PQUESTION - With a data base as described in sort,  you can make ASEASYAS        P           search through the data base and extract (place in another area      P           copies of the record) records which match the criteria you define.   P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                  P A N E L S  -  D I M E N S I O N S  (1)                      P                                                                                P    The Wsheet, Global, Dimensions command allows you to simulate a 3-D         P    environment.  When the command is invoked,  you are prompted for the        P    number of panels (up to 100 allowed).                                       P                                                                                P    The generated panels are 256 columns wide and (1048/N) rows high,           P    where N is the number of panels specified.  Panels are named                P    sequentially (A, B, C, ....).   The current panel is indicated by its       P    letter, positioned on the upper left corner of the screen, directly         P    above the column numbers.                                                   P                                                                                P    You can go from the current panel to another as follows:                    P                                                                                P        1. Use the GOTO (F5) function key.                                      P        2. Press Ctrl-PgDn.  This makes the next panel in the                   P           sequence the current panel.                                          P        3. Press Ctrl-PgUp.  This makes the previous panel in the               P           sequence the current panel.                                          P                                                           [.. More ..]         P                 P A N E L S  -  D I M E N S I O N S  (2)                       P                                                                                P                                                                                P    Cells from any panel can be accessed as though they were in the             P    current one.   When the Dimensions option is on, the cells are              P    referenced by the panel letter(s), followed by a colon and the cell         P    reference:                                                                  P                                                                                P    Examples:                                                                   P                      A:A1    -  Panel A, Cell A1                               P                     +AA:W34  -  Add cell W34 from panel AA                     P                                                                                P    When the number of panels is reset to one, all information in the           P    rest of the panels is retained in the worksheet.  For example if two        P    panels had been selected, and information was entered in cell B:A1,         P    when the number of panels is reset to one, the information in B:A1          P    is now located in cell A1025.                                               P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                 M A C R O    E X A M P L E S   (1)                             P                                                                                P   Place cursor in cell A1.                                                     P                                                                                P          Type                  Press                Explanation                P     -------------------      --------      ------------------------            P   {RT 3}{DN 5}{LT 3}{UP 5}    [ENTER]      Creating a macro to move            P                                            the cursor arround  the             P                                            screen.                             P                                                                                P          /rnc\a            [ENTER][ENTER]  Naming the macro, "\A"              P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P    Now press the Alt key, and while holding it down press the A key.           P    You should see the cursor move right, down left and up again,               P    ending up in cell A1.                                                       P                                                                                P    (The cursor movement might be a little too fast to tell how many            P     rows and columns it's moving).                                             P                    M A C R O    E X A M P L E S   (2)                          P                                                                                P   Enter the information presented below in the indicated cells:                P   (Finish each entry by pressing the [ENTER] key).                             P                                                                                P      Cell         Contents                  Explanation                        P      ----       -------------          ------------------------                P       A1         {GOTO}A21~            Place cursor in cell A21                P       A2            {?}                Pause and wait for input                P                                        (Terminated by [ENTER])                 P       A3         {GOTO}A1~             Place cursor in cell A1.                P                                                                                P                                                                                P     Now move to cell A1 and press  /rnc\b[ENTER][ENTER].                       P                                                                                P     Pressing Alt-B, will now move the cursor to cell A21 and pause             P     for input.  Type anything you want (including nothing) and press           P     [ENTER].  The cursor will now move to cell A1, and execution of            P     the macro will stop.                                                       P                                                                                P                    M A C R O    E X A M P L E S   (3)                          P                                                                                P   Enter the information presented below in the indicated cells:                P   (Finish each entry by pressing the [ENTER] key).                             P                                                                                P      Cell         Contents                  Explanation                        P      ----       -------------          ------------------------                P       A1          {HOME}               Place cursor in A1.                     P                                                                                P       A2        {INVALUE "A=",B1}      Display "A=" in the panel               P                                        area of the worksheet, place            P                                        the entered value in B1.                P                                                                                P       A3        {if B1>10}{JUMP QT}    If the value in B1 is greater           P                                        than 10, start executing the            P                                        macro named QT.                         P                                                                                P       A4        {LET B2,B1*10}         Multiply value in B1 by 10,             P                                        and place result in B2.                 P                                                      [..Continued..]           P                    M A C R O    E X A M P L E S   (4)                          P                                                                                P      Cell         Contents                  Explanation                        P      ----       -------------          ------------------------                P       A5                               Leave this cell blank.                  P                                                                                P       A6         {LET B2,B1*100}       Multiply value in B1 by 100,            P                                        and place result in B2.                 P                                                                                P       A7                               Leave this cell blank.                  P                                                                                P   Now name the required ranges using the following keystrokes:                 P          /rnc\aa1[ENTER]     -  Name the first macro cell                      P          /rncQTa6[ENTER]     -  Name the second macro cell.                    P                                                                                P   Press Alt-A.  The program will display "A=" in the panel area and            P   pause for input.   anter a value and press [ENTER].  If the value            P   is less than 10, 100 times the value appears in B2, if not, 10               P   times  the value appears in B2.                                              P                                                                                P                      S O R T I N G    A   R A N G E (1)                        P                                                                                P   Consider the following worksheet:                                            P                                                                                P                ........A/.......B/.......C/....                                