ZOO(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual ZOO(1) NAME zoo - manipulate archives of files in compressed form SYNOPSIS zoo {acfDeghlLPTuUvVx}[aAcCdEfgImMnNoOpPqSu1:/.@n+-=] archive [file] ... zoo -command archive [file] ... zoo h DESCRIPTION Zoo is used to create and maintain collections of files in compressed form. It uses a Lempel-Ziv compression algorithm that gives space savings in the range of 20% to 80% depend- ing on the type of file data. Zoo can store and selectively extract multiple generations of the same file. Data can be recovered from damaged archives by skipping the damaged por- tion and locating undamaged data with the help of fiz(1). This documentation is for version 2.0. Changes from previ- ous versions are described in the section labelled CHANGES. The command zoo h gives summary of commands. Zoo will not add an archive to itself, nor add the archive's backup (with .bak extension to the filename) to the archive. Zoo has two types of commands: Expert commands, which con- sist of one command letter followed by zero or more modifier characters, and Novice commands, which consist of a hyphen (`-') followed by a command word that may be abbreviated. Expert commands are case-sensitive but Novice commands are not. When zoo adds a file to an existing archive, the default action is to maintain one generation of each file in an archive and to mark any older generation as deleted. A limit on the number of generations to save can be specified by the user for an entire archive, or for each file indivi- dually, or both. Zoo deletes a stored copy of an added file if necessary to prevent the number of stored generations from exceeding the user-specified limit. Deleted files may be later undeleted. Archives may be packed to recover space occupied by deleted files. All commands assume that the archive name ends with the characters .zoo unless a different extension is supplied. Novice commands Novice commands may be abbreviated to a hyphen followed by at least one command character. Each Novice command works Printed 2/4/88 Feb 3, 1988 1 ZOO(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual ZOO(1) in two stages. First, the command does its intended work. Then, if the result was that one or more files were deleted in the specified archive, the archive is packed. If packing occurs, the original unpacked archive is always left behind with an extension of .bak. No Novice command ever stores the directory prefix of a file. The Novice commands are as follows. -add Adds the specified files to the archive. -freshen Adds a specified file to the archive if and only if an older file by the same name already exists in the archive. -delete Deletes the specified files from the archive. -update Adds a specified file to the archive either: if an older file by the same name already exists in the archive or: if a file by the same name does not already exist in the archive. -extract Extracts the specified files from the archive. If no file is specified all files are extracted. -move Equivalent to -add except that source files are deleted after addition. -print Equivalent to -extract except that extracted data are sent to standard output. -list Gives information about the specified archived files including any attached comments. If no files are specified all files are listed. Deleted files are not listed. -test Equivalent to -extract except that the extracted data are not saved but any errors encountered are reported. -comment Allows the user to add or update comments attached to archived files. When prompted, the user may: type a Printed 2/4/88 Feb 3, 1988 2 ZOO(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual ZOO(1) carriage return to skip the file, leaving any current comment unchanged; or type a (possibly null) comment of up to 65,535 characters terminated by /end (case- insensitive) on a separate line; or type the end-of- file character (normally control D) to skip all remain- ing files. -delete Deletes the specified files. The correspondence between Novice and Expert commands is as follows. Novice Equivalent Command Description Expert Command ____________________________________________________________ -add add files to archive aP: -extract extract files from archive x -move move files to archive aMP: -test test archive integrity xNd -print extract files to standard output xp -delete delete files from archive DP -list list archive contents VC -update add new or newer files aunP: -freshen by add newer files auP: -comment add comments to files c Expert commands The general format of expert commands is: zoo {acDeghlLPTuUvVx}[aAcCdEfImMnNoOpPqSu1:/.