Help                                         Black Magic

Help can be obtained for the use of Black Magic either by pressing any
valid key combination for information on that key combination or by moving
the cursor to a topic from the list below and pressing <Enter> on that
topic.

Additionally, press the Help key (<SHIFT><F1>) twice to see a picture of
the function key template.

     Topics

        Links
        Features
        Blocks
        Graphics
        Use Of <Esc>
        File Links

Press <Esc> to return to Black Magic 
                                                                               Hypertext Links

Hypertext documents are based on the concept of links. A links is simply a
connection between two things in such a fashion that the link can be
"traversed" or "activated". Links are dynamic in that a link serves as a
gateway to something else in the document. Upon traversing a link, certain
things will happen as a result of it. For example, when a note link is
traversed, a window pops up in the upper right hand corner of the screen
containing the predefined note. The different types of links are show below
in the table.

                    Type Of Link        Action 
                    Note Link           Pop up "note" window 
                    Replacement Link    "Replaces" the text on screen with
                                        alternative text
                    Reference Link      Transports the Reader to another
                                        location in the document
Concepts & Terminology

Along with hypertext goes terminology and concepts to adequately describe
it.  
                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
                                              The first and second concepts are that of Link Originator and Link End. A
Link Originator is the "summoning" side of a hypertext link. In terms of
creating hypertext, a Link Originator is what was originally designated as
hypertext, BEFORE anything was entered to form the basis for the specific
type of link (Note, Replacement, etc.). Similarly a Link End is the opposite
end of a hypertext link; it is the actual material of the link. 

The first term is the word Traverse, as used in "traversing a link." 
Traverse means the physical act of moving the cursor onto a link and
pressing <F1>; in actuality it is the process of traveling through a link to
its destination. For example when a note link is traversed, you are
traveling through the link to the note window that pops up on screen. Just
as pressing <F1> initiates a forward link traverse, there are backwards link
traverses. A backwards link traverse is indicated be pressing <Esc> anywhere
in a Link End, and serves to return you to the Link originator.

The third concept is that of Graphic Indicator. This is a special symbol
which looks like a blue circle.  This symbol will appear next to any graphic
image that is in a hypertext document. It simply serves to indicate that an
image is present, and it provides a method to manipulate that image using
blocks. 
                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
    By defining the Graphic indicator as a block, the image can be cut, copied
and pasted through out the document.

The fourth concept is that of the Graphic Link. This is a special symbol
which looks a blue circle with an "X" through it.  This symbol will appear
near or on any graphic image that is used as a Link Originator. It provides
an access for  traversing the link. To traverse a link through its Graphic
Link , move the cursor onto the symbol and press <F1>. This will traverse
the link and put you at the Link End. There can be more than one graphic
link per symbol (see the section of HELP of on graphics for more).

Types Of Links

There are three primary types of links: Note Link, Replacement Link, and
Reference Link, each of which is fully described below. There are also two
additional symbols listed below, those of the Graphic Indicator, and the
Graphic Link, both of which were fully described above. Links are indicated
in Black Magic through the use of colored symbols in the text surrounding
the link originator. These symbols are listed below with their colors for
your reference.

                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
                                                                                                      Type of link           Color            Symbol
     Note Link           Pair of Diamonds    Yellow
     Reference Link      Pair of Triangles   Green
     Replacement Link    Pair of Squares     Pink 
     Graphic Indicator   Circle              Blue
     Graphic Link        Circle w/ "X"       Blue

     Note Link

The Note link is the simplest of all hypertext links. What it does is pop up
pre defined text on screen in a small rectangular window in the upper left
hand corner of the screen. Notes can contain either text or graphics, and
tend to be excellent ways to contain information that isn't exactly 
relevant to the main text, but would be nice to know.

To create a note link, it is first necessary to define the block of text
that is to be hypertext. This block is called the Link Originator - its the
starting point or origin for the hypertext link. This block can be a single
character, a word, a line, even a paragraph or page. Defining the  block, is
done with <Shift> <ArrowKey>. 

                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
                                                                   By pressing <Shift> <ArrowKey>, you will notice that the block of text is
highlighted in another color. This is to indicate what makes up the block of
text. Now it is necessary to indicate that the block is a note link. Note
links are defined by pressing <Shift> <F3>.  This calls up a rectangular
window on screen in the upper left hand corner and moves the cursor into it.
Here is where the "note" is entered.  

After entering the note (The Note can be entered either by typing, importing
text, or importing graphics), press <Esc> and the note window will vanish
returning you to the original block defined as hypertext. There have been
some changes made however. Although the block is no longer defined by
highlighting, it is now surrounded by two yellow diamond shaped symbols to
indicate that the block is a Note Link.  
 
     Replacement Link 

The Replacement link is again simple in its operation. It takes a block of
text that has been designated a link originator and when activated it
replaces the link originator with the link end in the same text display as
if it was always there. 

                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
                                                                                                       The Replacement link has one major difference between it and the other types
of links. Note and Reference links both use <F1> to traverse a link forwards
and <Esc> to return (traverse backwards) from a link. However the
Replacement link is set up with a "loop" type structure. To access the
replacement text, press <F1> and then the original text is accessed by
pressing <F1> again.  Pressing <Esc> on a replacement link has no effect, on
it as there is no backwards traverse.

     Creation 

Creating a replacement link is done in the same fashion as any other link.
The first step is to define the text that is to be replaced. This is done
with <Shift> <ArrowKey>. After the text is defined (shown by highlighting),
pressing <Alt> <F3> will signal that this is to be a replacement link. This
will call up a window on screen for entering replacement text. This is where
the replacement text is to be typed, imported, or replacement graphics are
imported.  After the replacement link text is finished, pressing <Esc> will
back out of the link and return the original text to its position. 
Immediately noticeable are the colored symbols surrounding the replacement
link.

                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
                             Moving the cursor between the symbols pressing <F1> will erase the Link
Originator, and move its replacement text into its place.  Pressing <F1>
again will put the original back.
   
The material for a replacement link can be anything, even other links. The
only restriction on it is that there not be graphic links within a
replacement text. However there could well be a reference link within the
replacement link that had a graphic as its link end. Or alternatively there
could be a Note link within the replacement text that contained graphics as
its link end.

     Reference Link 

Reference links are used to move the reader to another location in the
document entirely different from the link originator. Reference links can
also point to different files, in effect linking you to limitless outside
sources of information. An excellent example of what can be done with
reference links can be seen in the hypertext version of this manual. The
entire table of contents is essentially a collection of reference links that
send you where to each chapter when activated.

                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
                                                                                                                               To create a reference link is more involved than the other links, because
some awareness of where you are in the document must be kept in mind. There
is one consideration for creating reference links. Reference links can be
defined in two ways: they can be made to utilize existing text on screen as
what they link to, or they can link to new text. Given this, the user has
two options to consider: using existing text as the text for linking, or
using new text. 

To start creating a reference link requires you to first define the block
that is to be become hypertext. Next, by pressing <F3>, the block will be
defined as a reference link. The user is then queried with the following:
          
     "Is This Going To Point To New Text ? (Y/N)"  

This means, is the reference link going to text that already exists
(previously typed) or is it going to text that is yet to be typed (text that
you need to type). If you answer "Y" then the screen will clear and provide
you with a blank screen to type the text on. After the text has been typed,
by pressing <Esc> the following prompt will appear: 


                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
                                                                                                             The Reference Link's End Points have not been defined. 
     Do you wish to link the entire block of text Just Typed ? (Y/N)

What this means, is that the reference link can be defined in two ways. The
first way (Chosen by pressing "Y") will link the entire block of text to the
original reference link making the cursor simply jump to the beginning of
the newly typed text. The other way (Chosen by pressing "N") allows you to
link the reader to a specific spot in the newly typed text. The benefit to
this is that if there is a specific word or phrase among the new text that
has been typed that should stand out, this  will allow it to by bringing the
cursor directly to it.  To bring the cursor to the block's beginning press
<Esc> after typing Y.  To bring the cursor to a specific location, mark the
location for it to be brought to as a block and press <Esc> after N.  

Upon returning from the hypertext link, there are some changes evident on
the screen. First of all, the text that was designated as hypertext is
surrounded by colored symbols. This is the normal way that hypertext is
indicated. Second when the cursor is moved between the symbols, and <F1> is
pressed the user is taken to the text that was designated as hypertext, with
the cursor landing on the block of text that was highlighted.  

                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
            Point Mode 

Point mode is entered into by answering the following prompt after a
reference link has been defined. 

          Is this going to point to new text (Y/N) ?

If this prompt is answered with a "Y" then a blank screen appears for typing
and the material for the reference link can be entered as above. However if
"N" is answered to this prompt Black Magic goes into Point Mode. In Point
Mode Black Magic puts hypertext markers around the block that was defined as
hypertext and displays the words " Point Mode " on the command line. In this
mode Black Magic allows you to step through the document using the movement
keys and <F1> to the specific location where the Reference link is to be
linked to. Once at the correct location the text that it is to be linked to
is marked as a block and <Esc> is pressed. This traverses the link backwards
to the link originator. When activated this link will take you to the text
that was marked as a block in point mode. 

