Section A: Computers
Table of Contents
- How do I access the password file under Unix?
- How do I crack Unix passwords?
- What is password shadowing?
- Where can I find the password file if it's shadowed?
- What is NIS/yp?
- What are those weird characters after the comma in my passwd file?
- How do I access the password file under VMS?
- How do I crack VMS passwords?
- What can be logged on a VMS system?
- What priveleges are avaliable on a VMS system?
- How do I break out of a restricted shell?
- How do I gain root from a suid script or program?
- How do I erase my presence from the system logs?
- How do I send fakemail?
- How do I fake posts to Usenet?
- How do I hack ChanOp on IRC?
- How do I modify the IRC client to hide my real username?
- How to I change to directories with strange characters in them?
- What is ethernet sniffing?
- What is an Internet Outdial?
- What are some Internet Outdials?
- What is this system?
- What are the default accounts for XXX?
- What port is XXX on?
- What is a trojan/worm/virus/logic bomb?
- How can I protect myself from virii and such?
- Where can I get more information about viruses?
- What is Cryptoxxxxxxx?
- What is PGP?
- What is Tempest?
- What is an anonymous remailer?
- What are the addresses of some anonymous remailers?
- How do I defeat copy protection?
- What is 127.0.0.1?
- How do I post to a moderated newsgroup?
- How do I post to Usenet via e-mail?
- How do I defeat a BIOS password?
(Italic indicates updated questions, while bold
indicates new questions.)
(To obtain the source and patches in this document, select load to local
disk first.)
01. How do I access the password file under Unix?
In standard Unix the password file is /etc/passwd. On a Unix system
with either NIS/yp or password shadowing, much of the password data may
be elsewhere. An entry in the password file consists of seven colon
delimited fields:
Username
Encrypted password (And optional password aging data)
User number
Group Number
GECOS Information
Home directory
Shell
Sample entry from /etc/passwd:
will:5fg63fhD3d5gh:9406:12:Will Spencer:/home/fsg/will:/bin/bash
Broken down, this passwd file line shows:
Username: will
Encrypted password: 5fg63fhD3d5gh
User number: 9406
Group Number: 12
GECOS Information: Will Spencer
Home directory: /home/fsg/will
Shell: /bin/bash
02. How do I crack Unix passwords?
Contrary to popular belief, Unix passwords cannot be decrypted. Unix
passwords are encrypted with a one way function. The login program
encrypts the text you enter at the "Password:" prompt and compares
that encrypted string against the encrypted form of your password.
Password cracking software uses wordlists. Each word in the wordlist
is encrypted and the results are compared to the encrypted form of the
target password.
The best cracking program for Unix passwords is currently Crack by
Alec Muffett. For PC-DOS, the best package to use is currently
CrackerJack. CrackerJack is available via ftp from clark.net.
03. What is password shadowing?
Password shadowing is a security system where the encrypted password
field of /etc/passwd is replaced with a special token and the
encrypted password is stored in a separate file which is not readable
by normal system users.
To defeat password shadowing on many (but not all) systems, write a
program that uses successive calls to getpwent() to obtain the
password file.
Example: unshadow.c
04. Where can I find the password file if it's shadowed?
Unix Path Token
-----------------------------------------------------------------
AIX 3 /etc/security/passwd !
or /tcb/auth/files//
A/UX 3.0s /tcb/files/auth/?/*
BSD4.3-Reno /etc/master.passwd *
ConvexOS 10 /etc/shadpw *
ConvexOS 11 /etc/shadow *
DG/UX /etc/tcb/aa/user/ *
EP/IX /etc/shadow x
HP-UX /.secure/etc/passwd *
IRIX 5 /etc/shadow x
Linux 1.1 /etc/shadow *
OSF/1 /etc/passwd[.dir|.pag] *
SCO Unix #.2.x /tcb/auth/files//
SunOS4.1+c2 /etc/security/passwd.adjunct ##username
SunOS 5.0 /etc/shadow
System V Release 4.0 /etc/shadow x
System V Release 4.2 /etc/security/* database
Ultrix 4 /etc/auth[.dir|.pag] *
UNICOS /etc/udb *
05. What is NIS/yp?
NIS (Network Information System) in the current name for what was once
known as yp (Yellow Pages). The purpose for NIS is to allow many
machines on a network to share configuration information, including
password data. NIS is not designed to promote system security. If
your system uses NIS you will have a very short /etc/passwd file with
a line that looks like this:
+::0:0:::
To view the real password file use this command "ypcat passwd"
06. What are those weird characters after the comma in my passwd file?
The characters are password aging data. Password aging forces the
user to change passwords after a System Administrator specified period
of time. Password aging can also force a user to keep a password for
a certain number of weeks before changing it.
]
] Sample entry from /etc/passwd with password aging installed:
]
] will:5fg63fhD3d,M.z8:9406:12:Will Spencer:/home/fsg/will:/bin/bash
]
Note the comma in the encrypted password field. The characters after
the comma are used by the password aging mechanism.
]
] Password aging characters from above example:
]
] M.z8
]
The four characters are interpreted as follows:
1: Maximum number of weeks a password can be used without changing.
2: Minimum number of weeks a password must be used before changing.
3&4: Last time password was changed, in number of weeks since 1970.
Three special cases should be noted:
If the first and second characters are set to '..' the user will be
forced to change his/her passwd the next time he/she logs in. The
passwd program will then remove the passwd aging characters, and the
user will not be subjected to password aging requirements again.
If the third and fourth characters are set to '..' the user will be
forced to change his/her passwd the next time he/she logs in. Password
aging will then occur as defined by the first and second characters.
If the first character (MAX) is less than the second character (MIN),
the user is not allowed to change his/her password. Only root can
change that users password.
It should also be noted that the su command does not check the password
aging data. An account with an expired password can be su'd to
without being forced to change the password.
Password Aging Codes
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| Character: . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F G H |
| Number: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 |
| |
| Character: I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b |
| Number: 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 |
| |
| Character: c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v |
| Number: 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 |
| |
| Character: w x y z |
| Number: 60 61 62 63 |
| |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
07. How do I access the password file under VMS?
Under VMS, the password file is SYS$SYSTEM:SYSUAF.DAT. However,
unlike Unix, most users do not have access to read the password file.
08. How do I crack VMS passwords?
Write a program that uses the SYS$GETUAF functions to compare the
results of encrypted words against the encrypted data in SYSUAF.DAT.
Two such programs are known to exist, CHECK_PASSWORD and
GUESS_PASSWORD.
09. What can be logged on a VMS system?
Virtually every aspect of the VMS system can be logged for
investigation. To determine the status of the accounting on your system
use the command SHOW ACCOUNTING. System accounting is a facility for
recording information about the use of the machine from a system
accounting perspective (resource logging such as CPU time, printer usage
etc.), while system auditing is done with the aim of logging information
for the purpose of security. To enable accounting:
$ SET ACCOUNTING [/ENABLE=(Activity...)]