@n+-=] archive [file] ... The characters enclosed within {} are commands. Choose any one of these. The characters enclosed within [] just to the right of the {} are modifiers and zero or more of these may immediately follow the command character. All combinations of command and modifier characters may not be valid. Files are added to an archive with the command: zoo {au}[cfIMnPqu:+-] archive [file] ... Command characters are: a Add each specified file to archive. Any already- archived copy of the file is deleted if this is neces- sary to avoid exceeding the user-specified limit on the number of generations of the file to maintain in the archive. Printed 2/4/88 Feb 3, 1988 3 ZOO(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual ZOO(1) u Do an update of the archive. A specified file is added to the archive only if a copy of it is already in the archive and the copy being added is newer than the copy already in the archive. The following modifiers are specific to these commands. M Move files to archive. This makes zoo delete (unlink) the original files after they have been added to the archive. Files are deleted after addition of all files to the archive is complete and after any requested packing of the archive has been done, and only if zoo detected no errors. n Add new files only. A specified file is added only if it isn't already in the archive. P Pack archive after files have been added. u Applied to the a command, this modifier makes it behave identically to the u command. The combination of the n modifier with the u modifier or u command causes addition of a file to the archive either if the file is not already in the archive, or if the file is already in the archive but the archived copy is older than the copy being added. : Do not store directory names. In the absence of this modifier zoo stores the full pathname of each archived file. I Read filenames to be archived from standard input. Zoo will read its standard input and assume that each line of text contains a filename. Under AmigaDOS and the **IX family, the entire line is used. Under MS-DOS and VAX/VMS, zoo assumes that the filename is terminated by a blank, tab, or newline; thus it is permissible for the line of text to contain more than one field separated by white space, and only the first field will be used. Under the **IX family of operating systems, zoo can be used as follows in a pipeline: find . -print | zoo aI sources If the I modifier is specified, no filenames may be supplied on the command line itself. Printed 2/4/88 Feb 3, 1988 4 ZOO(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual ZOO(1) +,- These modifiers take effect only if the a command results in the creation of a new archive. + causes any newly-created archive to have generations enabled. - is provided for symmetry and causes any newly-created archive to have generations disabled; this is also the default if neither + nor - is specified. Files are extracted from an archive with the command: zoo {ex}[dNoOpqS./@] archive [file] ... The e and x commands are synonymous. If no file was speci- fied, all files are extracted from the archive. The following modifiers are specific to the e and x com- mands: N Do not save extracted data but report any errors encountered. O Overwrite files. Normally, if a file being extracted would overwrite an already-existing file of the same name, zoo asks you if you really want to overwrite it. You may answer the question with `y', which means yes, overwrite; or `n', which means no, don't overwrite; or `a', which means assume the answer is `y' for this and all subsequent files. The O modifier makes zoo assume that files may always be overwritten. Neither answer- ing the question affirmatively nor using O alone will cause read-only files to be overwritten. On **IX systems, however, doubling this modifier as OO will force zoo to unconditionally overwrite any read- protected files with extracted files if it can do so. The O, N, and p modifiers are mutually exclusive. S Supersede newer files on disk with older extracted files. Unless this modifier is used, zoo will not overwrite a newer existing file with an older extracted file. o This is equivalent to the O modifier if and only if it is given at least twice. It is otherwise ignored. p Pipe extracted data to standard output. Error messages are piped to standard output as well. However, if a bad CRC is detected, an error message is sent both to standard error and to standard output. / Extract to original pathname. Any needed directories must already exist. In the absence of this modifier Printed 2/4/88 Feb 3, 1988 5 ZOO(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual ZOO(1) all files are extracted into the current directory. If this modifier is doubled as //, required directories need not exist and are created if necessary. The management of multiple generations of archived files is done with the commands: zoo gl[Aq]{+-=}number archive files .. zoo gc[q]{+-=}number archive files .. zoo gA[q]- archive zoo gA[q]+ archive The first form, gl, adjusts the generation limit of selected files by the specified value. If the form =n, is used, where n is a decimal number, this sets the generation limit to the specified value. If + or - are used in placed of = the effect is to increment or decrement the generation limit by the specified value. For example, the command zoo gl=5 xyz : sets the generation limit of each file in the archive xyz.zoo to a value of 5. The command zoo gl-3 xyz : decrements the generation limit of each file in the archive to 3 less than it currently is. If the A modifier is used, the archive-wide generation limit is adjusted instead. The number of generations of a file maintained in an archive is limited by the file generation limit, or the archive gen- eration limit, whichever is lower. As a special case, a generation limit of 0 stands for no limit. Thus the default file generation limit of 0 and archive generation limit of 1 limits the number of generations of each file in a newly- created