     

                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
                                                                                              Reading Hypertext

Reading a hypertext document is surprisingly easy, there are only a few keys
that are necessary to navigate through a hypertext document, and they are:

               <F1>            Forward Link Traverse
               <Alt> <F1>      Collapse Document
               <ArrowKey>      Movement
               <Esc>           Backwards Link Traverse

                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
                         OR With The Mouse

               <MOUSE>                  Movement
               <LeftMouseButton>        Forward Link Traverse
               <RightMouseButton>       Backwards Link Traverse

The usual method to read a Black Magic document, is to load the file and
then move through it by using the cursor keys or the mouse. When a hypertext
link is encountered, the cursor is positioned on it and then press <F1>.

                    Press <PgDn> for more Information                                                                           This activates the link,letting it perform whatever action that has been
assigned to it.   Additionally a mouse may be used to read a hypertext
document.

The mouse can be used to read a document in the following fashion.  The
movement of the mouse will substitute for the cursor keys, and the mouse
buttons will substitute for <F1> and <Esc>.  Moving the mouse will take care
of all screen movement (like <PgUP> and <PgDn>) this makes it very
convenient and fast to use the mouse for reading a document. For the mouse
to function a copy of MOUSE.COM or the equivalent must be loaded.

Besides <F1>and the <ArrowKeys>, there are a few more commands necessary to
use hypertext effectively. Just as <F1> is the key that indicates traverse
the link forward, <Esc> is the reverse of that - a backwards link traverse.
After using <F1> to traverse or activate a link, pressing <Esc> will step
backwards through that link. Traversing it backwards so to speak. The other
command is <Alt> <F1>, Collapse. This command takes a magic document that is
"unfolded" through much reading, and condenses it back to its original form,
deactivating all the links.


                    Press <PgDn> for more Information                                                         Additionally there is a special function that was defined to make hypertext
easier to read, the Mapping function. This will display a document as a
graphic representation of links, from which any branch can be quickly
reached.  Additionally any point in the document can be accessed here by
using the arrow keys to move to its branch and pressing <Enter>.

The mapping command is used by pressing <F2>.  This will change the screen
from a text display to a graphic representation of the document as chained
reference links.  This map displays the document as a series of sections
that are connected by reference links.  The map is depicted as a tree
structure that stretches down off the screen.

The lines between sections indicate the reference links and their structure,
while the sections themselves represent the link ends for the reference
text.  Accessing the map is done with the arrow keys.  When the map
initially comes up on screen the current cursor position is highlighted.  To
move to another position use the arrow keys.  If the document is very large
the map will scroll off the screen.  At the top of the screen a window is
shown that contains the first three lines of the text from each section of
the map.

                    Press <PgDn> for more Information                                                                                                          This serves to indicate to you what the contents of each section are. To
move directly to any of the sections shown on the map, move the cursor to
that section and press <Enter>.  Or to just return to your current position
in the document press <Esc>.

     Reader Mode

Black Magic offers a mode in which you can set the computer to remove all of
the editing functions.  It justifies text and allows you to go through a
document in a fashion that will prevent any changes to the text. This mode
is entered by pressing <Alt> <F2>.  To leave this mode is done press <Alt>
<F2> again.

     Links within Links

Black Magic has very few limitations concerning links within links: First,
there can be no links from within a note window. Second, when creating a
Reference link you cannot use point mode to point to text in a Note window.

                                         There are several unique feature in Black Magic, among them the TSR Wait
State, the Macro capabilities, and the Configuration options.

     Macros

Macros are one of Black Magic's most useful features. A macro is a
collection of key strokes that has been assigned to a single key
combination. By striking the key combination that represents a macro, the
keystrokes that are stored in it are fed to the computer just as if you had
typed them. 

Using macros is actually a very simple process. The first step in using
macros, is to define a macro. This is done by pressing the Macro Definition
key (<<ALT>> <<F7>>), giving the macro a single character name,  and then
typing what is to be assigned to the macro.  After the macro is defined,
pressing <Alt> <F7> again stops the Macro.

After macros are created, they are saved to disk. This creates a file with
the name of the letter name of the macro and the extension ".MAC".  An
example of a filename created would be "A.MAC". However despite macros being

                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
                                                                  a useful tool, they do have their limitations. First of all Macros cannot
access other macros. Each macro is independent from the rest. You cannot use
a macro to either create a macro or run another macro. The reason for this
is that when a macro is being created, if any of the other macro keys
(<<Alt>> <<F7>> or <<F7>>) are struck it will end the macro, saving it to
disk. The other limitation that macros have is that they can only store 255
characters. When a macro reaches 255 characters it is automatically saved to
disk.  If you make a mistake when defining a macro, that macro must be
finished by pressing <<Alt>> <<F7>> and then that macro redefined from
scratch.

The below list is a summary of the steps involved in creating macros:

     1. Press <<Alt>> <<F7>>
     2. Type the macro's name
     3. Type the macro
     4. Press <<Alt>> <<F7>> again to terminate the macro
     5. You're done, macro automatically saved to disk



                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
  The below list is a summary of the steps involved in using a macro.

     1. Press <<F7>>
     2. Type the macro's name (1 character)
     3. Macro is executed by Black Magic 

     Configuration

Black Magic, allows some degree of customization through its Config. option.
Any changes made to the Config. specifications are saved to disk for future
use.  The Config. Option is located on the <<F10>> menu or it can be
accessed from <<Alt>> C. When activated, it calls up a full screen of
information about Black Magic's configuration and default settings. The
things in Black Magic that can be configured include:

     The number of overlays loaded into memory at one time (see below)
     Default Note Window size.
     Default Left and Right margins
     Default Tab Size
     Automatic bookmark/Query for bookmark
     
                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
                                                                                                                              Video color for normal text
     Video color for Block marked text
     Option to show or hide link markers
     Option to show or hide link colors
     Default directories for files and program

To change items on this menu, it must be first be brought upon screen. This
s done by pressing <Alt> C.

When the Configuration menu appears on screen, it displays a full screen of
information with a blue highlighting bar marks your position on the screen. 
The arrow keys are used to move the bar around the screen.  The
Configuration options are modified using the arrow keys, "Y"/"N", and the
number keys.   The only options that can be changed are those that the blue
highlighting bar stops at (for example it doesn't stop at the colors of the
hypertext links - they can't be changed). At any place the bar stops the
entry is modified in the following manner. 

      1. If the entry is numeric (Width - ) enter a number and <Enter>
      2. If the entry has a "Yes" or "No" next to it, Press "Y" or "N".

                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
                                                                    3. If the entry has nothing, press the <RightArrow> or 
          <LeftArrow> to change it.
     4.  To change the BackGround color, press the "+" and "-" keys.

Notes about Configuration Options

The single configuration option that will cause users the most confusion is
the first one, that of:

     Load Memory Overlays At Run-time:
          Load MAGIC.OV1 - NO
          Load MAGIC.OV2 - YES
          Load MAGIC.OV3 - NO

Black Magic is a program that was constructed using overlays. Overlays are
segments of the programs code that can be accessed in two ways; either from
disk or from memory. NTERGAID recognizes that different users have different
amounts of memory and more importantly different uses for it. If you don't
have a full complement of memory, or you use lots of memory resident (TSR
type) utilities, or you work with long documents, set the "Load MAGIC.OV? -"

                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
                                                         to "No" for each of them. If you have lots of memory or no memory resident
programs (TSR type) then set these options to yes. Having the options set to

"YES" will improve the performance of Black Magic however provided that you
have a hard disk even with these set to "No", Black Magic's performance is
more than adequate.  If you have to choose which overlays to put  in memory,
we recommend numbers two and three for maximum performance.  The other
option that could cause users confusion are the Text Color and BackGround
Color options.  To change the text color, press the <LeftArrow> and the
<RightArrow>.  To change the BackGround color press the "+" and "-" keys.  

TSR Wait State

NTERGAID recognizes that many users of Black Magic will also run TSR
(Terminate and Stay Resident) programs in conjunction with Black Magic.
However with Black Magic and some TSR programs this can present a problem
due to their inability to restore Black Magic's screen properly.  To avoid
problems like these Black Magic includes what we have termed a TSR wait
state.


                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
            A TSR Wait State is just that. It puts Black Magic into a holding pattern
from which a TSR can be executed. 

After the TSR is executed and you return to Black Magic from the TSR the TSR
Wait State command will ensure that the screen is updated properly according
to Black Magic rather than the TSR. 

The TSR Wait State command is executed by typing:
     
     <Shift> <F10>

After this is typed, go ahead and press the key strokes for the your TSR.
After you're done, exit the TSR to Black Magic, and all should be well.
                                                                                                     Blocks are one of the basic concepts that an understanding of is required to
comfortably use Black Magic.

Blocks are simply chunks of text that are treated as a single character.  in
general anything that can be done to a single character can also be done to
a block.  Blocks provide a convenient method for manipulating large amounts
of text.

     Definition

Before block capabilities can be used on any text, that chunk of text that
is to be the block must first be defined as a block.  Blocks are defined by
pressing <Shift> <ArrowKey>.  This will highlight (in blue) any characters
that the cursor passes over when it is manipulated with <Shift> <ArrowKey>. 
The area highlighted is the defined block.  If any keys are struck after the
block is defined that are not valid block commands, the block definition
will vanish.  