The following activities can be logged:
BATCH Termination of a batch job
DETACHED Termination of a detached job
IMAGE Image execution
INTERACTIVE Interactive job termination
LOGIN_FAILURE Login failures
MESSAGE Users messages
NETWORK Network job termination
PRINT Print Jobs
PROCESS Any terminated process
SUBPROCESS Termination of a subprocess
To enable security auditing use:
$ SET AUDIT [/ENABLE=(Activity...)]
The /ALARM qualifier is used to raise an alarm to all terminals approved
as security operators, which means that you need the SECURITY
privileges. You can determine your security auditing configuration
using $ SHOW AUDIT /ALL
The security auditor can be configured to log the following
activities:
ACL Access Control List requested events
AUTHORIZATION Modification to the system user
authorization file SYS$SYSTEM:SYSUAF.DAT
BREAKIN Attempted Break-ins
FILE_ACCESS File or global section access
INSTALL Occurrence of any INSTALL operations
LOGFAILURE Any login failures
LOGIN A login attempt from various sources
LOGOUT Logouts
MOUNT Mount or dismount requests
10. What priveleges are avaliable on a VMS system?
ACNT Allows you to restrain accounting messages
ALLSPOOL Allows you to allocate spooled devices
ALTPRI Allot Priority. This allows you to set any priority
value
BUGCHK Allows you make bug check error log entries
BYPASS Enables you to disregard protections
CMEXEC/
CMKRNL Change to executive or kernel mode. These privileges
allow a process to execute optional routines with KERNEL
and EXECUTIVE access modes. CMKRNL is the most powerful
privilege on VMS as anything protected can be accessed
if you have this privilege. You must have these
privileges to gain access to the kernel data structures
directly.
DETACH This privilege allow you to create detached processes of
arbitrary UICs
DIAGNOSE With this privilege you can diagnose devices
EXQUOTA Allows you to exceed your disk quota
GROUP This privilege grants you permission to affect other
processes in the same rank
GRPNAM Allows you to insert group logical names into the group
logical names table.
GRPPRV Enables you to access system group objects through
system protection field
LOG_IO Allows you to issue logical input output requests
MOUNT May execute the mount function
NETMBX Allows you to create network connections
OPER Allows you to perform operator functions
PFNMAP Allows you to map to specific physical pages
PHY_IO Allows you to perform physical input output requests
PRMCEB Can create permanent common event clusters
PRMGBL Allows you to create permanent global sections
PRMMBX Allows you to create permanent mailboxes
PSWAPM Allows you to change a processes swap mode
READALL Allows you read access to everything
SECURITY Enables you to perform security related functions
SETPRV Enable all privileges
SHARE Allows you to access devices allocated to other users.
This is used to assign system mailboxes.
SHMEM Enables you to modify objects in shared memory
SYSGBL Allows you to create system wide permanent global
sections
SYSLCK Allows you to lock system wide resources
SYSNAM Allows you to insert in system logical names in the
names table.
SYSPRV If a process holds this privilege then it is the same as
a process holding the system user identification code.
TMPMBX Allows you create temporary mailboxes
VOLPRO Enables you to override volume protection
WORLD When this is set you can affect other processes in the
world
To determine what privileges your process is running with issue the command:
$ show proc/priv
11. How do I break out of a restricted shell?
On poorly implemented restricted shells you can break out of the
restricted environment by running a program that features a shell
function. A good example is vi. Run vi and use this command:
:set shell=/bin/sh
then shell using this command:
:shell
If your restricted shell prevents you from using the "cd" command, FTP
into your account and you may be able to cd.
12. How do I gain root from a suid script or program?
1. Change IFS.
If the program calls any other programs using the system() function
call, you may be able to fool it by changing IFS. IFS is the Internal
Field Separator that the shell uses to delimit arguments.
If the program contains a line that looks like this:
system("/bin/date")
and you change IFS to '/' the shell will them interpret the
proceeding line as:
bin date
Now, if you have a program of your own in the path called "bin" the
suid program will run your program instead of /bin/date.
To change IFS, use this command:
IFS='/';export IFS # Bourne Shell
setenv IFS '/' # C Shell
export IFS='/' # Korn Shell
2. link the script to -i
Create a symbolic link named "-i" to the program. Running "-i"
will cause the interpreter shell (/bin/sh) to start up in interactive
mode. This only works on suid shell scripts.
Example:
% ln suid.sh -i
% -i
#
3. Exploit a race condition
Replace a symbolic link to the program with another program while the
kernel is loading /bin/sh.
Example:
nice -19 suidprog ; ln -s evilprog suidroot
4. Send bad input to the program.
Invoke the name of the program and a separate command on the same
command line.
Example:
suidprog ; id
13. How do I erase my presence from the system logs?
Edit /etc/utmp, /usr/adm/wtmp and /usr/adm/lastlog. These are not text
files that can be edited by hand with vi, you must use a program
specifically written for this purpose.
Example: erase.c
14. How do I send fakemail?
Telnet to port 25 of the machine you want the mail to appear to
originate from. Enter your message as in this example:
HELO bellcore.com
MAIL FROM:Voyager@bellcore.com
RCPT TO:president@whitehouse.gov
DATA
Please discontinue your silly Clipper initiative.
.
QUIT
On systems that have RFC 931 implemented, spoofing your "MAIL FROM:"
line will not work. Test by sending yourself fakemail first.
For more informationm read RFC 822 Standard for the format of ARPA
Internet text messages.
15. How do I fake posts to Usenet?
From: Anonymous (Pretending to be: tale@uunet.uu.net (David C Lawrence))
Subject: FAQ: Better living through forgery
Date: 19 Mar 1995 02:37:09 GMT
Anonymous netnews without "anonymous" remailers
Inspired by the recent "NetNews Judges-L" events, this file has been updated
to cover forging control messages, so you can do your own article canceling
and create and destroy your own newsgroups.
Save any news article to a file. We'll call it "hak" in this example.
Edit "hak", and remove any header lines of the form
From some!random!path!user (note: "From ", not "From: " !!)
Article:
Lines:
Xref:
Shorten the Path: header down to its LAST two or three "bangized" components.
This is to make the article look like it was posted from where it really was
posted, and originally hit the net at or near the host you send it to. Or
you can construct a completely new Path: line to reflect your assumed alias.
Make some change to the Message-ID: field, that isn't likely to be
duplicated anywhere. This is usually best done by adding a couple of
random characters to the part before the @, since news posting programs
generally use a fixed-length field to generate these IDs.
Change the other headers to say what you like -- From:, Newsgroups:,
Sender:, etc. Replace the original message text with your message. If you are
posting to a moderated group or posting a control message, remember to put in
an Approved: header to bypass the moderation mechanism.
To specifically cancel someone else's article, you need its message-ID. Your
message headers, in addition to what's already there, should also contain the
following with that message-ID in it. This makes it a "control message".
NOTE: control messages generally require an Approved: header as well, so
you should add one.