archive to one. The generation limit specified should be in the range 0 through 15; any higher numbers are interpreted modulo 16. The second form of the command, using gc, adjusts the gen- eration count of selected files. Each file has a generation count of 1 when it is first added to an archive. Each time a file by the same name is added again to an archive, it receives a generation count that is one higher than the highest generation count of the archived copy of the file. The permissible range of generation counts is 1 through Printed 2/4/88 Feb 3, 1988 6 ZOO(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual ZOO(1) 65535. If repeated manipulations of an archive result in files having very high generation counts, they may be set back to lower numbers with the gc command. The syntax of the command is analogous to the syntax of the gl command, except that the A modifier is not applicable to the gc com- mand. The third form, gA-, disables generations in an archive. Generations are off when an archive is first created, but may be enabled with the fourth form of the command, gA+. When generations are disabled in an archive, zoo will not display generation numbers in archive listings or maintain multiple generations. Generations can be re-enabled at any time, though manipulation of an archive with repeated inter- spersed gA- and gA+ commands may result in an archive whose behavior is not easily understandable. Archived files are listed with the command: zoo {lLvV}[aAcCdfgmqvV@/1+-] archive[.zoo] [file] ... l Information presented includes the date and time of each file, its original and current (compressed) sizes, and the percentage size decrease due to compression (labelled CF or compression factor). If a file was added to the archive in a different timezone, the difference between timezones is shown in hours as a signed number. As an example, if the difference is listed as +3, this means that the file was added to the archive in a timezone that is 3 hours west of the current timezone. The file time listed is, however, always the original timestamp of the archived file, as observed by the user who archived the file, expressed as that user's local time. (Timezone information is stored and displayed only if the underlying operating system knows about timezones.) If no filename is supplied all files are listed except deleted files. Zoo selects which generation(s) of a file to list according to the following algorithm. If no filename is supplied, only the latest generation of each file is listed. If any filenames are speci- fied, and a generation is specified for an argument, only the requested generation is listed. If a filename is specified ending with the generation character (`:' or `;'), all generations of that file are listed. Thus a filename argument of the form zoo.c will cause only the latest generation of zoo.c to be listed; an argu- ment of the form zoo.c:4 will cause generation 4 of Printed 2/4/88 Feb 3, 1988 7 ZOO(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual ZOO(1) zoo.c to be listed; and an argument of the form zoo.c: or zoo.c:* will cause all generations of zoo.c to be listed. L This is identical to the l command except that all sup- plied arguments must be archives and the contents of each are listed. On **IX systems, on which the shell expands arguments, if multiple archives are to be listed, the L command must be used. On other systems (VAX/VMS, AmigaDOS, MSDOS) on which wildcard expansion is done internally by zoo, wildcards may be used in the archive name, and a multiple archive listing obtained, using the l com- mand. v This causes any comment attached to the archive to be listed in addition to the other information. V This causes any comment attached to the archive and also any comment attached to each file to be listed. Both the V and v command characters can also be used as modifiers to the l and L commands. In addition to the general modifiers described later, the following modifiers can be applied to the archive list com- mands. a This gives a single-line format containing both each filename and the name of the archive, sorted by archive name. It is especially useful with the L command, since the result can be further sorted on any field to give a master listing of the entire contents of a set of archives. A This causes any comment attached to the archive to be listed. g This modifier causes file generation information to be listed about the archive. For each file listed, the user-specified generation limit, if any, is listed. For example, `3g' for a file means that the user wants no more than three generations of the file to be kept. In archives created by older versions of zoo, the list- ing will show `-g', meaning that no generation informa- tion is kept and multiple generations of the file are not being maintained. In addition to the generation information for each file, the archive-wide generation limit, if any, is shown at the end of the listing. If generations have Printed 2/4/88 Feb 3, 1988 8 ZOO(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual ZOO(1) been disabled by the user, this is so indicated, for example: Archive generation limit is 3 (generations off). For more information about generations see the descrip- tion of the g command. m This modifier is currently applicable to **IX systems only. It causes the mode bits (file protection code) of each file to be listed as a three-digit octal number. Currently zoo preserves only the lowest nine mode bits. Their meanings are as described in the **IX documentation for the chmod(1) command. C This modifier causes the stored cyclic redundancy code (CRC) for each archived file to be shown as a four- digit hexadecimal number. 