                    Press <PgDn> for more Information


                                                                                                                      Commands

Once a block has been defined, the following commands are applicable to it:

     Command             Purpose
     <Alt> <F5>          Cuts the Block from the Text
     <Shift> <F5>        Copies the Block to the Paste Buffer
     <F5>                Paste a Block from the buffer to the document
     <Del>               Delete a Block
     <F6>                Bold
     <Alt> <F6>          Italics
     _                   Underline Block
     <Ctrl> _            Double Underline Block
     <Ctrl> <F8>         Right Justify Block
     <Shift> <F8>        Left Justify Block
     <Alt> <F8>          Justified Block (Both sides justified)
     <F9>                Export Block (Save text to disk)


                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
          
                                                                                           The Cut, Copy, and Paste commands work in the following manner.  Cut removes
a defined block from the document and places it is the Paste buffer.  Once
the block is in the paste buffer, Paste can be used to put it back into the
document.  Copy replicates the defined block in the Paste buffer, leaving
the original block in its place in the document.

                        The graphics capabilities in Black Magic provide one of the most intriguing
aspects of hypertext; the ability to freely intermix graphics and text to
form completely new information structures.

Illustrations and Graphic Links 

Graphics in Black Magic appear always as boxed graphics.  The "boxing" is
automatically inserted by Black Magic.  Graphics are displayed centered on
the screen.   Black Magic can work with these graphics in two ways. 
Graphics may simply be on screen intermixed with text, this is called an
Illustration.  Or graphics may be an active part of hypertext, serving
either as a link originator or a link end, this is called a Graphic Link .  
Black Magic uses two special symbols to distinguish between the two types of
graphics.  The first symbol is called a  graphic indicator.  This symbol
looks like a circle and is colored blue.  This symbol appears with every
graphic either illustration or graphic link.The symbol is displayed at the
top left corner of the document.  If this symbol is not on screen, the
graphic will not be displayed.  The only time that the Graphic Indicator
symbol will not be displayed is when there are graphics as the Link End for
a Note Link.  

                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
For example if you are scrolling up through a document and come to the
bottom of a graphic (either illustration or link) it will show as a blank
areas on screen until the graphic indicator appears at which point the
graphic will appear.  The symbol serves to indicate that there are graphics
on screen and it gives a manner to access them.  

For example when manipulating a graphic through block cut and paste the cut
and paste operations are accomplished by marking the graphic indicator as a
block and then performing the operation.  In short the graphic indicators
give a method to refer to an entire graphic image quickly and easily.

The second symbol that Black Magic uses to distinguish graphics is called a
Graphic Link.  This symbol which looks like a circle with a "X" in the
center of it, and is colored blue.  This symbol only appears with graphics
that have been designated as link originators for hypertext.  This symbol
tends to be embedded in the graphic itself.  When the cursor is brought over
this symbol and <F1> pressed the link is traversed.  There can be multiple
graphic links per image.  This allows you to make different parts of a
graphic image different hypertext links.  


                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
                                                                                                                                                            Entering Graphics 

Graphics are entered into Black Magic's graphic file format  through the use
of a screen capturing TSR (Terminate and Stay Resident) program called
GrabIt.  This file format uses the filename extension of .MGR which is
automatically appended by GrabIt.  With GrabIt, screens of graphic images
can be captured and stored as disk files.  These files can then be imported
into Black Magic and used either as illustrations, or as graphic links.  
The other way that graphics can be entered into Black Magic is through the
use of ClipArt.  ClipArt consists of files of graphic images that have been
previously recorded and saved onto disk.  These files can be imported into
Black Magic quickly and easily without the use of the GrabIt.  For a listing
of the ClipArt files provided with Black Magic and a description of each, it
is necessary to list the file: README.ART.  

     Import 

Graphics are loaded into Black Magic through the use of the Import Graphics
command.  This command can be accessed either from the menu, or directly
through the use of the Function keys.  

                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
                                                                               Once graphics are into Black Magic, they can be manipulated through the use
of block cut, copy and paste as described below.

     Manipulation 

Black Magic uses block functions to manipulate graphics.  The Cut, Copy,
Delete, and Paste block functions are all fully enabled.  To start
manipulating a block of graphics, it must first be marked as a block.  This
is done by moving the cursor into the graphic indicator and pressing:

     <Shift> <ArrowKey>

Now the graphic image is marked as a block, to perform a block operation on
it is as simple as pressing that key.  For example to Cut a block from the
text would require pressing:

     <Alt> <F5>

This would cut the block from the text and store it for future pasting.  Any
other block operation is performed on graphics is performed in the same
fashion. 
                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
   Summarizing the steps to manipulate graphics gives us the following:

     1.  First mark the graphic indicator as a block.
     2.  Second perform the block operation desired on it.  

     Hypertext And Graphics  

Graphics that are also hypertext are defined as such in the same fashion as
text with a few minor differences.  First of all, graphics can be either the
link originator or the link end for Note links and Reference links however
one graphic can have multiple graphic links embedded in it thus making this
one image the source of many links.   The other difference lies in the
manner of marking an area of graphics that is to become hypertext.

Marking 

Marking graphics is done by using the Mark Graphics (<F2>) key.  To mark a
graphic image as hypertext, place the cursor on the Graphic Indicator and
press <F2>.  This will call up a pair of cross hairs that appear on screen. 


                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
                                                These cross hairs are used to determine where the graphic link symbol is to
be placed on the graphic.  The graphic link symbol will be placed at the
intersection of the cross hairs.  With the cross hairs on screen, the arrow
keys are used to move them around and position them precisely.  Marking the
graphic image is done by pressing the key combination of the type of link it
is to become when the cross hairs are in the right position.  This will put
a hypertext symbol at the same place as the center of the cross hairs, it
will also cancel the cross hairs, just as the block definition would be
canceled once a hypertext link is created.  The steps to mark graphics as
hypertext are as follows.

     1.  Move the cursor onto the Graphic Indicator.  
     2.  Press  <F2>.  This will call up a pair of cross hairs on screen.  
     3.  Use the arrow keys to manipulate the cross hairs until the 
          intersection of them is where you wish the Graphic Link placed.  
     4.  Press the key combination for the type of Graphic Link that you
          wish to make.  
     5.  The cross hairs will vanish, and the Graphic Link symbol will     
          be inserted  where they were.   
     6.  Enter the data for the Link And you're done.

                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
                                                                                Any graphic image can be marked with multiple links per image.  However
there are restrictions as to how the links work.  For example: Replacement
Links are not specific to any one area in a graphic image, they are specific
to the whole graphic.  Traversing a Replacement link on a graphic image will
replace the entire graphic, not just the area near the Graphic Link.  If the
link used is a Note link for example, there can be different Note links for
each hypertext symbol.  The same is true for the Reference links, each
symbol can be keyed to a different Reference link.  

Note Links and Graphics 

Graphics can be incorporated into Note links in two ways.  They can be both
the Link Originator or the Link End.  Note links can contain either graphics 
or  text but  not  both.  However if you wish to add a caption to a graphics
contained in a Note link, we suggest naming the Note window (<Ctrl> N). 
 
Making graphics the material for a Note link, is done through importing the
graphics into the Note link.  The Note window will be automatically sized to
fit the graphics.   Importing graphics into a Note link requires that the
link be set up to the point where the window is on screen, and the cursor is
waiting for text entry.  
                    Press <PgDn> for more Information                                                                                           At this point, the commands to import graphics have to be entered.  Once
entered, the graphics will be imported into the window, and the window sized
to fit.  

The other aspect of graphics and Note links is using a graphic to summon a
Note link.  This is done in basically the same fashion as creating any other
link.  To start with, we'll assume that there is a graphic on screen. 
Position the cursor on the graphic indicator and press <F2>, this will put a
set of cross hairs on the screen.  This is to allow precise positioning of
the Graphic Link symbol.  When the cross hairs are aligned over the spot
where the symbol is to be placed, press the key strokes for a note link
(<Shift> <F3>), and the symbol will be inserted onto the graphic.  Once the
symbol is inserted into the graphic, a Note window will be called up on
screen for the Note entry.

Reference Link and Graphics

As with Note links, graphics can be either the Link originator or the Link
end for a Reference link.  Making a graphic the link originator for a
Reference link is done in exactly the same fashion as it is for a note link. 

                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
                                                                                            The graphic is marked, the Reference link key ( <F3> ) is struck, and the
material for the reference link is entered.  There can be multiple Reference
links stemming from a single graphic - essentially as many as there are room
for the graphic link symbols.  This is how the demo file USA.MAG was
created.  The original graphic was imported into Black Magic, and a single
reference graphic link originator was embedded in each state.
  
Using a graphic as a link end for a Reference link is again similar to the
Note link described in detail above.  The Reference link is made, and you
are at a new screen for text to be entered.  Rather than entering text, you
decide to import a graphic.  This is done by typing:
     <Alt> <F9>
     FILENAME.MGR <Enter>
The graphic is imported, and is marked with a graphic indicator symbol
(remember the graphic link symbol only shows for link originators) by Black
Magic.  Now that the graphic is into the Reference link and serving as a
link end, you have the option of typing to add text to the graphic, or
simply pressing <Esc> to traverse the link backwards.  This method of using
graphics for  the link ends  is both simple and powerful, and lets you use
text to annotate the graphic.