Subject: cmsg cancel
Control: cancel
Approved: luser@twits.site.com
Newsgroups are created and destroyed with control messages, too. If you
wanted to create, for instance, comp.misc.microsoft.sucks, your control
headers would look like
Subject: cmsg newgroup comp.misc.microsoft.sucks
Control: newgroup comp.misc.microsoft.sucks
Add on the string "moderated" at the end of these if you want the group to
be "moderated with no moderator" as with alt.hackers. Somewhere in the
body of your message, you should include the following text, changed with
the description of the group you're creating:
For your newsgroups file:
comp.misc.microsoft.sucks We don't do windows
To remove a group, substitute "rmgroup" for "newgroup" in the header lines
above. Keep in mind that most sites run all "rmgroup" requests through
a human news-master, who may or may not decide to honor it. Group creation
is more likely to be automatic than deletion at most installations. Any
newsgroup changes are more likely to take effect if they come from me, since
my name is hardwired into many of the NNTP control scripts, so using the
From: and Approved: headers from this posting is recommended.
Save your changed article, check it to make sure it contains NO reference
to yourself or your own site, and send it to your favourite NNTP server that
permits transfers via the IHAVE command, using the following script:
postihave
If your article doesn't appear in a day or two, try a different server.
They are easy to find. Here's a script that will break a large file
full of saved netnews into a list of hosts to try. Edit the output
of this if you want, to remove obvious peoples' names and other trash.
findservers
Once you have your host list, feed it to the following script.
findem
If the above script is called "findem" and you're using csh, you should do
findem < list >& outfile
so that ALL output from telnet is captured. This takes a long time, but when
it finishes, edit "outfile" and look for occurrences of "335". These mark
answers from servers that might be willing to accept an article. This isn't a
completely reliable indication, since some servers respond with acceptance and
later drop articles. Try a given server with a slightly modified repeat of
someone else's message, and see if it eventually appears.
Sometimes the telnets get into an odd state, and freeze, particularly when
a host is refusing NNTP connections. If you manually kill these hung telnet
processes but not the main script, the script will continue on. In other
words, you may have to monitor the finding script a little while it is
running.
You will notice other servers that don't necessarily take an IHAVE, but
say "posting ok". You can probably do regular POSTS through these, but they
will add an "NNTP-Posting-Host: " header containing the machine YOU came from
and are therefore unsuitable for completely anonymous use.
PLEASE USE THE INFORMATION IN THIS ARTICLE FOR CONSTRUCTIVE PURPOSES ONLY.
16. How do I hack ChanOp on IRC?
Find a server that is split from the rest of IRC and create your own
channel there using the name of the channel you want ChanOp on. When
that server reconnects to the net, you will have ChanOp on the real
channel. If you have ServerOp on a server, you can cause it to split
on purpose.
17. How do I modify the IRC client to hide my real username?
Get the IRC client from cs.bu.edu /irc/clients. Look at the source
code files irc.c and ctcp.c. The code you are looking for is fairly
easy to spot. Change it. Change the username code in irc.c and the
ctcp information code in ctcp.c. Compile and run your client.
Here are the diffs from a sample hack of the IRC client. Your client
code will vary slightly depending on what IRC client version you are
running.
Example: irc-diffs
18. How to I change to directories with strange characters in them?
These directories are often used by people trying to hide information,
most often warez (commercial software).
There are several things you can do to determine what these strange
characters are. One is to use the arguments to the ls command that
cause ls to give you more information:
>From the man page for ls:
-F Causes directories to be marked with a trailing ``/'',
executable files to be marked with a trailing ``*'', and
symbolic links to be marked with a trailing ``@'' symbol.
-q Forces printing of non-graphic characters in filenames as the
character ``?''.
-b Forces printing of non-graphic characters in the \ddd
notation, in octal.
Perhaps the most useful tool is to simply do an "ls -al filename" to
save the directory of the remote ftp site as a file on your local
machine. Then you can do a "cat -t -v -e filename" to see exactly
what those bizarre little characters are.
>From the man page for cat:
-v Causes non-printing characters (with the exception of tabs,
newlines, and form feeds) to be displayed. Control characters
are displayed as ^X (x), where X is the key pressed with
the key (for example, m is displayed as ^M). The
character (octal 0177) is printed as ^?. Non-ASCII
characters (with the high bit set) are printed as M -x, where
x is the character specified by the seven low order bits.
-t Causes tabs to be printed as ^I and form feeds as ^L. This
option is ignored if the -v option is not specified.
-e Causes a ``$'' character to be printed at the end of each line
(prior to the new-line). This option is ignored if the -v
option is not set.
If the directory name includes a or a you will need to
enclose the entire directory name in quotes. Example:
cd ".."
On an IBM-PC, you may enter these special characters by holding down
the key and entering the decimal value of the special character
on your numeric keypad. When you release the key, the special
character should appear on your screen. An ASCII chart can be very
helpful.
Sometimes people will create directories with some of the standard
stty control characters in them, such as ^Z (suspend) or ^C (intr).
To get into those directories, you will first need to user stty to
change the control character in qustion to another character.
From the man page for stty:
Control assignments
control-character C
Sets control-character to C, where control-character is
erase, kill, intr (interrupt), quit, eof, eol, swtch
(switch), start, stop or susp.
start and stop are available as possible control char-
acters for the control-character C assignment.
If C is preceded by a caret (^) (escaped from the
shell), then the value used is the corresponding con-
trol character (for example, ^D is a d; ^? is
interpreted as DELETE and ^- is interpreted as unde-
fined).
Use the stty -a command to see your current stty settings, and to
determine which one is causing you problems.
19. What is ethernet sniffing?
Ethernet sniffing is listening (with software) to the raw ethernet
device for packets that interest you. When your software sees a
packet that fits certain criteria, it logs it to a file. The most
common criteria for an interesting packet is one that contains words
like "login" or "password."
Many ethernet sniffers are available, here are a few that may be on
your system now:
OS Sniffer
~~ ~~~~~~~
HP/UX nettl (monitor) & netfmt (display)
nfswatch /* Available via anonymous ftp */
Irix nfswatch /* Available via anonymous ftp */
Etherman
SunOS etherfind
nfswatch /* Available via anonymous ftp */
Solaris snoop
DOS ETHLOAD /* Available via anonymous ftp as */
/* ethld104.zip */
The Gobbler /* Available via anonymous ftp */
LanPatrol
LanWatch
Netmon
Netwatch
Netzhack /* Available via anonymous ftp at */
/* mistress.informatik.unibw-muenchen.de */
/* /pub/netzhack.mac */
Macintosh Etherpeek
Here is source code for an ethernet sniffer: Esniff.c
20. What is an Internet Outdial?
An Internet outdial is a modem connected to the Internet than you can
use to dial out. Normal outdials will only call local numbers. A GOD
(Global OutDial) is capable of calling long distance. Outdials are an
inexpensive method of calling long distance BBS's.