1 This forces one filename to be listed per line. It is most useful in combination with the f modifier. / This forces any directory name to be always listed, even in fast columnized listings that do not normally include any directory names. +,- The - modifier causes trailing generation numbers to be omitted from filenames. The + modifier causes the trailing generation numbers to be shown, which is also the default if neither - nor + is specified. Files may be deleted and undeleted from an archive with the following commands: zoo {DU}[Pq1] archive file ... The D command deletes the specified files and the U command undeletes the specified files. The 1 modifier (the digit one, not the letter ell) forces deletion or undeletion of at most one file. If multiple instances of the same file exist in an archive, use of the 1 modifier may allow selective extraction of one of these. Comments may be added to an archive with the command: zoo c [A] archive Without the modifier A, this behaves identically to the -comment command. With the modifier A, the command serves to add or update the comment attached to the archive as a whole. This comment may be listed with the lA, LA, v, and V commands. Applying the cA command to an archive that was Printed 2/4/88 Feb 3, 1988 9 ZOO(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual ZOO(1) created with an older version of zoo will result in an error message requesting that the user first pack the archive with the P command. This reorganizes the archive and creates space for the archive comment. The timestamp of an archive may be adjusted with the com- mand: zoo T[q] archive Zoo normally attempts to maintain the timestamp of an archive to reflect the age of the newest file stored in it. Should the timestamp ever be incorrect it can be fixed with the T command. An archive may be packed with the command: zoo P[EPq] archive If the backup copy of the archive already exists, zoo will refuse to pack the archive unless the P modifier is also given. The E modifier causes zoo not to save a backup copy of the original archive after packing. A unique temporary file in the current directory is used to initially hold the packed archive. This file will be left behind if packing is interrupted or if for some reason this file cannot be renamed to the name of the original archive when packing is complete. Packing removes any garbage data appended to an archive because of Xmodem file transfer and also recovers any wasted space remaining in an archive that has been frequently updated or in which comments were replaced. Packing also updates the format of any archive that was created by an older version of zoo so that newer features (e.g. archive- wide generation limit, archive comment) become fully avail- able. Zoo can act as a pure compression or uncompression filter, reading from standard input and writing to standard output. This is achieved with the command: zoo f{cu} where c specifies compression and u specifies uncompression. A CRC value is used to check the integrity of the data. The compressed data stream has no internal archive structure and contains multiple files only if the input data stream was already structured, as might be obtained, for example, from tar or cpio. Printed 2/4/88 Feb 3, 1988 10 ZOO(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual ZOO(1) Modem transfers can be speeded up with these commands: zoo fc < file | sz ... rz | zoo fu > file General modifiers The following modifiers are applicable to several commands: c Applied to the a and u commands, this causes the user to be prompted for a comment for each file added to the archive. If the file being added has replaced, or is a newer generation of, a file already in the archive, any comment attached to that file is shown to the user and becomes attached to the newly-added file unless the user changes it. Possible user responses are as described for the -comment command. Applied to the archive list command l, the c modifier causes the list- ing of any comments attached to archived files. . In conjunction with / or // this modifier causes any extracted pathname beginning with `/' to be interpreted relative to the current directory, resulting in the possible creation of a subtree rooted at the current directory. In conjunction with the command P the . modifier causes the packed archive to be created in the current directory. This is intended to allow users with limited disk space but multiple disk drives to pack large archives. d Most commands that act on an archive act only on files that are not deleted. The d modifier makes commands act on both normal and deleted files. If doubled as dd, this modifier forces selection only of deleted files. f Applied to the a and u commands, the f modifier causes fast archiving by adding files without compression. Applied to l it causes a fast listing of files in a multicolumn format. q Be quiet. Normally zoo lists the name of each