                    Press <PgDn> for more Information
                                                                                                    Replacement Link and Graphics 

As with Note links and Reference links, graphics can be either the Link
originator or the Link end for a Replacement link.  Making a graphic the
link originator for a Replacement  link is done in exactly the same fashion
as it is for a note link.  The graphic is marked, the Replacement Link keys
( <Alt> <F3> ) are struck, and the material for the Replacement Link is
entered.  There can be multiple Replacement links stemming from a single
graphic - however each will replace the whole graphic when traversed.  

Using a graphic as a link end for a Replacement link is again similar to the
Note link described in detail above.  The Link Originator is typed, defined
as a block, and marked as a Replacement Link.  This then presents an area
for Replacement text to be entered.  Instead of entering  any text, import a
graphic and you have a Replacement Link with a graphic as the Link End.  To
traverse this link is done by pressing <F1>.  

                              Use Of <Esc> 
 
<Esc> is used in two fashions in black Magic.  

Its first Function is as a cancellation key.  In this mode it serves to stop
any action in progress.  For example if you are entering a filename for a
file save operation, pressing <Esc> will cancel the filename entry process
and place you back at the text entry mode.

<Esc>'s second function is that of traversing links backwards.  If you are
inside either a Reference Link or a Note Link, pressing <Esc> will palace
you back at the Link Originator for that Link.

One exception to the use of <Esc> as a backwards link traverse key is seen
with the Replacement link.  With the Replacement link, <F1> is used to
activate this link in both fashions, both forward and backward.  In other
terms, the Replacement link is set up with a looping structure.                                                               File Links

File links are a form of reference link.  They simply refer to a portion of
another file.  The other file must be a Black Magic file (.MAG) and have
been previously created.

The link is created in the same fashion as a reference link.  Mark a block
of text using <SHIFT> and the arrow keys.  Select the 'Link' menu system by
pressing <F10> and 'I', or by pressing <ALT> I.  Then select Reference Link
with 'E' or by pressing return with the cursor on the word Reference.  Then
select 'Link to File'.  You will then be prompted for the name of the file
to link to.  You can then move within the file using <F1> and <ESC>.  When
you find the text you want to link to, mark the text as a block and press
<ESC>.  You will then be taken back to the original file, and the link will
have been created.                                                                        <Del>

The <Del> command is used to delete text by characters.  When it is used, it
will "drag" the text across the screen to it and delete it.
  
To delete text by characters press:

     <Del>

This will delete the text.
                     <Ctrl> D

The <Ctrl> D command deletes the line that the cursor is on.  It deletes the
whole line, drawing the document up one line.

To use this command to delete a line, put the cursor on the line to be
deleted, and press:

     <Ctrl> D

This will delete the whole line.
                                                                                                 <PgDn>

The <PgDn> command is used to move through a document by "screens" or
"pages"  of text.    

To move by pages, press:

     <PgUp>

This will move downwards through the document a screen of information at a
time.
                      <PgUp>

The <PgUp> command is used to move through a document by "screens" or
"pages"  of text.    

To move by pages, press:

     <PgUp>

This will move upwards through the document a screen of information at a
time.
                        <BackSpace> 

The <BackSpace> command is used to delete text by character.  It deletes the
text to the left of it by characters.    

To use <BackSpace>, position the cursor to the right of the character that
you want deleted and press:

     <BackSpace>

This will delete that character.  If <BackSpace> is repeatedly held down, it
will delete all the text to its right.                                                                                                                                <Tab>
 
The <Tab> command is used to move to the next tab setting.  It positions the
cursor at intervals that correspond to the tab width setting.  For example
if the tab width is set to 5, the tab settings are at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and
so on (intervals of 5).

To move the cursor to the next Tab setting, press:

     <Tab>

This will move the cursor to the next tab setting.
                                                                                                                         <Ctrl> <LeftArrow> 
 
The <Ctrl> <LeftArrow> command is used to move left by words.  
 
To move left by words position the cursor anywhere in the document, and
press:

     <Ctrl> <LeftArrow>

This will make the cursor move left by words.  It seems to "jump" from word
to word.
                                                                                             <Ctrl> <RightArrow> 
 
The <Ctrl> <RightArrow> command is used to move right by words.  
 
To move right by words position the cursor anywhere in the document, and
press:

     <Ctrl> <RightArrow>

This will make the cursor move right by words.  It seems to "jump" from word
to word.
                                                                                       <Ctrl> <Enter>

The <Ctrl> <Enter> command is used to insert blank lines into the text. 
This forces the text downwards, while leaving the cursor at the present
position, so that more text can be inserted.

To use line feeds, position the cursor at the line where you wish a blank
line inserted, and press:

     <Ctrl> <Enter> 

This will insert one blank line, while leaving the cursor at its present
position.    

Note: this command has the same effect as <Ctrl> J.

                       <Ins>

The <Ins> command is used to toggle back and forth between INSert and
overwrite modes.  In insert mode anything that is typed is continually
inserted into the document.  In overwrite mode anything that is typed
destroys what was below it.  It types "over" the existing text destroying
it.   
  
To toggle between the two modes press:

     <Ins>

This will toggle from mode to mode.  In INSert mode, the phrase "Ins" is
displayed on the command line.  In Overwrite mode the "Ins" is missing from
the command line.
                                                                                                      <Ctrl> <BackSpace> 

The <Ctrl> <BackSpace> command is used to delete text by words.  It deletes
the text to the right of it by words, pulling the text to it.  

To use <Ctrl> <BackSpace>, position the cursor to the right of the word that
you want that deleted and press:

     <Ctrl> <BackSpace>

This will delete that word.  If <Ctrl> <BackSpace> is repeatedly held down,
it will draw all the text to its right to it and then delete it.
                                                           <Alt> I

The <Alt> I command brings the Link submenu up on screen.  This
menu is displayed across the command line in Black Magic.  The menu
choices are selected by moving the highlighting bar over your choice
and pressing <Enter> or by pressing the first letter of your choice.

The Link submenu gives you the following choices:

     Reference   Replacement   Note   DOS Link   Mark Graphic

The commands have the following meanings:
    Reference - brings up a menu with the possible types of reference links
    Replacement - creates a replacement link with current block marked
    Note - creates a note link at current block marked
    DOS Link - creates a DOS link at current block marked
    Mark Graphic - puts a cursor onto a graphic image for graphic links                                                                                                               <F8>

The <F8> command is used to center text.  Centered text is text that has
been exactly aligned between the margins.  Black Magic works by centering
the entire line that the cursor is on.

To center text, place the cursor on the line of text to be centered and
press:

     <F8>

This will center the line.
                                                           <F9>   
   
The <F9> command is used to save the document in memory.  When the <F9> 
command is used, Black Magic will first prompt you for a filename.  Then if 
your document is ONLY text Black Magic will prompt you as to whether or not 
the document should be saved as a Magic file.  This is to give the option of

creating plain ASCII files.  If you reply to the "Save As A Magic file" 
prompt with a "N" then your file will be written to disk as a plain ASCII 
text file.  If you answer the prompt with a "Y" then your file will be 
written the Black MAgic file format.  However if your document contains any 
hypertext links at all it is automatically saved as a Magic file.   
 
To save your current document file press: 
 
     <F9> "Filename" <Enter> 
 
Where "Filename" is the name that the document should be saved under.  
Next answer any of the prompts that may appear as to how the file should be 
saved (see above), and the file is saved. 
                                                <F5>  
 
The <F5> command is used to paste blocks of text back into the document.  
Blocks are an amount of text that has been specially designated as a 
"block".  This allows several commands to affect an entire block of text 
rather than a single character.  The paste command is used to take a block 
of text that is in the paste buffer and put it back into the document at the

cursor location. 
 
To paste a block of text into the document press:  
 
     <F5> 
 
This will paste the contents of the paste buffer back into the document at 
the cursor location.  The contents of the paste buffer can be pasted into a
document multiple times as the buffer is not emptied or cleared until new
information is put into the buffer.
                 <Shift> <F5>  
 
The <Shift> <F5> command is used to copy blocks of text from the document 
into the paste buffer.  The blocks are NOT removed from the document as they

are with the Cut command.  Blocks are an amount of text that has been 
specially designated as a "block".  This allows several commands to affect 
an entire block of text rather than a single character.     
 
To copy a block of text to the buffer from the document, a block must first 
be defined.  This is done with <Shift> <ArrowKey>; this combination is used 
to highlight the text that is to be defined as a block.  Once the block is 
defined press: 
 
     <Shift> <F5> 
 
This will copy the defined block from the document and place it in the paste
buffer.  Now that it is in the buffer, it can be pasted back into the 
document multiple times. 
 
                                                 <Alt> <F5>  
 
The <Alt> <F5> command is used to cut blocks of text from the document.  
Blocks are an amount of text that has been specially designated as a 
"block".  This allows several commands to affect an entire block of text 
rather than a single character.  
 
To cut a block of text from the document, a block must first be defined.  
This is done with <Shift> <ArrowKey>; this combination is used to highlight 
the text that is to be defined as a block.  Once the block is defined press:

 
     <Alt> <F5> 
 
This will cut (removing it from the document) the defined block from the 
text and place it in the paste buffer.                                                                                                                       <Alt> <F10>

The <Alt> <F10> command is used to Exit Black Magic.

To Exit Black Magic press:

     <Alt> <F10>

If there have been any changes made to the file since it was loaded, Black
Magic will ask you whether or not to save the file.  After you reply either
"Y" or "N" you will exit Black Magic.  