21. What are some Internet Outdials?
This FAQ answer is excerpted from CoTNo #5:
Internet Outdial List v3.0
by Cavalier and DisordeR
Introduction
There are several lists of Internet outdials floating around the net these
days. The following is a compilation of other lists, as well as v2.0 by
DeadKat(CoTNo issue 2, article 4). Unlike other lists where the author
just ripped other people and released it, we have sat down and tested
each one of these. Some of them we have gotten "Connection Refused" or
it timed out while trying to connect...these have been labeled dead.
Working Outdials
----------------
as of 12/29/94
NPA IP Address Instructions
--- ---------- ------------
215 isn.upenn.edu modem
217 dialout.cecer.army.mil atdt x,xxxXXXXX
218 modem.d.umn.edu atdt9,xxxXXXX
303 yuma.acns.colostate.edu 3020
412 gate.cis.pitt.edu tn3270,
connect dialout.pitt.edu,
atdtxxxXXXX
413 dialout2400.smith.edu Ctrl } gets ENTER NUMBER: xxxxxxx
502 outdial.louisville.edu
502 uknet.uky.edu connect kecnet
@ dial: "outdial2400 or out"
602 acssdial.inre.asu.edu atdt8,,,,,[x][yyy]xxxyyyy
614 ns2400.acs.ohio-state.edu
614 ns9600.acs.ohio-state.edu
713 128.249.27.153 atdt x,xxxXXXX
714 modem.nts.uci.edu atdt[area]0[phone]
804 ublan.virginia.edu connect hayes, 9,,xxx-xxxx
804 ublan2.acc.virginia.edu connect telnet
connect hayes
Need Password
-------------
206 rexair.cac.washington.edu This is an unbroken password
303 yuma.ACNS.ColoState.EDU login: modem
404 128.140.1.239 .modem8|CR
415 annex132-1.EECS.Berkeley.EDU "dial1" or "dial2" or "dialer1"
514 cartier.CC.UMontreal.CA externe,9+number
703 wal-3000.cns.vt.edu dial2400 -aa
Dead/No Connect
---------------
201 idsnet
202 modem.aidt.edu
204 dial.cc.umanitoba.ca
204 umnet.cc.manitoba.ca "dial12" or "dial24"
206 dialout24.cac.washington.edu
207 modem-o.caps.maine.edu
212 B719-7e.NYU.EDU dial3/dial12/dial24
212 B719-7f.NYU.EDU dial3/dial12/dial24
212 DIALOUT-1.NYU.EDU dial3/dial12/dial24
212 FREE-138-229.NYU.EDU dial3/dial12/dial24
212 UP19-4b.NYU.EDU dial3/dial12/dial24
215 wiseowl.ocis.temple.edu "atz" "atdt 9xxxyyyy"
218 aa28.d.umn.edu "cli" "rlogin modem"
at "login:" type "modem"
218 modem.d.umn.edu Hayes 9,XXX-XXXX
301 dial9600.umd.edu
305 alcat.library.nova.edu
305 office.cis.ufl.edu
307 modem.uwyo.edu Hayes 0,XXX-XXXX
313 35.1.1.6 dial2400-aa or dial1200-aa
or dialout
402 dialin.creighton.edu
402 modem.criegthon.edu
404 broadband.cc.emory.edu ".modem8" or ".dialout"
408 dialout.scu.edu
408 dialout1200.scu.edu
408 dialout2400.scu.edu
408 dialout9600.scu.edu
413 dialout.smith.edu
414 modems.uwp.edu
416 annex132.berkely.edu atdt 9,,,,, xxx-xxxx
416 pacx.utcs.utoronto.ca modem
503 dialout.uvm.edu
513 dialout24.afit.af.mil
513 r596adi1.uc.edu
514 pacx.CC.UMontreal.CA externe#9 9xxx-xxxx
517 engdial.cl.msu.edu
602 dial9600.telcom.arizona.edu
603 dialout1200.unh.edu
604 dial24-nc00.net.ubc.ca
604 dial24-nc01.net.ubc.ca
604 dial96-np65.net.ubc.ca
604 gmodem.capcollege.bc.ca
604 hmodem.capcollege.bc.ca
609 128.119.131.11X (X= 1 - 4) Hayes
609 129.119.131.11x (x = 1 to 4)
609 wright-modem-1.rutgers.edu
609 wright-modem-2.rutgers.edu
612 modem_out12e7.atk.com
612 modem_out24n8.atk.com
614 ns2400.ircc.ohio-state.edu "dial"
615 dca.utk.edu dial2400 D 99k #
615 MATHSUN23.MATH.UTK.EDU dial 2400 d 99Kxxxxxxx
616 modem.calvin.edu
617 128.52.30.3 2400baud
617 dialout.lcs.mit.edu
617 dialout1.princeton.edu
617 isdn3.Princeton.EDU
617 jadwingymkip0.Princeton.EDU
617 lord-stanley.Princeton.EDU
617 mpanus.Princeton.EDU
617 mrmodem.wellesley.edu
617 old-dialout.Princeton.EDU
617 stagger.Princeton.EDU
617 sunshine-02.lcs.mit.edu
617 waddle.Princeton.EDU
619 128.54.30.1 atdt [area][phone]
619 dialin.ucsd.edu "dialout"
703 modem_pool.runet.edu
703 wal-3000.cns.vt.edu
713 128.249.27.154 "c modem96" "atdt 9xxx-xxxx"
or "Hayes"
713 modem12.bcm.tmc.edu
713 modem24.bcm.tmc.edu
713 modem24.bcm.tmc.edu
714 mdmsrv7.sdsu.edu atdt 8xxx-xxxx
714 modem24.nts.uci.edu
714 pub-gopher.cwis.uci.edu
801 dswitch.byu.edu "C Modem"
808 irmodem.ifa.hawaii.edu
902 star.ccs.tuns.ca "dialout"
916 129.137.33.72
916 cc-dnet.ucdavis.edu connect hayes/dialout
916 engr-dnet1.engr.ucdavis.edu UCDNET C KEYCLUB
??? 128.119.131.11X (1 - 4)
??? 128.200.142.5
??? 128.54.30.1 nue, X to discontinue, ? for Help
??? 128.6.1.41
??? 128.6.1.42
??? 129.137.33.72
??? 129.180.1.57
??? 140.112.3.2 ntu
??? annexdial.rz.uni-duesseldorf.de
??? dial96.ncl.ac.uk
??? dialout.plk.af.mil
??? ee21.ee.ncu.edu.tw cs8005
??? im.mgt.ncu.edu.tw guest
??? modem.cis.uflu.edu
??? modem.ireq.hydro.qc.ca
??? modems.csuohio.edu
??? sparc20.ncu.edu.tw u349633
??? sun2cc.nccu.edu.tw ?
??? ts-modem.une.oz.au
??? twncu865.ncu.edu.tw guest
??? vtnet1.cns.ut.edu "CALL" or "call"
Conclusion
If you find any of the outdials to have gone dead, changed commands,
or require password, please let us know so we can keep this list as
accurate as possible. If you would like to add to the list, feel free
to mail us and it will be included in future versions of this list,
with your name beside it. Have fun...