file and what action it is performing. The q modifier suppresses this. When files are being extracted to standard output, the q modifier suppresses the header preceding each file. When archive contents are being listed, this modifier suppresses any header and trailer. When a fast columnized listing is being obtained, this modifier causes all output to be com- bined into a single set of filenames for all archives being listed. Printed 2/4/88 Feb 3, 1988 11 ZOO(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual ZOO(1) When doubled as qq, this modifier suppresses WARNING messages, and when tripled as qqq, ERROR messages are suppressed too. FATAL error messages are never suppressed. Recovering data from damaged archives The @ modifier allows the user to specify the exact position in an archive where zoo should extract a file from, allowing damaged portions of an archive to be skipped. This modifier must be immediately followed by a decimal integer without intervening spaces, and possibly by a comma and another decimal integer, giving a command of the form l@m or l@m,n (to list archive contents) or x@m or x@m,n (to extract files from an archive). Listing or extraction begin at position m in the archive. The value of m must be the position within the archive of an undamaged directory entry. This position is usually obtained from fiz(1) version 2.0 or later. If damage to the archive has shortened or lengthened it, all positions within the archive may be changed by some constant amount. To compensate for this, the value of n may be specified. This value is also usually obtained from fiz(1). It should be the position in the archive of the file data corresponding to the directory entry that has been specified with m. Thus if the command x@456,575 is given, it will cause the first 456 bytes of the archive to be skipped and extraction to begin at offset 456; in addition, zoo will attempt to extract the file data from position 575 in the archive instead of the value that is found in the directory entry read from the archive. For example, here is some of the output of fiz when it acts on a damaged zoo archive: **************** 2526: DIR [changes] ==> 95 2587: DATA **************** 3909: DIR [copyrite] ==> 1478 3970: DATA 4769: DATA **************** In such output, DIR indicates where fiz found a directory entry in the archive, and DATA indicates where fiz found file data in the archive. Filenames located by fiz are enclosed in square brackets, and the notation "==> 95" indicates that the directory entry found by fiz at position 2526 has a file data pointer to position 95. (This is clearly wrong, since file data always occur in an archive after their directory entry.) In actuality, fiz found file data at positions 2587, 3970, and 4769. Since fiz found only two directory entries, and each directory entry Printed 2/4/88 Feb 3, 1988 12 ZOO(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual ZOO(1) corresponds to one file, one of the file data positions is an artifact. In this case, commands to try giving to zoo might be x@2526,2587 (extract beginning at position 2526, and get file data from position 2587), x@3090,3970 (extract at 3090, get data from 3970) and x@3909,4769 (extract at 3909, get data from 4769). Once a correctly-matched directory entry/file data pair is found, zoo will in most cases syn- chronize with and correctly extract all files subsequently found in the archive. Trial and error should allow all undamaged files to be extracted. Also note that self- extracting archives created using sez (the Self-Extracting Zoo utility for MS-DOS), which are normally executed on an MS-DOS system for extraction, can be extracted on non-MSDOS systems using zoo's damaged-archive recovery method using the @ modifier. Wildcard handling Under the **IX family of operating systems, the shell nor- mally expands wildcards to a list of matching files. Wild- cards that are meant to match files within an archive must therefore be escaped or quoted. When selecting files to be added to an archive, wildcard conventions are as defined for the shell. When selecting files from within an archive, wildcard handling is done by zoo as described below. Under MS-DOS and AmigaDOS, quoting of wildcards is not needed. All wildcard expansion of filenames is done by zoo, and wildcards inside directory names are expanded only when listing or extracting files but not when adding them. The wildcard syntax interpreted by zoo is limited to the following characters. * Matches any sequence of zero or more characters. ? Matches any single character. Arbitrary combinations of * and ? are allowed. / If a supplied pattern contains a slash anywhere in it, then the slash separating any directory prefix from the filename must be matched explicitly. If a supplied pattern contains no slashes, the match is selective only on the filename. c-c Two characters separated by a hyphen specify a charac- ter range. All filenames beginning with those charac- ters will match. The character range is meaningful only by itself or preceded by a directory name. It is Printed 2/4/88 Feb 3, 1988 13 ZOO(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual ZOO(1) not specially interpreted if it is part of a filename. : and ; These characters are used to separate a filename from a generation number and are used