// Matrix manipulations.
/*

Copyright (C) 1996 John W. Eaton

This file is part of Octave.

Octave is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any
later version.

Octave is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with Octave; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the Free
Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307, USA.

*/

#if defined (__GNUG__)
#pragma implementation
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include <config.h>
#endif

#include <cfloat>

#include <iostream.h>

#include "byte-swap.h"
#include "dbleAEPBAL.h"
#include "dbleDET.h"
#include "dbleSCHUR.h"
#include "dbleSVD.h"
#include "f77-fcn.h"
#include "lo-error.h"
#include "lo-ieee.h"
#include "lo-mappers.h"
#include "lo-utils.h"
#include "mx-base.h"
#include "mx-inlines.cc"
#include "oct-cmplx.h"

// Fortran functions we call.

extern "C"
{
  int F77_FCN (dgemm, DGEMM) (const char*, const char*, const int&,
			      const int&, const int&, const double&,
			      const double*, const int&,
			      const double*, const int&,
			      const double&, double*, const int&,
			      long, long);

  int F77_FCN (dgeco, DGECO) (double*, const int&, const int&, int*,
			      double&, double*);

  int F77_FCN (dgesl, DGESL) (const double*, const int&, const int&,
			      const int*, double*, const int&);

  int F77_FCN (dgedi, DGEDI) (double*, const int&, const int&,
			      const int*, double*, double*,
			      const int&);

  int F77_FCN (dgelss, DGELSS) (const int&, const int&, const int&,
				double*, const int&, double*,
				const int&, double*, double&, int&,
				double*, const int&, int&);

  // Note that the original complex fft routines were not written for
  // double complex arguments.  They have been modified by adding an
  // implicit double precision (a-h,o-z) statement at the beginning of
  // each subroutine.

  int F77_FCN (cffti, CFFTI) (const int&, Complex*);

  int F77_FCN (cfftf, CFFTF) (const int&, Complex*, Complex*);

  int F77_FCN (cfftb, CFFTB) (const int&, Complex*, Complex*);

  int F77_FCN (dlartg, DLARTG) (const double&, const double&, double&,
				double&, double&);

  int F77_FCN (dtrsyl, DTRSYL) (const char*, const char*, const int&,
				const int&, const int&, const double*,
				const int&, const double*, const int&,
				const double*, const int&, double&,
				int&, long, long);

  double F77_FCN (dlange, DLANGE) (const char*, const int&,
				   const int&, const double*,
				   const int&, double*); 

  int F77_FCN (qzhes, QZHES) (const int&, const int&, double*,
			      double*, const long&, double*);
 
  int F77_FCN (qzit, QZIT) (const int&, const int&, double*, double*,
			    const double&, const long&, double*,
			    int&);
 
  int F77_FCN (qzval, QZVAL) (const int&, const int&, double*,
			      double*, double*, double*, double*,
			      const long&, double*);
}

// Matrix class.

Matrix::Matrix (const RowVector& rv)
  : MArray2<double> (1, rv.length (), 0.0)
{
  for (int i = 0; i < rv.length (); i++)
    elem (0, i) = rv.elem (i);
}

Matrix::Matrix (const ColumnVector& cv)
  : MArray2<double> (cv.length (), 1, 0.0)
{
  for (int i = 0; i < cv.length (); i++)
    elem (i, 0) = cv.elem (i);
}

Matrix::Matrix (const DiagMatrix& a)
  : MArray2<double> (a.rows (), a.cols (), 0.0)
{
  for (int i = 0; i < a.length (); i++)
    elem (i, i) = a.elem (i, i);
}

// XXX FIXME XXX -- could we use a templated mixed-type copy function
// here?

Matrix::Matrix (const charMatrix& a)
  : MArray2<double> (a.rows (), a.cols ())
{
  for (int i = 0; i < a.rows (); i++)
    for (int j = 0; j < a.cols (); j++)
      elem (i, j) = a.elem (i, j);
}

bool
Matrix::operator == (const Matrix& a) const
{
  if (rows () != a.rows () || cols () != a.cols ())
    return false;

  return equal (data (), a.data (), length ());
}

bool
Matrix::operator != (const Matrix& a) const
{
  return !(*this == a);
}

Matrix&
Matrix::insert (const Matrix& a, int r, int c)
{
  Array2<double>::insert (a, r, c);
  return *this;
}