Note an Exit operation in  progress can be cancelled by pressing <Esc>.
                                                                                                                        <F1> 
 
The <F1> command is used to traverse a hypertext link.  It transfers the
reader from the link originator to the link end.  To traverse a link, the
cursor must be positioned between the link markers.  
 
To use this command to traverse a link, position the cursor between the link
markers of the link you wish to traverse and press:

     <F1>

This will traverse the link.  To return from Reference and Note links,
press:

     <Esc> 

To return from a Replacement link press:

     <F1>

A second time.
                                                                                                         <Ctrl> N

The <Ctrl> N command is used to name a Note window.  It allows you to enter
a twenty character name for the note window.  This name is then displayed at
the top of the window.

To use this command, press:

     <Ctrl> N

when the Note window is displayed on screen, Black Magic will then prompt
you for the name of the window.
                                 <F3> 
   
The <F3> command is used to create a reference link.  Links are the basic 
building blocks of hypertext in Black Magic.  A link is a block of text or 
graphics that has been defined as hypertext.  Once a block is hypertext it 
has special properties.  These properties can include pop up windows (Note 
Links), replacement of text (Replacement Link), and instant "cross 
references" to other parts of the document (Reference Link).  When 
traversed, reference links take the reader to another location in the 
document, in effect "cross referencing" them to that location.   
 
Reference Links, as are all hypertext links, are depicted through the use of
symbols embedded in with the text or the graphics on screen.  The symbols 
for a reference link composed of text are a pair of green triangles.  These 
triangles surround what is termed the "Link Originator".  The Link 
Originator is simply what was initially defined as hypertext when the link 
was created.  It is the Gateway for the link.  All hypertext links are 
activated or "traversed" by moving the cursor between the symbols for the 
link and pressing <F1>.    
 
                     Press <PgDn> for more information 


                                                           <Alt> <F3> 
   
The <Alt> <F3> command is used to create a Replacement Link.  Links are the
basic building blocks of hypertext in Black Magic.  A link is a block of
text or graphics that has been defined as hypertext.  Once a block is
hypertext it has special properties.  These properties can include pop up
windows (Note Links), replacement of text (Replacement Link), and instant
"cross references" to other parts of the document (Reference Link).  When 
traversed, Replacement Links replace the original block of text with a new
block of text or graphics.  

Replacement Links, as are all hypertext links, are depicted through the use
of symbols embedded in with the text or the graphics on screen.  The symbols
for a Replacement Link composed of text are a pair of pink squares.  These 
squares surround what is termed the "Link Originator".  The Link 
Originator is simply what was initially defined as hypertext when the link 
was created.  It is the Gateway for the link.  All hypertext links are 
activated or "traversed" by moving the cursor between the symbols for the 
link and pressing <F1>.    
 
                     Press <PgDn> for more information 
                                                                                          <Shift> <F3>  
    
The <Shift> <F3> command is used to create a Note Link.  Links are the basic
building blocks of hypertext in Black Magic.  A link is a block of text or  
graphics that has been defined as hypertext.  Once a block is hypertext it  
has special properties.  These properties can include pop up windows (Note  
Links), replacement of text (Replacement Link), and instant "cross  
references" to other parts of the document (Reference Link).  When  
traversed, Note Links pop up a "Note" window in the upper right hand corner 
of the screen.  Note Links are used to convey brief notes or comments to the
readers.   
 
Note Links, as are all hypertext links, are depicted through the use of  
symbols embedded in with the text or the graphics on screen.  The symbols  
for a note link composed of text are a pair of yellow diamonds.  These  
diamonds surround what is termed the "Link Originator".  The Link  
Originator is simply what was initially defined as hypertext when the link  
was created.  It is the Gateway for the link.  All hypertext links are  
activated or "traversed" by moving the cursor between the symbols for the  
link and pressing <F1>.     
  
                     Press <PgDn> for more information  
                <Alt> <F9>  
  
The <Alt> <F9> command is used to import graphics files into Black Magic. 
Graphics files in Black Magic are either captured through the use of GrabIt
or they are pulled from Black Magic's collection of ClipArt.  All graphics
files in Black MAgic share a common file extension, that of .MGR.

To import a graphics file into Black Magic press:

     <Alt> <F9> "Filename" <Enter>

Where "Filename" is the name of the file that you wish to import.  Black
Magic will then import the specified graphics file into the document.  When
the graphic is in the document a symbol that looks like a circle will appear
next to it.  This symbol is called the Graphic Indicator, and it is used to
refer to the graphic.  For example if you wish to use the Block Cut and copy
commands to manipulate a graphic the block is marked by only marking the
Graphic Indicator Symbol.  Once the symbol is marked (using <Shift>
<Arrowkey> then it can be Cut Copied and Pasted like any other block.  There
is a second symbol that can appear with a graphic, and that is called a
Graphic Link.  This symbol is used to show hypertext links when they are
part of a graphic.            (Press <F2> at the help screen for more)
                                               <F10>

The <F10> command is used to display the menu at the bottom of the screen.
Once the menu is displayed choices can be made from it by either moving the
highlighting bar over it and pressing <Enter> or by typing the first letter
of the command desired.  Each menu option (except Exit) leads to a submenu.

The menu displayed will give you the following choices:

  Files   Edit   Format   Link   Search   Macro   Util   Window   Help

    Files brings up a files menu.  (Press <ALT> F)
    Edit brings up a block editing menu.  (Press <ALT> E)
    Format brings up a text formatting menu.  (Press <ALT> O)
    Link brings up a menu for linking text.  (Press <ALT> I)
    Search brings up a search menu.  (Press <ALT> S)
    Util brings up a Black Magic utilities menu.  (Press <ALT> U)
    Macro brings up a macro menu.  (Press <ALT> M)
    Window brings up a note window formatting menu. (Press <ALT> W)
    Help brings up the Black Magic help system.  (Press <ALT> H)

Note: Most menu commands can also be accessed through the keyboard.
                                                                                    <Alt> F

The <Alt> F command brings the Files submenu up on screen.  This
menu is displayed across the command line in Black Magic.  The menu
choices are selected by moving the highlighting bar over your choice
and pressing <Enter> or by pressing the first letter of your choice.

The Files submenu gives you the following choices:

   Open   Save   Change Dir   Files   Util   Import/Export   Print   Exit

The commands have the following meanings:
     Load - This brings a .MAG file into Black Magic
     Save - This saves a file in the .MAG format
     Change Dir - This changes the current directory to a specified one
     Files - This gives a listing of the files in the current directory
     Util - Brings up a menu with file utilities
     Import/Export - Brings up a menu for importing and exporting files
     Print - Brings up a menu with printing functions
     Exit - Exits Black Magic                                                                                                       <Alt> S

The <Alt> S command brings the Search submenu up on screen.  This
menu is displayed across the command line in Black Magic.  The menu
choices are selected by moving the highlighting bar over your choice
and pressing <Enter> or by pressing the first letter of your choice.

The Search submenu gives you the following choices:

     Find   Replace   Again   Options

The commands have the following meanings:
     Find - find a word
     Replace - replace a word with another word
     Again - Do last find/replace again
     Options - set options for the search                                                      <Alt> E

The <Alt> E command brings the Edit submenu up on screen.  This
menu is displayed across the command line in Black Magic.  The menu
choices are selected by moving the highlighting bar over your choice
and pressing <Enter> or by pressing the first letter of your choice.

The Edit submenu gives you the following choices:

  Cut   Copy   Paste   Display Buffer   UnMagic   Delete Line   Delete Word

The commands have the following meanings:
   Cut removes a block of text from the screen and places in the paste buffer
   Copy copies a block of text from the screen to the paste buffer
   Paste places the contents of the paste buffer to the cursor position
   Display Buffer show the contents of the paste buffer
   UnMagic removes a hypertext link
   Delete Line removes the current line
   Delete Word deletes the word to the right of the cursor                   <Alt> M

The <Alt> M command brings the Macro submenu up on screen.  This
menu is displayed across the command line in Black Magic.  The menu
choices are selected by moving the highlighting bar over your choice
and pressing <Enter> or by pressing the first letter of your choice.

The Macro submenu gives you the following choices:

    Define Macro   Run Macro

The commands have the following meanings:
    Define Macro stores keystrokes into a .MAC file on the disk
    Run Macro runs a .MAC macro off the disk                                                                                                                <Alt> U

The <Alt> U command brings the Utilities submenu up on screen.  This
menu is displayed across the command line in Black Magic.  The menu
choices are selected by moving the highlighting bar over your choice
and pressing <Enter> or by pressing the first letter of your choice.

The Utilities submenu gives you the following choices:

     Reader Mode   TSR Wait State   Configure Black Magic   Word Count

The commands have the following meanings:
     Reader Mode - toggles from write mode to reader mode
     TSR Wait State - Use when running a TSR program (i.e. SideKick)
     Configure Black Magic - Setup directories and user preferences
     Word Count - Count the number of words in the document
                                        <Ctrl> <F5>  
 
The <Ctrl> <F5> command is used to display the contents of the paste buffer. 
The paste buffer is used to hold blocks that have either been cut, copied,
or deleted.  Blocks are an amount of text that has been specially designated
as a "block".  This allows several commands to affect an entire block of
text rather than a single character.     