when selecting specific generations of archived files. If no generation char- acter is used, the filename specified matches only the latest generation of the file. If the generation char- acter is specified, the filename and the generation are matched independently by zoo's wildcard mechanism. If no generation is specified following the : or ; charac- ter, all generations of that file will match. As a special case, a generation number of 0 matches only the latest generation of a file, while ^0 matches all gen- erations of a file except the latest one. If no filename is specified preceding the generation charac- ter, all filenames will match. As a corollary, the generation character by itself matches all generations of all files. MS-DOS users should note that zoo does not treat the dot as a special character, and it does not ignore characters fol- lowing an asterisk. Thus * matches all filenames; *.* matches filenames containing a dot; *_* matches filenames containing an underscore; and *z matches all filenames that end with the character z, whether or not they contain a dot. Usage hints The Novice command set in zoo is meant to provide an inter- face with functionality and format that will be familiar to users of other similar archive utilities. In keeping with this objective, the Novice commands do not maintain or use any subdirectory information or allow the use of zoo's abil- ity to maintain multiple generations of files. For this reason, users should switch to exclusively using the Expert commands as soon as possible. Although the Expert command set is quite large, it should be noted that in almost every case, all legal modifiers for a command are fully orthogonal. This means that the user can select any combination of modifiers, and when they act together, they will have the intuitively obvious effect. Thus the user need only memorize what each modifier does, and then can combine them as needed without much further thought. For example, consider the a command which is used to add files to an archive. By itself, it simply adds the speci- fied files. To cause only already-archived files to be updated if their disk copies have been modified, it is only necessary to add the u modifier, making the command au. To Printed 2/4/88 Feb 3, 1988 14 ZOO(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual ZOO(1) cause only new files (i.e., files not already in the archive) to be added, the n modifier is used to create the command an. To cause both already-archived files to be updated and new files to be added, the u and n modifiers can be used together, giving the command aun. Since the order of modifiers is not significant, the command could also be anu. Further, the c modifier can be used to cause zoo to prompt the user for a comment to attach to each file added. And the f modifier can cause fast addition (addition without compression). It should be obvious then that the command auncf will cause zoo to update already-archived files, add new files, prompt the user for comments, and do the addition of files without any compression. Furthermore, if the user wishes to move files to the archive, i.e., delete the disk copy of each file after it is added to the archive, it is only necessary to add the M modifier to the command, so it becomes auncfM. And if the user also wishes to cause the archive to be packed as part of the command, thus recovering space from any files that are replaced, the command can be modified to auncfMP by adding the P modifier that causes packing. Similarly, the archive listing commands can be built up by combining modifiers. The basic command to list the contents of an archive is l. If the user wants a fast columnized listing, the f modifier can be added to give the lf command. Since this listing will have a header giving the archive name and a trailer summarizing interesting information about the archive, such as the number of deleted files, the user may wish to "quieten" the listing by suppressing these; the relevant modifier is q, which when added to the command gives lfq. If the user wishes to see the **IX mode (file protection) bits, and also information about multiple gen- erations, the modifiers m (show mode bits) and g (show gen- eration information) can be added, giving the command lfqmg. If the user also wishes to see an attached archive comment, the modifier A (for archive) will serve. Thus the command lfqmgA will give a fast columnized listing of the archive, suppressing any header and trailer, showing mode bits and generation information, and showing any comment attached to the archive as a whole. If in addition individual comments attached to files are also needed, simply append the c modifier to the command, making it lfqmgAc. The above com- mand will not show any deleted files, however; to see them, use the d modifier, making the command lfqmgAcd (or double it as in lfqmgAcdd if only the deleted files are to be listed). And if the user also wishes to see the CRC value for each file being listed, the modifier C will do this, as in the command lfqmgAcdC, which gives a fast columnized listing of all files, including deleted files, showing any Printed 2/4/88 Feb 3, 1988 15 ZOO(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual ZOO(1) archive comment and file comments, and file protection codes and generation