[Editors note: Updates have been made to this document after the original
publication.]
22. What is this system?
AIX
IBM AIX Version 3 for RISC System/6000
(C) Copyrights by IBM and by others 1982, 1990.
login:
You will know an AIX system because it is the only Unix system that clears the
screen and issues a login prompt near the bottom of the screen.
AS/400
UserID?
Password?
Once in, type GO MAIN
CDC Cyber
WELCOME TO THE NOS SOFTWARE SYSTEM.
COPYRIGHT CONTROL DATA 1978, 1987.
88/02/16. 02.36.53. N265100
CSUS CYBER 170-730. NOS 2.5.2-678/3.
FAMILY:
You would normally just hit return at the family prompt. Next prompt is:
USER NAME:
CISCO Router
FIRST BANK OF TNO
95-866 TNO VirtualBank
REMOTE Router - TN043R1
Console Port
SN - 00000866
TN043R1>
DECserver
DECserver 700-08 Communications Server V1.1 (BL44G-11A) - LAT V5.1
DPS502-DS700
(c) Copyright 1992, Digital Equipment Corporation - All Rights Reserved
Please type HELP if you need assistance
Enter username> TNO
Local>
Hewlett Packard MPE-XL
MPE XL:
EXPECTED A :HELLO COMMAND. (CIERR 6057)
MPE XL:
EXPECTED [SESSION NAME,] USER.ACCT [,GROUP] (CIERR 1424)
MPE XL:
GTN
WELCOME TO CITIBANK. PLEASE SIGN ON.
XXXXXXXX
@
PASSWORD =
@
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
PLEASE ENTER YOUR ID:-1->
PLEASE ENTER YOUR PASSWORD:-2->
CITICORP (CITY NAME). KEY GHELP FOR HELP.
XXX.XXX
PLEASE SELECT SERVICE REQUIRED.-3->
Lantronix Terminal Server
Lantronix ETS16 Version V3.1/1(940623)
Type HELP at the 'Local_15> ' prompt for assistance.
Login password>
Meridian Mail (Northern Telecom Phone/Voice Mail System)
MMM MMMERIDIAN
MMMMM MMMMM
MMMMMM MMMMMM
MMM MMMMM MMM MMMMM MMMMM
MMM MMM MMM MMMMMM MMMMMM
MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM
MMM MMM MMM MMMMM MMM
MMM MMM MMM MMM MMM
MMM MMM MMM MMM
MMM MMM MMM MMM
MMM MMM MMM MMM
MMM MMM MMM MMM
MMM MMM MMM MMM
Copyright (c) Northern Telecom, 1991
Novell ONLAN
N
To access the systems it is best to own a copy of ONLAN/PC.
PC-Anywhere
P
To access the systems it is best to own a copy of PCAnywhere Remote.
PRIMOS
PRIMENET 19.2.7F PPOA1
ER!
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
CONNECT
Primenet V 2.3 (system)
LOGIN (you)
User id? (system)
SAPB5 (you)
Password? (system)
DROWSAP (you)
OK, (system)
ROLM CBX II
ROLM CBXII RELEASE 9004.2.34 RB295 9000D IBMHO27568
BIND DATE: 7/APR/93
COPYRIGHT 1980, 1993 ROLM COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
ROLM IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK AND CBX IS A TRADEMARK OF ROLM COMPANY.
YOU HAVE ENTERED CPU 1
12:38:47 ON WEDNESDAY 2/15/1995
USERNAME: op
PASSWORD:
INVALID USERNAME-PASSWORD PAIR
ROLM-OSL
MARAUDER10292 01/09/85(^G) 1 03/10/87 00:29:47
RELEASE 8003
OSL, PLEASE.
?
System75
Login: root
INCORRECT LOGIN
Login: browse
Password:
Software Version: G3s.b16.2.2
Terminal Type (513, 4410, 4425): [513]
Tops-10
NIH Timesharing
NIH Tri-SMP 7.02-FF 16:30:04 TTY11
system 1378/1381/1453 Connected to Node Happy(40) Line # 12
Please LOGIN
.
VM/370
VM/370
!
VM/ESA
VM/ESA ONLINE
TBVM2 VM/ESA Rel 1.1 PUT 9200
Fill in your USERID and PASSWORD and press ENTER
(Your password will not appear when you type it)
USERID ===>
PASSWORD ===>
COMMAND ===>
Xylogics Annex Communications Server
Annex Command Line Interpreter * Copyright 1991 Xylogics, Inc.
Checking authorization, Please wait...
Annex username: TNO
Annex password:
Permission granted
annex:
23. What are the default accounts for XXX?
AIX
guest guest
AS/400
qsecofr qsecofr /* master security officer */
qsysopr qsysopr /* system operator */
qpgmr qpgmr /* default programmer */
also
ibm password
ibm 2222
ibm service
qsecofr 1111111
qsecofr 2222222
qserv qserv
qsvr qsvr
secofr secofr
DECserver
ACCESS
SYSTEM
Dynix (The library software, not the UnixOS)
(Type 'later' to exit to the login prompt)
setup no password
library no password
circ 9 digit number
Hewlett Packard MPE-XL
HELLO MANAGER.SYS
HELLO MGR.SYS
HELLO FIELD.SUPPORT HPUNSUP or SUPPORT or HP
HELLO OP.OPERATOR
MGR CAROLIAN
MGR CCC
MGR CNAS
MGR CONV
MGR COGNOS
OPERATOR COGNOS
MANAGER COGNOS
OPERATOR DISC
MGR HPDESK
MGR HPWORD
FIELD HPWORD
MGR HPOFFICE
SPOOLMAN HPOFFICE
ADVMAIL HPOFFICE
MAIL HPOFFICE
WP HPOFFICE
MANAGER HPOFFICE
MGR HPONLY
FIELD HPP187
MGR HPP187
MGR HPP189
MGR HPP196
MGR INTX3
MGR ITF3000
MANAGER ITF3000
MAIL MAIL
MGR NETBASE
MGR REGO
MGR RJE
MGR ROBELLE
MANAGER SECURITY
MGR SECURITY
FIELD SERVICE
MANAGER SYS
MGR SYS
PCUSER SYS
RSBCMON SYS
OPERATOR SYS
OPERATOR SYSTEM
FIELD SUPPORT
OPERATOR SUPPORT
MANAGER TCH
MAIL TELESUP
MANAGER TELESUP
MGR TELESUP
SYS TELESUP
MGE VESOFT
MGE VESOFT
MGR WORD
MGR XLSERVER
Common jobs are Pub, Sys, Data.
Common passwords are HPOnly, TeleSup, HP, MPE, Manager, MGR, Remote.