Matrix&
Matrix::insert (const RowVector& a, int r, int c)
{
  int a_len = a.length ();
  if (r < 0 || r >= rows () || c < 0 || c + a_len > cols ())
    {
      (*current_liboctave_error_handler) ("range error for insert");
      return *this;
    }

  for (int i = 0; i < a_len; i++)
    elem (r, c+i) = a.elem (i);

  return *this;
}

Matrix&
Matrix::insert (const ColumnVector& a, int r, int c)
{
  int a_len = a.length ();
  if (r < 0 || r + a_len > rows () || c < 0 || c >= cols ())
    {
      (*current_liboctave_error_handler) ("range error for insert");
      return *this;
    }

  for (int i = 0; i < a_len; i++)
    elem (r+i, c) = a.elem (i);

  return *this;
}

Matrix&
Matrix::insert (const DiagMatrix& a, int r, int c)
{
  int a_nr = a.rows ();
  int a_nc = a.cols ();

  if (r < 0 || r + a_nr > rows () || c < 0 || c + a_nc > cols ())
    {
      (*current_liboctave_error_handler) ("range error for insert");
      return *this;
    }

  fill (0.0, r, c, r + a_nr - 1, c + a_nc - 1);

  for (int i = 0; i < a.length (); i++)
    elem (r+i, c+i) = a.elem (i, i);

  return *this;
}

Matrix&
Matrix::fill (double val)
{
  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();
  if (nr > 0 && nc > 0)
    for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
      for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
	elem (i, j) = val;

  return *this;
}

Matrix&
Matrix::fill (double val, int r1, int c1, int r2, int c2)
{
  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();
  if (r1 < 0 || r2 < 0 || c1 < 0 || c2 < 0
      || r1 >= nr || r2 >= nr || c1 >= nc || c2 >= nc)
    {
      (*current_liboctave_error_handler) ("range error for fill");
      return *this;
    }

  if (r1 > r2) { int tmp = r1; r1 = r2; r2 = tmp; }
  if (c1 > c2) { int tmp = c1; c1 = c2; c2 = tmp; }

  for (int j = c1; j <= c2; j++)
    for (int i = r1; i <= r2; i++)
      elem (i, j) = val;

  return *this;
}

Matrix
Matrix::append (const Matrix& a) const
{
  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();
  if (nr != a.rows ())
    {
      (*current_liboctave_error_handler) ("row dimension mismatch for append");
      return Matrix ();
    }

  int nc_insert = nc;
  Matrix retval (nr, nc + a.cols ());
  retval.insert (*this, 0, 0);
  retval.insert (a, 0, nc_insert);
  return retval;
}

Matrix
Matrix::append (const RowVector& a) const
{
  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();
  if (nr != 1)
    {
      (*current_liboctave_error_handler) ("row dimension mismatch for append");
      return Matrix ();
    }

  int nc_insert = nc;
  Matrix retval (nr, nc + a.length ());
  retval.insert (*this, 0, 0);
  retval.insert (a, 0, nc_insert);
  return retval;
}

Matrix
Matrix::append (const ColumnVector& a) const
{
  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();
  if (nr != a.length ())
    {
      (*current_liboctave_error_handler) ("row dimension mismatch for append");
      return Matrix ();
    }

  int nc_insert = nc;
  Matrix retval (nr, nc + 1);
  retval.insert (*this, 0, 0);
  retval.insert (a, 0, nc_insert);
  return retval;
}

Matrix
Matrix::append (const DiagMatrix& a) const
{
  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();
  if (nr != a.rows ())
    {
      (*current_liboctave_error_handler) ("row dimension mismatch for append");
      return *this;
    }

  int nc_insert = nc;
  Matrix retval (nr, nc + a.cols ());
  retval.insert (*this, 0, 0);
  retval.insert (a, 0, nc_insert);
  return retval;
}

Matrix
Matrix::stack (const Matrix& a) const
{
  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();
  if (nc != a.cols ())
    {
      (*current_liboctave_error_handler)
	("column dimension mismatch for stack");
      return Matrix ();
    }

  int nr_insert = nr;
  Matrix retval (nr + a.rows (), nc);
  retval.insert (*this, 0, 0);
  retval.insert (a, nr_insert, 0);
  return retval;
}

Matrix
Matrix::stack (const RowVector& a) const
{
  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();
  if (nc != a.length ())
    {
      (*current_liboctave_error_handler)
	("column dimension mismatch for stack");
      return Matrix ();
    }

  int nr_insert = nr;
  Matrix retval (nr + 1, nc);
  retval.insert (*this, 0, 0);
  retval.insert (a, nr_insert, 0);
  return retval;
}

Matrix
Matrix::stack (const ColumnVector& a) const
{
  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();
  if (nc != 1)
    {
      (*current_liboctave_error_handler)
	("column dimension mismatch for stack");
      return Matrix ();
    }

  int nr_insert = nr;
  Matrix retval (nr + a.length (), nc);
  retval.insert (*this, 0, 0);
  retval.insert (a, nr_insert, 0);
  return retval;
}

Matrix
Matrix::stack (const DiagMatrix& a) const
{
  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();
  if (nc != a.cols ())
    {
      (*current_liboctave_error_handler)
	("column dimension mismatch for stack");
      return Matrix ();
    }

  int nr_insert = nr;
  Matrix retval (nr + a.rows (), nc);
  retval.insert (*this, 0, 0);
  retval.insert (a, nr_insert, 0);
  return retval;
}