information, as well as the CRC value of each file. Note that the above command lfqmgAcdC could also be abbrevi- ated to VfqmgdC because the command V is shorthand for lcA (archive listing with all comments shown). Similarly the command v is shorthand for lA (archive listing with archive comment shown). Both V and v can be used as modifiers to any of the other archive listing commands. Generations By default, zoo assumes that only the latest generation of a specified file is needed. If generations other than the latest one need to be selected, this may be done by specify- ing them in the filename. For example, the name stdio.h would normally refer to the latest generation of the file stdio.h stored in a zoo archive. To get an archive listing showing all generations of stdio.h in the archive, the specification stdio.h:* could be used (enclosed in single quotes if necessary to protect the wildcard character * from the shell). Also, stdio.h:0 selects only the latest genera- tion of stdio.h, while stdio.h:^0 selects all generations except the latest one. The : character here separates the filename from the generation number, and the character * is a wildcard that matches all possible generations. For con- venience, the generation itself may be left out, so that the name stdio.h: (with the : but without a generation number or a wildcard) matches all generations exactly as stdio.h:* does. If a generation is specified but no filename is present, as in :5, :*, or just :, all filenames of the specified genera- tion will be selected. Thus :5 selects generation 5 of each file, and :* and : select all generations of all files. It is important to note that zoo's idea of the latest gen- eration of a file is not based upon searching the entire archive. Instead, whenever zoo adds a file to an archive, it is marked as being the latest generation. Thus, if the latest generation of a file is deleted, then no generation of that file is considered the latest any more. This can be surprising to the user. For example, if an archive already contains the file stdio.h:5 and a new copy is added, appear- ing in the archive listing as stdio.h:6, and then stdio.h:6 is deleted, the remaining copy stdio.h:5 will no longer be considered to be the latest generation, and the file stdio.h:5, even if undeleted, will no longer appear in an archive listing unless generation 5 (or every generation) is specifically requested. This behavior will likely be improved in future releases of zoo. Printed 2/4/88 Feb 3, 1988 16 ZOO(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual ZOO(1) FILES xXXXXXX - temporary file used during packing archive_name.bak - backup of archive SEE ALSO compress(1), fiz(1) BUGS Files with generation counts that wrap around from 65535 to 1 are not currently handled correctly. If a file's genera- tion count reaches a value close to 65535, it should be manually set back down to a low number. This may be easily done with a command such as gc-65000, which subtracts 65000 from the generation count of each specified file. This problem will be fixed in a future release. Although zoo on **IX systems preserves the lowest nine mode bits of regular files, it does not currently do the same for directories. Currently zoo's handling of the characters : and ; in filenames is not robust, because it interprets these to separate a filename from a generation number. A quoting mechanism will eventually be implemented. Standard input cannot be archived nor can a created archive be sent to standard output. Spurious error messages may appear if the filename of an archive is too long. Since zoo never archives any file with the same name as the archive or its backup (regardless of any path prefixes), care should be taken to make sure that a file to be archived does not coincidentally have the same name as the archive it is being added to. It usually suffices to make sure that no file being archived is itself a zoo archive. (Previous ver- sions of zoo sometimes tried to add an archive to itself. This bug now seems to be fixed.) Only regular files are archived; directories and devices are not. Early versions of MS-DOS have a bug that prevents "." from referring to the root directory; this leads to anomalous results if the extraction of paths beginning with a dot is attempted. VAX/VMS destroys case information unless arguments are enclosed in double quotes. For this reason if a command given to zoo on a VAX/VMS system includes any uppercase characters, it must be enclosed in double quotes. Under VAX/VMS, zoo does not currently restore file timestamps; this will be fixed as soon as I figure out RMS extended Printed 2/4/88 Feb 3, 1988 17 ZOO(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual ZOO(1) attribute blocks, or DEC supplies a utime() function, which- ever occurs first. Other VMS bugs, related to file struc- tures, can often be overcome by using the program bilf.c that is supplied with zoo. It is not currently possible to create a zoo archive con- taining all zoo archives that do not contain themselves. DIAGNOSTICS Error messages are intended to be self-explanatory and are divided into three categories. WARNINGS are intended to inform the user of an unusual situation, such as a CRC error during extraction, or -freshening of an archive containing a file newer than one specified