Major BBS
Sysop Sysop
Mitel PBX
SYSTEM
NeXTSTEP
root NeXT
signa signa
Nomadic Computing Environment (NCE) on the Tadpole Technologies SPARCBook3
fax no password
PICK O/S
DSA # Desquetop System Administrator
DS
DESQUETOP
PHANTOM
Prolog
PBX PBX
NETWORK NETWORK
NETOP null
Radio Shack Screen Savers
RSSTORE_ID_NUMBER
Rolm
CBX Defaults
op op
op operator
su super
admin pwp
eng engineer
PhoneMail Defaults
sysadmin sysadmin
tech tech
poll tech
RSX
SYSTEM/SYSTEM (Username SYSTEM, Password SYSTEM)
1,1/system (Directory [1,1] Password SYSTEM)
BATCH/BATCH
SYSTEM/MANAGER
USER/USER
Default accounts for Micro/RSX:
MICRO/RSX
Alternately you can hit ^Z when the boot sequence asks you for the date and
create an account using:
RUN ACNT
or RUN $ACNT
(Numbers below 10 {oct} are Priveleged)
Reboot and wait for the date/time question. Type ^C and at the MCR prompt,
type "abo at." You must include the . (dot)!
If this works, type "acs lb0:/blks=1000" to get some swap space so the
new step won't wedge.
type " run $acnt" and change the password of any account with a group
number of 7 or less.
You may find that the ^C does not work. Try ^Z and ESC as well.
Also try all 3 as terminators to valid and invalid times.
If none of the above work, use the halt switch to halt the system,
just after an invalid date-time. Look for a user mode PSW 1[4-7]xxxx.
then deposit 177777 into R6, cross your fingers, write protect the drive
and continue the system. This will hopefully result in indirect blowing
up... And hopefully the system has not been fully secured.
SGI Irix
4DGifts no password
guest no password
demos no password
lp no password
nuucp no password
tour no password
tutor no password
System 75
bcim bcimpw
bciim bciimpw
bcms bcmspw, bcms
bcnas bcnspw
blue bluepw
browse looker, browsepw
craft crftpw, craftpw, crack
cust custpw
enquiry enquirypw
field support
inads indspw, inadspw, inads
init initpw
kraft kraftpw
locate locatepw
maint maintpw, rwmaint
nms nmspw
rcust rcustpw
support supportpw
tech field
Taco Bell
rgm rollout
tacobell null
Verifone Junior 2.05
Default password: 166816
VMS
field service
systest utep
XON / XON Junior
Default password: 166831
24. What port is XXX on?
The file /etc/services on most Unix machines lists the port assignments for
that machine. For a complete list of port assignments, read RFC (Request For
Comments) 1700
Assigned Numbers.
25. What is a trojan/worm/virus/logic bomb?
This FAQ answer was written by Theora:
Trojan
Remember the Trojan Horse? Bad guys hid inside it until they could
get into the city to do their evil deed. A trojan computer program is
similar. It is a program which does an unauthorized function, hidden
inside an authorized program. It does something other than what it
claims to do, usually something malicious (although not necessarily!),
and it is intended by the author to do whatever it does. If it's not
intentional, its called a 'bug' or, in some cases, a feature :) Some
virus scanning programs detect some trojans. Some virus scanning
programs don't detect any trojans. No virus scanners detect all
trojans.
Virus
A virus is an independent program which reproduces itself. It may
attach to other programs, it may create copies of itself (as in
companion viruses). It may damage or corrupt data, change data, or
degrade the performance of your system by utilizing resources such as
memory or disk space. Some virus scanners detect some viruses. No
virus scanners detect all viruses. No virus scanner can protect
against "any and all viruses, known and unknown, now and forevermore".
Worm
Made famous by Robert Morris, Jr. , worms are programs which reproduce
by copying themselves over and over, system to system, using up
resources and sometimes slowing down the systems. They are self
contained and use the networks to spread, in much the same way viruses
use files to spread. Some people say the solution to viruses and
worms is to just not have any files or networks. They are probably
correct. We would include computers.
Logic Bomb
Code which will trigger a particular form of 'attack' when a
designated condition is met. For instance, a logic bomb could delete
all files on Dec. 5th. Unlike a virus, a logic bomb does not make
copies of itself.
26. How can I protect myself from virii and such?
This FAQ answer was written by Theora:
The most common viruses are boot sector infectors. You can help
protect yourself against those by write protecting all disks which you
do not need write access to. Definitely keep a set of write protected
floppy system disks. If you get a virus, it will make things much
simpler. And, they are good for coasters. Only kidding.
Scan all incoming files with a recent copy of a good virus scanner.
Among the best are F-Prot, Dr. Solomon's Anti-virus Toolkit, and
Thunderbyte Anti-Virus. AVP is also a good proggie. Using more than
one scanner could be helpful. You may get those one or two viruses
that the other guy happened to miss this month.
New viruses come out at the rate of about 8 per day now. NO scanner
can keep up with them all, but the four mentioned here do the best job
of keeping current. Any _good_ scanner will detect the majority of
common viruses. No virus scanner will detect all viruses.
Right now there are about 5600 known viruses. New ones are written
all the time. If you use a scanner for virus detection, you need to
make sure you get frequent updates. If you rely on behaviour
blockers, you should know that such programs can be bypassed easily by
a technique known as tunnelling.
You may want to use integrity checkers as well as scanners. Keep in
mind that while these can supply added protection, they are not
foolproof.
You may want to use a particular kind of scanner, called resident
scanners. Those are programs which stay resident in the computer
memory and constantly monitor program execution (and sometimes even
access to the files containing programs). If you try to execute a
program, the resident scanner receives control and scans it first for
known viruses. Only if no such viruses are found, the program is
allowed to execute.
Most virus scanners will not protect you against many kinds of
trojans, any sort of logic bombs, or worms. Theoretically, they
_could_ protect you against logic bombs and/or worms, by addition of
scanning strings; however, this is rarely done.
The best, actually only way, to protect yourself is to know what you
have on your system and make sure what you have there is authorised by
you. Make freqent backups of all important files. Keep your DOS
system files write protected. Write protect all disks that you do not
need to write to. If you do get a virus, don't panic. Call the
support department of the company who supplies your anti-virus product
if you aren't sure of what you are doing. If the company you got your
anti-virus software from does not have a good technical support
department, change companies.
The best way to make sure viruses are not spread is not to spread
them. Some people do this intentionally. We discourage this. Viruses
aren't cool.
27. Where can I get more information about viruses?
This FAQ answer was written by Theora:
Assembly lanaguage programming books illustrate the (boring) aspect of
replication and have for a long time. The most exciting/interesting
thing about viruses is all the controversy around them. Free speech,
legality, and cute payloads are a lot more interesting than "find
first, find next" calls. You can get information about the technical
aspects of viruses, as well as help if you should happen to get a
virus, from the virus-l FAQ, posted on comp. virus every so often.
You can also pick up on the various debates there. There are
alt.virus type newsgroups, but the level of technical expertise is
minimal, and so far at least there has not been a lot of real "help"
for people who want to get -rid- of a virus.
There are a lot of virus experts. To become one, just call yourself
one. Only Kidding. Understanding viruses involves understanding
programming, operating systems, and their interaction. Understanding
all of the 'Cult of Virus' business requires a lot of discernment.