To see the contents of the paste buffer press:

     <Ctrl> <F5>

                                                                      <Alt> O

The <Alt> O command brings the Format submenu up on screen.  This
menu is displayed across the command line in Black Magic.  The menu
choices are selected by moving the highlighting bar over your choice
and pressing <Enter> or by pressing the first letter of your choice.

The Format submenu gives you the following choices:

    Style   Justify   Margins   Set Tab   Pagebreak

The commands have the following meanings:
    Style - brings up a menu for bolfacing, italicizing, etc...
    Justify - brings up a menu for justification of the window
    Margins - brings up a menu for window margins
    Set Tab - sets the tab spacing
    Pagebreak - inserts a page break for printing                                                           <Ctrl> <F8>

The <Ctrl> <F8> combination is used for Right Justifing a window.  It will
pop up a window on the screen and ask you if you wish to change the
justification to Right Justification.

An Example of Full Justification follows:

   This is a paragraph in which Right justification has been used.  You
     will notice that the last word of each line ends at the same point
          while the first word begins at different places on each line.

                                           <Ctrl> <F3>

The <Cltr> <F3> command is used to create a DOS Link.  Links are the basic
building blocks of hypertext in Black Magic.  A link is a block of text or
graphics that has been defined as hypertext.  Once a block is hypertext it
has special properties.  These properties can include pop up windows (Note
Links), replacement of text (Replacement Link), instant "cross references"
to other parts of the document (Reference Link), and run DOS applications
(DOS Link).  DOS Links run a batch file after exiting Black Magic.  When
this link is activated by Black Magic, it will appear as a full size note
window where the contents of the batch file can be entered.  If Black Magic
is in reader mode, or when using MagRead, the batch file is automatically
executed.  By pressing <F1> when editing the batch file the batch file can
also be run.

DOS Links, as are all hypertext links, are depicted through the use of
symbols embedded in with the text or the graphics on screen.  The symbols
for a DOS link composed of text are a pair of orange floppy disks.  These
floppy disks surround what is termed the "Link Originator".  The Link
Originator is simply what was initially defined when the link was created.

                     Press <PgDn> for more information                                                                                                                      <Ctrl> F 
  
The <Ctrl> F command is used to activate the Searching functions of Black 
Magic.   
  
To find a specific piece of text press: 
 
     <Ctrl> F 
 
Black Magic will now prompt you for the text to be found.  Enter the text to
be found and press <Enter> 
 
Black Magic will either take the cursor to the first occurrence of the text 
entered or report that the text does not exist.  To repeat the same search 
press : 
 
     <Ctrl> A 
 
The searching methods can be altered by pressing: 
 
     <F10> S O 
 
                                                                                                <Ctrl> R  
   
The <Ctrl> R command is used to activate the Replace functions of Black  
Magic.    
   
To Replace a particular string of text, press:

     <Ctrl> R  
  
Black Magic will now prompt you for the text to be Replaced, and then for
the text that is to Replace it.  Enter the text to be Replaced and press
<Enter>, Now enter the text to replace it and press <Enter>.  
  
Black Magic will go and replace all the occurrences of the specified text
with the text to replace it.  
  
The replacement methods can be altered by pressing:  
  
     <F10> S O  
  
                                                 <End>
 
The <End> command is used to move to the end of a line. It places the cursor
at the lines end.    
 
To move the cursor to the end of a line, press:

     <End>

This will move the cursor to the end of a line.
                          <Home>
 
The <Home> command is used to move to the beginning of a line. It places the
cursor at the lines beginning.    
 
To move the cursor to the beginning of a line, press:

     <Home>

This will move the cursor to the beginning of a line.
                                                                                                                               <F6>  
 
The <F6> command is used to make a block of text bold face.  Blocks are an
amount of text that has been specially designated as a "block".  This allows
several commands to affect an entire block of text rather than a single
character.     

To make text bold face it must first be defined as a block.  This is done
using <Shift> <ArrowKey> (blocks appear highlighted in blue on the screen). 
Once a block is defined, press:

<F6>

This will make the block bold face, and cause the block definition to
vanish.  
 
                                                                                                    _

The "_" (underscore) command is used to underline a block of text.  It only
works in conjunction with blocks, underlining the entire defined block.

To underline text, it must first be defined as a block.  This is done by
highlighting the desired text with <Shift> <Arrowkey>.  Once the desired
text has been defined as a block, press:

     <Shift> _               (Shift and the Underscore key)

This will underline the entire block.
                                                           <Alt> <F6>  
 
The <Alt> <F6> command is used to italicize a block of text.  Blocks are an
amount of text that has been specially designated as a "block".  This allows
several commands to affect an entire block of text rather than a single
character.     

To italicize text, the text must first be defined as a block.  This is done
using <Shift> <ArrowKey> (blocks appear highlighted in blue on the screen). 
Once a block is defined, press:

     <Alt> <F6>

This will italicize the block, and cause the block definition to vanish.  
 
                                                                                      <Shift> <F7>

The <Shift> <F7> command is used to define a macro.  Macros are essentially
recorded sequences of keystrokes that can played back at will to make your
computer execute those keystrokes.  Macros are useful for automating any
sort of repetitive task; for example, what was four or more keystrokes could
be reduced to one.  Macros are named with the single characters that are
letters and numbers on the keyboard.  This limits the number of available
macros to thirty six (26 letters and 10 numbers).

To define a macro press:

     <Shift> <F7> "MacroName"

Where "MacroName" is the letter or number of the macro to be defined.  If
the macro does not already exist prompt you to start creating the macro.
Once the macro is created press:

     <Shift> <F7>

to end the macro, saving it to disk.  IF a macro already existed for that
name Black Magic will ask if it is supposed to overwrite it.
                                                                                               <Ctrl> C  
 
The <Ctrl> C command is used to get word counts for the current text stream. 
The current text stream is anywhere within a Black Magic document that can
be reached without traversing a link.  It is the text that can be reached by
only using the arrow keys.  
   
To count the words in the current text stream press:  
 
     <Ctrl> C  
 
This will return the number of words in the current text stream.
                                                                                  <F7>   
  
The <F7> command is used to run a macro.  Macros are essentially recorded
sequences of keystrokes that can played back at will to make your computer
execute those keystrokes.  Macros are useful for automating any sort of
repetitive task; for example, what was four or more keystrokes could be
reduced to one.  Macros are used in Black Magic by pressing <F7> in
conjunction with the macros name.  Macros are named with the single
characters that are letters and numbers on the keyboard.  This limits the
number of availale macros to thirty six (26 letters and 10 numbers).  

To run a macro press:

     <F7> "MacroName"

Where "MacroName" is the letter or number of the macro.  Macros are read
from the disk and run if they are not already in memory.

                                                                                                                 <ALT> H

The <ALT> H command is used to call up this help module that you are
reading.

To access the help screens, press:

     <ALT> H

Once the initial help screen is displayed, help can be achieved in three
ways.
  1. By pressing the help key (<Shift> <F1>), the function key
       template will be displayed.
  2. By pressing any valid key combination, help will be displayed for
       that key combination.
  3. Topics may be selected from the list of six displayed at the bottom
       of the initial screen.  This is done using arrow keys and <Enter>.

Help is exited by pressing <Esc>.


                  Ctrl <F4> 
 
The <Ctrl> <F4> command is used to UnMagic Note Links, Replacement Links
and Reference Links (that is to remove them, making them not hypertext any
longer).  When a Note or Replacement Link has been UnMagic'ed its contents
are GONE!!! - so use these commands with caution.  When a replacement Link
has been UnMagic'ed it may still be retrieved.  Remember you can always use
Block Cut and Paste to get the contents of links to another place in the
document.

To UnMagic a Link, position the cursor between the two link markers of the
link you wish to remove and press:

     <Ctrl> <F4>

This will eliminate the link, removing the symbols from the screen.  To
retrieve a Reference Link that has been UnMagic'ed, mark the block that you
wish to link from (Link Originator) and goto the Mapping Function (<Ctrl>
<F2>).  Now press the <Tab> key.  This will call up a map of the UnMagic'ed
Reference links.  Now move to the UnMagic'ed Link with the arrow keys and
<Enter>.  Once in that Link, mark the block that you wish to link to (Link
End) and press <Esc>.  The link has been made.  



                          <Alt> R

The <Alt> R command is used to set the right margin.   
  
To set the right margin, press:

     <Alt> R

Black Magic will then prompt you for the value for the right margin, so
press:
     
     Number <Enter>

Where "Number" is any value between 1 and 79, such that it does not conflict
with the left margin.
                                               <Shift> <F9>    
    
The <Shift> <F9> command is used to load a document into memory.  When the 
load command is issued, either ASCII or Magic (.MGR) hypertext files can be 
loaded. 
 
To load a file press: 
 
     <Shift> <F9> "Filename" <Enter> 
 
Where "Filename" is the name for the file that is to be loaded.                                                         <Alt> L

The <Alt> L command is used to set the left margin.   
  
To set the left margin, press:

     <Alt> L

Black Magic will then prompt you for the value for the left margin, so
press:
     
     Number <Enter>

Where "Number" is any value between 1 and 79, such that it does not conflict
with the right margin.
                                                 <Alt> - # 
 
The Alt - # ('#' representing a number zero through nine entered by the
user) command is used to define a marker.  Markers are invisible locator
codes that are user defined.   After a marker has been created, the user can
jump to it instantly by simply pressing <Alt> # ('#' meaning the number of
the marker).  These markers work both across the current text stream and
across links.