on the command line. ERRORS are fatal to one file, but execution continues with the next file if any. FATAL errors cause execution to be aborted. The occurrence of any of these causes an exit status of 1. Normal termination without any errors gives an exit status of 0. (Under VAX/VMS, however, to avoid an annoying mes- sage, zoo always exits with an error code of 1.) COMPATIBILITY All versions of zoo on all systems are required to create archives that can be extracted and listed with all versions of zoo on all systems, regardless of filename and directory syntax or archive structure; furthermore, any version of zoo must be able to fully manipulate all archives created by all lower-numbered versions of zoo on all systems. So far as I can tell, this upward compatiblity (all manipulations) and downward compatiblity (ability to extract and list) is maintained by zoo version 2.0. You are forbidden, with the force of copyright law, to create from the zoo source code any derivative work that violates this compatibility goal, whether knowingly or through negligence. If any violation of this compatibility goal is observed-i.e., if you are able to use an implementation of zoo to create an archive that some implementation of zoo on any system cannot extract-this should be considered a serious problem and reported to me. CHANGES Zoo version 1.5 was posted to Usenet in mid-1987. Later, I distributed version 1.71 via anonymous UUCP and disks, but I did not widely distribute it by other means such as online information services or bulletin boards, because changes from 1.5 to 1.71 were minor. Although 1.5 was distributed for MSDOS in binary form, 1.71 was not. The Amiga version of 1.71 has just been released as this documentation is written. The current version 2.0 is a significant enhancement from 1.5, with many new features and improvements. Here is a list. In parentheses is given the version in which each Printed 2/4/88 Feb 3, 1988 18 ZOO(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual ZOO(1) feature was introduced. - (1.71) New modifiers to the list commands permit optional suppression of header and trailer information, inclusion of directory names in columnized listings, and fast one-column listings. - (1.71) Timezones are handled. - (1.71) A bug was fixed that had made it impossible to individually update comments for a file whose name did not correspond to MS-DOS format. - (1.71) A change was made that now permits use of the shared library on the **IX PC. - (1.71) VAX/VMS is now supported reasonably well. - (2.0) A comment may now be attached to the archive itself. - (2.0) The OO option allows forced overwriting of read- only files. - (2.0) Zoo will no longer extract a file if a newer copy already exists on disk; the S option will override this. - (2.0) File attributes are preserved for **IX systems. - (2.0) Multiple generations of the same file are sup- ported. - (2.0) Zoo will now act as a compression or decompres- sion filter on a stream of data and will use a CRC value to check the integrity of a data stream that is uncompressed. - (2.0) A bug was fixed that caused removal of a direc- tory link if files were moved to an archive by the superuser on a **IX system. - (2.0) The data recovery modifier @ was greatly enhanced. Self-extracting archives created for MS-DOS systems can now be extracted by zoo on any system with help from fiz(1). FUTURE DIRECTIONS A revised version of zoo is in the works that will be able to write newly-created archives to standard output, and will also automatically perform end-of-line conversion for text files moved between dissimilar systems. It will be upward Printed 2/4/88 Feb 3, 1988 19 ZOO(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual ZOO(1) and downward compatible with existing versions of zoo. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The zoo archiver was initially developed using Microsoft C 3.0 on a PC clone manufactured by Toshiba of Japan and almost sold by Xerox. Availability of the following systems was helpful in achieving portability: Paul Homchick's Compaq running Microport System V/AT; The Eskimo BBS somewhere in Oregon running Xenix/68000; Greg Laskin's system 'gryphon' which is an Intel 310 running Xenix/286; Ball State University's AT&T 3B2/300, UNIX PC, and VAX-11/785 (4.3BSD) systems. In addition J. Brian Waters provided feedback to help me make the code compilable on his Amiga using Manx/Aztec C. More recently, actual development, as opposed to portability testing, has been done exclusively on my own AT from PC's Limited running Microport System V/AT. The executable version 2.0 for MS-DOS is currently compiled with Borland's Turbo C 1.0. Special thanks are due to: J. Brian Waters , who has worked diligently to port zoo to AmigaDOS, created Amiga-specific code, and continues keeping it updated. Paul Homchick , who provided numerous detailed reports about some nasty bugs. Bill Davidsen , who fixed zoo's handling of daylight savings time, provided changes to make this manual format correctly with troff, and provided many useful bug reports and suggestions. Mark Alexander , who provided me with some bug fixes, and also some portability modifications and speed optimizations that are due to be incorporated into the next release. AUTHOR Rahul Dhesi Printed 2/4/88 Feb 3, 1988 20