There are a number of good papers available on viruses, and the Cult
of Virus; you can get information on them from just about anyone
listed in the virus-l FAQ. The FTP site ftp.informatik.uni-hamburg.de
is a pretty reliable site for proggies and text.
28. What is Cryptoxxxxxxx?
This FAQ answer is excerpted from: Computer Security Basics by Deborah
Russell and G.T. Gengemi Sr.
A message is called either plaintext or cleartext. The process of
disguising a message in such a way as to hide its substance is called
encryption. An encrypted message is called ciphertext. The process
of turning ciphertext back into plaintext is called decryption.
The art and science of keeping messages secure is called cryptography,
and it is practiced by cryptographers. Cryptanalysts are
practitioners of cryptanalysis, the art and science of breaking
ciphertext, i.e. seeing through the disguise. The branch of
mathematics embodying both cryptography and cryptanalysis is called
cryptology, and it's practitioners are called cryptologists.
29. What is PGP?
This FAQ answer is excerpted from: PGP(tm) User's Guide Volume I: Essential
Topics by Philip Zimmermann
PGP(tm) uses public-key encryption to protect E-mail and data files.
Communicate securely with people you've never met, with no secure
channels needed for prior exchange of keys. PGP is well featured and
fast, with sophisticated key management, digital signatures, data
compression, and good ergonomic design.
Pretty Good(tm) Privacy (PGP), from Phil's Pretty Good Software, is a
high security cryptographic software application for MS-DOS, Unix,
VAX/VMS, and other computers. PGP allows people to exchange files or
messages with privacy, authentication, and convenience. Privacy means
that only those intended to receive a message can read it.
Authentication means that messages that appear to be from a particular
person can only have originated from that person. Convenience means
that privacy and authentication are provided without the hassles of
managing keys associated with conventional cryptographic software. No
secure channels are needed to exchange keys between users, which makes
PGP much easier to use. This is because PGP is based on a powerful
new technology called "public key" cryptography.
PGP combines the convenience of the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA)
public key cryptosystem with the speed of conventional cryptography,
message digests for digital signatures, data compression before
encryption, good ergonomic design, and sophisticated key management.
And PGP performs the public-key functions faster than most other
software implementations. PGP is public key cryptography for the
masses.
30. What is Tempest?
Tempest stands for Transient Electromagnetic Pulse Surveillance
Technology.
Computers and other electronic equipment release interference to their
surrounding environment. You may observe this by placing two video
monitors close together. The pictures will behave erratically until
you space them apart.
What is important for an observer is the emission of digital pulses (1s
and 0s) as these are used in computers. The channel for this radiation
is in two arrangements, radiated emissions and conducted emissions.
Radiated emissions are assembled when components in electrical devices
form to act as antennas. Conducted emissions are formed when radiation
is conducted along cables and wires.
Although most of the time these emissions are simply annoyances, they
can sometimes be very helpful. Suppose we wanted to see what project
a target was working on. We could sit in a van outside her office and
use sensitive electronic equipment to attempt to pick up and decipher
the emanations from her video monitor. These emissions normally
exist at around 55-245 Mhz and can be picked up as far as one kilometer
away.
A monitoring device can distinguish between different sources emitting
radiation because the sources emanating the radiation are made up of
dissimilar elements and so this coupled with other factors varies the
emitted frequency. For example different electronic components in VDUs,
different manufacturing processes involved in reproducing the VDUs,
different line syncs, etc... By synchronizing our raster with the
targets raster we can passively draw the observed screen in real-time.
This technology can be acquired by anyone, not just government agencies.
The target could shield the emissions from her equipment or use
equipment that does not generate strong emissions. However, Tempest
equipment is not legal for civillian use in the United States.
Tempest is the US Government program for evaluation and endorsement of
electronic equipment that is safe from eavesdropping. Tempest
certification refers to the equipment having passed a testing phase and
agreeing to emanations rules specified in the government document NACSIM
5100A (Classified). This document sets forth the emanation levels that
the US Government believes equipment can give off without compromising
the information it is processing.
31. What is an anonymous remailer?
This FAQ answer was written by Raph Levien:
An anonymous remailer is a system on the Internet that allows you to
send e-mail or post messages to Usenet anonymously.
There are two sorts of remailers in widespread use. The first is the
anon.penet.fi style, the second is the cypherpunk style. The remailer
at anon.penet.fi is immensely popular, with over 160,000 users over its
lifetime, and probably tens of thousands of messages per day. Its main
advantage is that it's so easy to use. The cypherpunks mailers, which
provide much better security, are becoming more popular, however, as
there is more awareness of them.
The user of the anon.penet.fi system first needs to get an anonymous id.
This is done either by sending mail to somebody who already has one (for
example, by replying to a post on Usenet), or sending mail to
ping@anon.penet.fi. In either case, penet will mail back the new anon
id, which looks like an123456@anon.penet.fi. If an123456 then sends
mail to another user of the system, then this is what happens:
1. The mail is transported to anon.penet.fi, which resides somewhere in
the vicinity of Espoo, Finland.
2. These steps are carried out by software running on anon.penet.fi.
Penet first looks up the email address of the sender in its
database, then replaces it with the numeric code. All other
information about the sender is removed.
3. Then, penet looks up the number of the recipient in the same
database, and replaces it with the actual email address.
4. Finally, it sends the mail to the actual email address of the
recipient.
There are variations on this scheme, such as posting to Usenet (in which
step 3 is eliminated), but that's the basic idea.
Where anon.penet.fi uses a secret database to match anon id's to actual
email addresses, the cypherpunks remailers use cryptography to hide the
actual identities. Let's say I want to send email to a real email
address, or post it to Usenet, but keep my identity completely hidden.
To send it through one remailer, this is what happens.
1. I encrypt the message and the recipient's address, using the public
key of the remailer of my choice.
2. I send the email to the remailer.
3. When the remailer gets the mail, it decrypts it using its private
key, revealing as plaintext the message and the recipient's address.
4. All information about the sender is removed.
5. Finally, it sends it to the recipient's email address.
If one trusts the remailer operator, this is good enough. However, the
whole point of the cypherpunks remailers is that you don't _have_ to
trust any one individual or system. So, people who want real security
use a chain of remailers. If any one remailer on the "chain" is honest,
then the privacy of the message is assured.
To use a chain of remailers, I first have to prepare the message, which
is nestled within multiple layers of encryption, like a Russian
matryoshka doll. Preparing such a message is tedious and error prone,
so many people use an automated tool such as my premail package.
Anyway, after preparing the message, it is sent to the first remailer in
the chain, which corresponds to the outermost layer of encryption. Each
remailer strips off one layer of encryption and sends the message to the
next, until it reaches the final remailer. At this point, only the
innermost layer of encryption remains. This layer is stripped off,
revealing the plaintext message and recipient for the first time. At
this point, the message is sent to its actual recipient.