To create a marker, press:

     <Alt> - 

This will bring a window up on screen for the entry of the number of the
marker (0-9 are the eligible numbers to enter).  Entering a number and
pressing <Enter> creates the marker.  


                                                                                                                          <Alt> V

The <Alt> V command brings the View submenu up on screen.  This
menu is displayed across the command line in Black Magic.  The menu
choices are selected by moving the highlighting bar over your choice
and pressing <Enter> or by pressing the first letter of your choice.

The View submenu gives you the following choices:

   Forward Link   Backward Link   Collapse   Map   Set Marker  Goto Marker

The commands have the following meanings:
    Forward Link traverses a link forward.  (Same as <F1>)
    Backward Link traverses a link backward.  (Same as <ESC>)
    Collapse to the first window.  (Same as <ALT> <F1>)
    Map brings up the hypertext link map.  (Same as <CTRL> <F2>)
    Set Marker places a bookmark at the current location
    Goto Marker takes you to a previously set bookmark

                                                                       <Ctrl> _

The <Ctrl> "_" (underscore) command is used to double underline a block of
text.  It only works in conjunction with blocks, double underlining the
entire defined block.

To double underline text, it must first be defined as a block.  This is done
by highlighting the desired text with <Shift> <Arrowkey>.  Once the desired
text has been defined as a block, press:

     <Ctrl> _               (Control and the Underscore key)

This will double underline the entire block.
               <Ctrl> <F9>   
   
The <Ctrl> <F9> command is used to import text into an existing document.  

To import a text file into the current document press:

     <Ctrl> <F9> "Filename" <Enter>

Where "Filename" is the name for the file that is to be loaded.                                                                                                                          <Shift> <Tab>
 
The <Shift> <Tab> command is used to set the tab width.  By pressing <Shift>
<Tab>, you are prompted for a new tab setting.

To set a new tab width, press:

     <Shift> <Tab>

Black Magic will now prompt you for a new tab setting.  This Setting is
entered in the following manner:

     Number <Enter>

Where "Number" is any value for the new tab setting between 1 and 79.  After
the number has been entered, <Enter> must be pressed.
                                           <Ctrl> <End> 
 
The <Ctrl> <End> command is used to move to the bottom of the current text
stream.  The current text stream is defined as anywhere that you can move to
without using <Esc> or <F1>.  It is anywhere that is accessible without
using hypertext.
 
To move to the bottom of the current text stream, press:

     <Ctrl> <End>

This will move the cursor to the bottom of the current text stream.
                                                                                              <Ctrl> <Home> 
 
The <Ctrl> <Home> command is used to move to the top of the current text
stream.  The current text stream is defined as anywhere that you can move to
without using <Esc> or <F1>.  It is anywhere that is accessible without
using hypertext.
 
To move to the top of the current text stream, press:

     <Ctrl> <Home>

This will move the cursor to the top of the current text stream.
                                                                                                    <Alt> W

The <Alt> W command brings the Window submenu up on screen.  This
menu is displayed across the command line in Black Magic.  The menu
choices are selected by moving the highlighting bar over your choice
and pressing <Enter> or by pressing the first letter of your choice.

The Window submenu gives you the following choices:

    Resize Note Window   Name Note Window

The commands have the following meanings:
    Resize Note Window changes the size and positioning of the note window
    Name Note Window places a name for the note window above the window                                                           <Ctrl> A

The <Ctrl> A command is used to repeat a Search or Replace command.

After a search or replace operation has been performed, it may be repeated
as many times as necessary byu simply pressing:

     <Ctrl> A

 
                        <Alt> T 
 
The <Alt> T command is used to set the tab size in Black Magic.  Black has
only one tab setting that simply moves the cursor the number of spaces that
the tab is set to.

To use this command to set the tab, press: 

     <Alt> T

This will pop a window up on screen for the entry of the new tab setting.

                                                      <Ctrl> B

The <Ctrl> B command inserts a page break symbol into the text.

The page break symbol instructs the printer to continue printing at the top
of the next physical page.  This allows you to prematurely force the "end"
of a page.            <Shift> <F2> 
 
The <Shift> <F2> command is used to resize Note Windows.  It only affects
the active window.  The active window is the one that contains the cursor.

To resize a Note Window press:
   
     <Shift> <F2> 

This will cause Black Magic to prompt you for the new window height and
width.  After they are entered, the window will be resized to those
specifications, and text entry into the window can be continued.
                                                                        <Alt> <F1> 
 
The <Alt> <F1> command is used to collapse a hypertext document.  It folds a
document into its original form and returns the cursor to the beginning of
the document.  
 
To use this command to collapse a document to its original form and return
to the beginning press:

     <Alt> <F1>

This will collapse the document.
                                    <Shift> <F10>

The <Shift> <F10> command is used to place Black Magic in what is termed a
TSR (Terminate and Stay Resident) Wait State.  The TSR Wait State is a
special mode that Black Magic can be put in to facilitate the running of TSR
type programs.  

A TSR is a program that is loaded into memory and remains there until
activated by a particular sequence of keystrokes.  These type of programs
are frequently incompatible with Black Magic because they do not restore the
video display properly.  Black Magic uses what is termed a "Bit Mapped"
display, because of this Black Magic can use multiple fonts, underlining,
and graphics however most TSRs don't properly restore this type of screen
hence the invention of the TSR Wait State.
  
To invoke the TSR wait state press:
     
     <Shift> <F10>

Now go ahead and run your TSR.  When you return to Black Magic, pressing any
key will remove you from the TSR Wait State.
                                                                          Ctrl O 
 
The <Ctrl> O command is used to set the various options for searching,
changing how the searching functions.  These options can also be accessed
from the <F10> activated menu (<F10> S O).  The options that can be changed
are:

   Option                          Meaning
Global Replace      Replace from cursor forward or over whole text stream 
Whole Word          Search only for words or every instance of entered text
Forward Search      Search from cursor forward or over whole text stream 
Query For Replace   Replace operations happen automatically or after prompt
Ignore Case         Search/Repl. operation ignore or count Upper/lower case

To access these search options, press:

     <Ctrl> O

This will bring a window up on screen with a cursor inside it.  Use the up
and down arrows to go to the option you wish to change and the right and
left arrows to change it back and forth.


                                                                                               <Ctrl> <F2>  
  
The <Ctrl> <F2> command is used to map hypertext reference links.  It
displays a graphical map of the overall  structure of the document.  The
Ctrl <F2> command is also used to access the UnMagic reference link commands
and the FileLink commands.  To access these additional commands, press the
<Tab> key.  

Note - the FileLink commands are only active when you are in point mode.  At
this point, pressing <Enter> will allow you to link to another file.

To display a map of your document press:
    
     <Ctrl> <F2>  
                                                                                      <F2> 
 
The <F2> command is used to mark an imported graphic image as a link
originator.  When this command is activated, a crosshairs is called up over
the graphic image, this is then manipulated with the arrow keys.  WHen it is
in the right location, the key for the type of link is pressed.  From this
point, links are constructed as they are normally.

To use this command to mark a graphic, position the cursor on the graphic
indicator and press <F2>.  This will place a crosshairs on the graphic. 
This can be manipulated with the arrowkeys to the correct position that the
link is to be placed.  When the crosshairs are at the right place, press the
key combination for the type of link that it is to be.  From this point on,
the link is created normally.                                                                                                                       <Alt> P 
 
The <Alt> P command brings the Print submenu up on screen.   
   
This menu is displayed across the command line in Black Magic.   
The menu choices are selected by moving the highlighting bar over   
your choice and pressing <Enter> or by pressing the first letter   
of your choice.   
   
The Files submenu gives you the following choices:   
   
     Go  Options  Cancel   
   
The commands have the following meanings:   
     Go - This starts the printer printing.
     Options - This is used to set printer specifications such as page
               length, lines per page, etc.
     Cancel - This is used to halt printing.
                                                                                                          <Alt> <F2> 
 
The <Alt> <F2> command is used to place Black Magic into Reader mode.  In
this mode no editing is possible, but your document is displayed as if it
was being read by one of the reader programs, displaying things like
justification.  In Reader mode all the normal methods for moving through a
hypertext document apply including <F1> and <Esc>.  

To place Black Magic into Reader mode press:

     <Alt> <F2> 

This will place Black Magic into Reader mode, to escape from Reader mode
press:

     <Alt> <F2>

Again.
                                                                                           <Alt> <F7>

In the manual it is said that <Alt> <F7> is used to define a macro.  The
manual is in error.  Defining a macro is activated by <Shift> <F7>.

                      Sorry For The Inconveince.
                                             
             F1           F2          F3           F4           F5
Ctrl       Reporting    Mapping     DOS Link     UnMagic      Display
           Function     Function                              Buffer
Alt        Collapse     Reader      Replacement               Cut
                        Mode        Link
Shift      Help         Resize      Note Link                 Copy
                        Note Link
Normal     Forward      Mark        Reference    Hide Link    Paste
           Traverse     Graphics    Link         Markers


             F6           F7          F8           F9           F10
Ctrl                                Right        Import
                                    Justify      Text
Alt        Italics                  Full         Import       Exit
                                    Justify      Graphics
Shift                   Define      Left         Load         TSR Wait
                        Macro       Justify      Document
Normal     Bold         Run         Center       Save         Menu
                        Macro       Text         Document
                              <Shift> <F8>

The <Shift> <F8> combination is used for Left Justifing a window.  It will
pop up a window on the screen and ask you if you wish to change the
justification to Left Justification.