P            1         75 P                                                      P            2          8 G                                                      P            3         35 B                                                      P            4         81 Q                                                      P            5         18 O                                                      P            6         10 E                                                      P            7         60 T                                                      P            8         48 D                                                      P                                                                                P                                                                                P   You can sort the two columns of information (alphabetically) based           P   column A, column B or both.                                                  P                                                                                P   The following help screen, shows you how to do it and what the               P   result is.                                                                   P                      S O R T I N G    A   R A N G E (2)                        P                                                                                P   Sort the range, using column A as the criterion, by the following            P   keystrokes:                                                                  P                                                                                P                /DSDA1..B8[ENTER]1A1[ENTER]A[ENTER]G                            P                                                                                P   The resulting worksheet is:                                                  P                                                                                P           .......A/.......B/.......C/....                                      P       1          8 G                                                           P       2         10 E                                                           P       3         18 O                                                           P       4         35 B                                                           P       5         48 D                                                           P       6         60 T                                                           P       7         75 P                                                           P       8         81 Q                                                           P                                                                                P                                                                                P                      S O R T I N G    A   R A N G E (3)                        P                                                                                P         Now consider the following  data range to be sorted:                   P                                                                                P               ........A/.......B/.......C/.......D/......                      P              1                                                                 P              2 F.Name   L.Name        Age   Weight                             P              3 John     Murray         23      152                             P              4 Nicholas Johnson        35      187                             P              5 William  Allan          52      192                             P              6 Joan     Harris         21      166                             P              7 Michael  Williams       29      144                             P              8 Wayne    Peterson       57      171                             P              9 Paul     Mathews        33      162                             P             10 Anthony  Gold           27      158                             P             11 Peter    Simpson        34      199                             P                                                                                P         See next help screen for the database sorted by age.                   P                                                                                P                                                                                P                      S O R T I N G    A   R A N G E (4)                        P      Enter the following keystrokes:                                           P                                                                                P                /DSDA3..D11[ENTER]PC1[ENTER]A[ENTER]G                           P                                                                                P          The resulting worksheet is:                                           P                                                                                P              ........A/.......B/.......C/.......D/.....                        P             1                                                                  P             2 F.Name   L.Name        Age   Weight                              P             3 Joan     Harris         21      166                              P             4 John     Murray         23      152                              P             5 Anthony  Gold           27      158                              P             6 Michael  Williams       29      144                              P             7 Paul     Mathews        33      162                              P             8 Peter    Simpson        34      199                              P             9 Nicholas Johnson        35      187                              P            10 William  Allan          52      192                              P            11 Wayne    Peterson       57      171                              P                                                                                P          Q U E S T I O N I N G   A   D A T A B A S E (1)                       P                                                                                P  Using the database in the previous screen as our example, Place the           P  cursor in cell A20 and type:                                                  P               /CA2..D2 [ENTER] [ENTER]    (Criteria Heading)                   P                                                                                P  Move the cursor to cell A25 and type:                                         P                                                                                P               /CA2..B2 [ENTER] [ENTER]    (Output Heading)                     P                                                                                P  Now set the the  criteria of selection, eg., all last names starting          P  with a W.  Place the cursor in cell  A21, and type W*.                        P                                                                                P  Now define the required Data Question Ranges:                                 P                                                                                P               /DQIA2..D11 [ENTER]     (Sets Input range)                       P                  CA20..D21 [ENTER]    (Sets criterion range)                   P                  OA25..D30 [ENTER]    (Sets output range)                      P                                                 [..More on Next Page..]        P                                                                                P          Q U E S T I O N I N G   A   D A T A B A S E (2)                       P                                                                                P  Now to extract all records with last names starting with W, just              P  press  E  (for Extract).                                                      P                                                                                P  The output range should look like:                                            P                                                                                P               F.Name   L.Name        Age   Weight                              P               Michael  Williams       29      144                              P                                                                                P  Now change the criterion to age>35 (i.e. erase cel A21 and enter              P  C3>35 in cell C21).  Finally, extract the desired records.  The               P  output range should look like:                                                P                                                                                P               F.Name   L.Name        Age   Weight                              P               William  Allan          52      192                              P               Wayne    Peterson       57      171                              P                                                                                P                                                                                P   ....................................................................         P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                                                                                P                     [ ...  End  of Help File ... ]                             P                        ........................                                P                         ......................                                 P                          ....................                                  P                           ..................                                   P                            ................                                    P                             ..............                                     P                              ............                                      P                               ..........                                       P                                ........                                        P                                 ......                                         P                                  ....                                          