Remailers exist in many locations. A typical message might go through
Canada, Holland, Berkeley, and Finland before ending up at its final
location.
Aside from the difficulty of preparing all the encrypted messages,
another drawback of the cypherpunk remailers is that they don't easily
allow responses to anonymous mail. All information about the sender is
stripped away, including any kind of return address. However the new
alias servers promise to change that. To use an alias server, one
creates a new email address (mine is raph@alpha.c2.org). Mail sent to
this new address will be untraceably forwarded to one's real address.
To set this up, one first encrypts one's own email address with multiple
layers of encryption. Then, using an encrypted channel, one sends the
encrypted address to the alias server, along with the nickname that one
would like. The alias server registers the encrypted address in the
database. The alias server then handles reply mail in much the same way
as anon.penet.fi, except that the mail is forwarded to the chain of
anonymous remailers.
For maximum security, the user can arrange it so that, at each link in
the chain, the remailer adds another layer of encryption to the message
while removing one layer from the email address. When the user finally
gets the email, it is encrypted in multiple layers. The matryoshka has
to be opened one doll at a time until the plaintext message hidden
inside is revealed.
One other point is that the remailers must be reliable in order for all
this to work. This is especially true when a chain of remailers is used
-- if any one of the remailers is not working, then the message will be
dropped. This is why I maintain a list of reliable remailers. By
choosing reliable remailers to start with, there is a good chance the
message will finally get there.
32. What are the addresses of some anonymous remailers?
The most popular and stable anonymous remailer is anon.penet.fi,
operated by Johan Helsingus. To obtain an anonymous ID, mail
ping@anon.penet.fi.
The server at anon.penet.fi does it's best to remove any headers or
other information describing its true origin. You should make an effort
and try to omit information detailing your identity within such messages
as quite often signatures not starting with "--" are including within
your e-mail, this of course is not what you want. You can send messages
to:
anXXX@anon.penet.fi
Here you are addressing another anonymous user and your E-Mail message
will appear to have originated from anon.penet.fi.
alt.security@anon.penet.fi
Here you are posting an anonymous message to a whole Usenet group and in
this case to alt.security which will be posted at the local site (in
this case Finland).
ping@anon.penet.fi
If you send a message to this address you will be allocated an identity
(assuming you don't already have one). You can also confirm your
identity here as well.
You can also set yourself a password, this password helps to
authenticate any messages that you may send. This password is included
in your outgoing messages, to set a password send E-Mail to
password@anon.penet.fi with your password in the body of your text e.g.:
To: password@anon.penet.fi
Subject:
TN0_rUlEz
For more information on this anonymous server send mail to:
help@anon.penet.fi
Anonymous Usenet posting is frowned upon by other users of Usenet groups
claiming their opinions are worthless. This is because they believe
anonymity is used to shield ones self from attacks from opponents, while
on the other hand it can be used to protect ones self from social
prejudice (or people reporting ones opinions to ones superiors). Also
if you are thinking this is a useful tool to use to hid against the
authorities then think again, as there was a famous case where a Judge
ordered the administrator of the server to reveal the identity of a
poster.
To see a comprehensive list on anonymous remailers, finger
remailer-list@kiwi.cs.berkeley.edu.
33. How do I defeat Copy Protection?
There are two common methods of defeating copy protection. The first
is to use a program that removes copy protection. Popular programs
that do this are CopyIIPC from Central Point Software and CopyWrite
from Quaid Software. The second method involves patching the copy
protected program. For popular software, you may be able to locate a
ready made patch. You can them apply the patch using any hex editor,
such as debug or the Peter Norton's DiskEdit. If you cannot, you must
patch the software yourself.
Writing a patch requires a debugger, such as Soft-Ice or Sourcer. It
also requires some knowledge of assembly language. Load the protected
program under the debugger and watch for it to check the protection
mechanism. When it does, change that portion of the code. The code
can be changed from JE (Jump on Equal) or JNE (Jump On Not Equal) to
JMP (Jump Unconditionally). Or the code may simply be replaced with
NOP (No Operation) instructions.
34. What is 127.0.0.1?
127.0.0.1 is a loopback network connection. If you telnet, ftp, etc...
to it you are connected to your own machine.
35. How do I post to a moderated newsgroup?
Usenet messages consist of message headers and message bodies. The
message header tells the news software how to process the message.
Headers can be divided into two types, required and optional. Required
headers are ones like "From" and "Newsgroups." Without the required
headers, your message will not be posted properly.
One of the optional headers is the "Approved" header. To post to a
moderated newsgroup, simply add an Approved header line to your
message header. The header line should contain the newsgroup
moderators e-mail address. To see the correct format for your target
newsgroup, save a message from the newsgroup and then look at it using
any text editor.
A "Approved" header line should look like this:
Approved: will@gnu.ai.mit.edu
There cannot not be a blank line in the message header. A blank line
will cause any portion of the header after the blank line to be
interpreted as part of the message body.
For more information, read RFC 1036: Standard for Interchange of USENET
messages.
36. How do I post to Usenet via e-mail?
Through an e-mail to Usenet gateway. Send e-mail messages to
newsgroup@cs.utexas.edu. In the username field, replace all periods
in the newsgroup name with hyphens. For example, to post to alt.2600,
address your mail to alt-2600@cs.utexas.edu.
37. How do I defeat a BIOS password?
This depends on what BIOS the machine has. Common BIOS's include AMI,
Award, IBM and Phoenix. Numerous other BIOS's do exist, but these are
the most common.
Some BIOS's allow you to require a password be entered before the system
will boot. Some BIOS's allow you to require a password to be entered
before the BIOS setup may be accessed.
Every BIOS must store this password information somewhere. If you are
able to access the machine after it has been booted successfully, you
may be able to view the password. You must know the memory address
where the password is stored and the format in which the password is
stored or you must have a program that knows these things.
The most common BIOS password attack programs are for the AMI BIOS. Some
password attack programs will return the AMI BIOS password in plain
text, some will return it in ASCII codes, and some will return it in scan
codes. This appears to be dependent not just on the password attacker,
but also on the version of the AMI BIOS.
To obtain AMI BIOS password attackers, FTP to oak.oakland.edu
If you cannot access the machine after if has been powered up, it is
still possible to get past the password. The password is stored in CMOS
memory that is maintained while the PC is powered off by a small
battery, which is attached to the motherboard. If you remove this
battery, all CMOS information will be lost. You will need to re-enter
the correct CMOS setup information to use the machine. The machines
owner or user will most likely be alarmed when it is discovered that the
BIOS password has been deleted.
On some motherboards, the battery is soldered to the motherboard, making
it difficult to remove. If this is the case, you have another
alternative. Somewhere on the motherboard you should find a jumper that
will clear the BIOS password. If you have the motherboard
documentation, you will know where that jumper is. If not, the jumper
may be labeled on the motherboard. If you are not fortunate enough for
either of these to be the case, you may be able to guess which jumper is
the correct jumper. This jumper is usually standing alone near the
battery.