An Example of Left Justification follows:

   This is a paragraph in which left justification has been used.  You
   will notice that the first word at the beginning of each line starts
   at the same point for every line, while the last word does not
   always end at the same point.

                <Alt> <F8>

The <Alt> <F8> combination is used for Full Justifing a window.  It will
pop up a window on the screen and ask you if you wish to change the
justification to Full Justification.

An Example of Full Justification follows:

   This is a paragraph in which Full justification has been used.   You
   will notice that the first word at the beginning of each line starts
   at the same point for every line, and the last word ends at the same
   point on every line, except for the last line of a paragraph.

                                                                                                             <F4>

The <F4> command is used to Hide the link markers.  The link markers can be
removed from the screen to allow for easy reading of text.  Links are still
active with link markers invisible.
                                                       <Ctrl> <F10>

The <Ctrl> <F10> command is used to place Black Magic in what is termed a
TSR (Terminate and Stay Resident) Wait State.  The TSR Wait State is a
special mode that Black Magic can be put in to facilitate the running of TSR
type programs.

A TSR is a program that is loaded into memory and remains there until
activated by a particular sequence of keystrokes.  These type of programs
are frequently incompatible with Black Magic because they do not restore the
video display properly.  Black Magic uses what is termed a "Bit Mapped"
display, because of this Black Magic can use multiple fonts, underlining,
and graphics however most TSRs don't properly restore this type of screen
hence the invention of the TSR Wait State.

The difference between the <Shift> <F10> TSR Wait State and this one is that
here the screen is left in graphics mode so that the screen can be captured
by a screen grabbing program, such as GRABIT.                                                                      <Ctrl> P

The <Ctrl> P command initiates a printout of the current window to the
specified printer.  The printer is specified through the printer options
menu.  To get to the printer options menu type:

    <F10> F P O             (No Need to type spaces.)

You can then select a printer and set other printer functions.  The
<Ctrl> P combination allows the print command to be executed without
having to use the menu system.                                                                           <Ctrl> E

The <Ctrl> E command is used to export ASCII text files without using the
menu system.  Pressing the <Ctrl> E combination will bring up a window
asking for a filename to send the text to.  If a block has been marked,
only that text will be exported.                                                                                                                      <Ctrl> <F1>

The <Ctrl> <F1> command is used to initiate the reporting feature.  Place
the cursor over an existing link and press the <Ctrl> <F1> combination.  A
window will appear where the report can be entered.  To send the report to
an external file use the @ symbol followed by a filename.
Example:

      @FileName.Txt

This will create a new file called FileName.Txt and all text following that
line will be sent to that file.  To append to an existing file (appending
to a non-existant file merely starts the file), use two @ symbols like this:

      @@NextFile.Dat

Your files can then be used in conjunction with expert systems or other
programs you execute using the DOS Link feature. (See <Ctrl> <F3>.)                                  Graphics can also be defined as reference links.  When graphics are defined 
as hypertext, there is only one symbol used for all types of links.  This 
symbol is a circle with an "X" through it.  To traverse these graphic 
hypertext links, move the cursor on to the symbol and press <F1>.  For more 
information on graphics and hypertext, press <F2> at the initial help 
screen.  
 
To create a reference link, it is first necessary to define the block that 
is to become hypertext.  This is done by pressing: 
 
     <Shift> <Arrowkey> 
 
Use the arrowkeys in conjunction with <Shift> to highlight the block of 
text that is to be the Link Originator.  Once the Link Originator has been 
defined as a block press: 
 
     <F3> 
 
Now Black Magic will query you as to whether or not the Reference Link  

                    Press <PgDn> for more information 
             is going to point to new text or not.  This simply means are you going to  
link the Link Originator to text or graphics that already exist, or to text 

or graphics that is going to be entered now.  For now, we'll demonstrate  
linking to text has to be entered (i.e. its not in the document yet).   
Press:  
  
     Y  
  
to continue.  Now Black Magic will present you with a blank screen on which 
to enter the reference text or graphics.  Type some text to serve as the  
reference material for the link and press:  
  
     <Esc>  
  
Now Black Magic will prompt you with a message in a window that says:  "The 
Reference Link's endpoints have not been defined ... "   This means that you
have not defined where in the block of text just entered you want the cursor
(and hence the reader) to be brought to.  If you have a specific point that 
you wish the cursor to be brought to, go mark that point as a Block and then

                         Press <PgDn> for more Information 
            press <Esc>.  If you just want the cursor  to be brought to the beginning of
the block press <Esc> without marking a block.  Either of these will end the
link and return the cursor (and you) to the link originator.

The other manner to define a Reference Link is through the use of Point
Mode.  Point mode is used to link the Reader with any location in an already
existing part of the document.  The location pointed to can be in the
current text stream (anywhere in the area reachable on screen without using
<F1> or <Esc>), or even in another link elsewhere in the document.  

Point Mode is used by answering the "Is this Going To Point To New Text ?
(Y/N)" query with "Y".  You can go to any point in the document using the
<ArrowKeys>, <PgUp> & <PgDn>, the other movement keys, and  <F1>/<Esc>.  

                    Press <PgDn> for more Information






         When the cursor is at the location that you want the Reader to be brought
to, Press: 

     <Shift> <ArrowKey>

To mark the block where the cursor should be brought to.  After the block is
marked, press:

     <ESC>

To complete the Link.  The cursor will be returned to the Link Originator.  
                                                                             Graphics can also be defined as the Link Originators for Replacement links. 
When graphics are defined as hypertext, there is only one symbol used for
all types of links.  This symbol is a circle with an "X" through it.  To
traverse these graphic hypertext links, move the cursor on to the symbol and
press <F1>.  One aspect to making a Graphic the basis for a Replacement Link
Originator is that the entire graphic will be replaced, not simply the area
near the symbol.  For more information on graphics and hypertext, press <F2>
at the initial help screen.  
 
To create a Replacement Link, it is first necessary to define the block that
is to become hypertext.  This is done by pressing: 
 
     <Shift> <Arrowkey> 
 
Use the arrow keys in conjunction with <Shift> to highlight the Link
Originator.  Once the Link Originator has been defined as a block press: 
 
     <Alt> <F3> 
 
Now Black Magic will pop up a Replacement window for text or graphics entry. 

                           Press <PgDn> for more                                                                                                                     Text can be entered either by typing or by importing a text file, and
graphics is entered by importing a graphics file.  Once the data is entered
into the Replacement Link, press:

     <Esc>  
  
This will remove the Replacement Window from the screen and then return you
to the Link Originator.  You can see that the Link Originator is enclosed by
pink squares.  To traverse the link, move the cursor between the squares and
press:

     <F1>

The Replacement Link has one significant difference from the other two
Links.  The Link is set up with a "looping" type of structure, there fore to
return from the Link is press:

     <F1>

A second time.
      Remember returning from a Replacement Link is done by pressing <F1>
                    between the symbols a second time.                                                                                             Graphics can also be defined as the Link Originators for Note links.  When 
graphics are defined as hypertext, there is only one symbol used for all 
types of links.  This symbol is a circle with an "X" through it.  To 
traverse these graphic hypertext links, move the cursor on to the symbol and
press <F1>.  For more information on graphics and hypertext, press <F2> at 
the initial help screen.   
  
To create a note link, it is first necessary to define the block that  
is to become hypertext.  This is done by pressing:  
  
     <Shift> <Arrowkey>  
  
Now use the arrow keys in conjunction with <Shift> to highlight the block of 
text that is to be the Link Originator.  Once the Link Originator has been  
defined as a block press:  
  
     <Shift> <F3>  
  
Now Black Magic will pop up a Note window for text or graphics entry.  Text 
can be entered either by typing or by importing a text file, and graphics   
                                    
                           Press <PgDn> for more  
 
                                                                                                                 are entered by importing a graphics file.    

Once the data is entered into the Note Link, press:

     <Esc>  
  
This will remove the Note Window from the screen and then return you to the
Link Originator.  You can see that the Link Originator is enclosed by yellow
diamonds.  To traverse the link, move the cursor between the diamonds and
press:

     <F1>

To return from the Link press:

     <Esc>
                                                                                         It is the Gateway for the link.  All hypertext links are activated or
"traversed" by moving the cursor between the symbols for the link and
pressing <F1>.

The contents of the window are commands that would be in an actual batch
file.  See your Disk Operating System manual for information on what
commands can be placed in this window.  The two final commands to place
in your batch file will reload Black Magic and the file which was already
loaded.  These two commands change to the directory containing MAGIC.EXE
or MAGREAD.EXE and run the program.  A typical addition to the batch file
would be:

      CD\MAGIC
      MAGIC /RESTART

Your additions may differ if you have placed your system files in a another
directory, or if you are using MagRead instead of Black Magic.

Your program does not have to reload Black Magic after running the batch
file.  Nor does is have to reload the same file that was used when exiting.
                                                                          