Matrix
Matrix::transpose (void) const
{
  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();
  Matrix result (nc, nr);
  if (length () > 0)
    {
      for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
	for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
	  result.elem (j, i) = elem (i, j);
    }
  return result;
}

Matrix
real (const ComplexMatrix& a)
{
  int a_len = a.length ();
  Matrix retval;
  if (a_len > 0)
    retval = Matrix (real_dup (a.data (), a_len), a.rows (), a.cols ());
  return retval;
}

Matrix
imag (const ComplexMatrix& a)
{
  int a_len = a.length ();
  Matrix retval;
  if (a_len > 0)
    retval = Matrix (imag_dup (a.data (), a_len), a.rows (), a.cols ());
  return retval;
}

Matrix
Matrix::extract (int r1, int c1, int r2, int c2) const
{
  if (r1 > r2) { int tmp = r1; r1 = r2; r2 = tmp; }
  if (c1 > c2) { int tmp = c1; c1 = c2; c2 = tmp; }

  int new_r = r2 - r1 + 1;
  int new_c = c2 - c1 + 1;

  Matrix result (new_r, new_c);

  for (int j = 0; j < new_c; j++)
    for (int i = 0; i < new_r; i++)
      result.elem (i, j) = elem (r1+i, c1+j);

  return result;
}

// extract row or column i.

RowVector
Matrix::row (int i) const
{
  int nc = cols ();
  if (i < 0 || i >= rows ())
    {
      (*current_liboctave_error_handler) ("invalid row selection");
      return RowVector ();
    }

  RowVector retval (nc);
  for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
    retval.elem (j) = elem (i, j);

  return retval;
}

RowVector
Matrix::row (char *s) const
{
  if (! s)
    {
      (*current_liboctave_error_handler) ("invalid row selection");
      return RowVector ();
    }

  char c = *s;
  if (c == 'f' || c == 'F')
    return row (0);
  else if (c == 'l' || c == 'L')
    return row (rows () - 1);
  else
    {
      (*current_liboctave_error_handler) ("invalid row selection");
      return RowVector ();
    }
}

ColumnVector
Matrix::column (int i) const
{
  int nr = rows ();
  if (i < 0 || i >= cols ())
    {
      (*current_liboctave_error_handler) ("invalid column selection");
      return ColumnVector ();
    }

  ColumnVector retval (nr);
  for (int j = 0; j < nr; j++)
    retval.elem (j) = elem (j, i);

  return retval;
}

ColumnVector
Matrix::column (char *s) const
{
  if (! s)
    {
      (*current_liboctave_error_handler) ("invalid column selection");
      return ColumnVector ();
    }

  char c = *s;
  if (c == 'f' || c == 'F')
    return column (0);
  else if (c == 'l' || c == 'L')
    return column (cols () - 1);
  else
    {
      (*current_liboctave_error_handler) ("invalid column selection");
      return ColumnVector ();
    }
}

Matrix
Matrix::inverse (void) const
{
  int info;
  double rcond;
  return inverse (info, rcond);
}

Matrix
Matrix::inverse (int& info) const
{
  double rcond;
  return inverse (info, rcond);
}

Matrix
Matrix::inverse (int& info, double& rcond, int force) const
{
  Matrix retval;

  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  if (nr != nc || nr == 0 || nc == 0)
    (*current_liboctave_error_handler) ("inverse requires square matrix");
  else
    {
      info = 0;

      Array<int> ipvt (nr);
      int *pipvt = ipvt.fortran_vec ();

      Array<double> z (nr);
      double *pz = z.fortran_vec ();

      retval = *this;
      double *tmp_data = retval.fortran_vec ();

      F77_XFCN (dgeco, DGECO, (tmp_data, nr, nc, pipvt, rcond, pz));

      if (f77_exception_encountered)
	(*current_liboctave_error_handler) ("unrecoverable error in dgeco");
      else
	{
	  volatile double rcond_plus_one = rcond + 1.0;

	  if (rcond_plus_one == 1.0)
	    info = -1;

	  if (info == -1 && ! force)
	    retval = *this; // Restore matrix contents.
	  else
	    {
	      double *dummy = 0;

	      F77_XFCN (dgedi, DGEDI, (tmp_data, nr, nc, pipvt, dummy,
				       pz, 1));

	      if (f77_exception_encountered)
		(*current_liboctave_error_handler)
		  ("unrecoverable error in dgedi");
	    }
	}
    }

  return retval;
}

Matrix
Matrix::pseudo_inverse (double tol)
{
  SVD result (*this);

  DiagMatrix S = result.singular_values ();
  Matrix U = result.left_singular_matrix ();
  Matrix V = result.right_singular_matrix ();

  ColumnVector sigma = S.diag ();

  int r = sigma.length () - 1;
  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  if (tol <= 0.0)
    {
      if (nr > nc)
	tol = nr * sigma.elem (0) * DBL_EPSILON;
      else
	tol = nc * sigma.elem (0) * DBL_EPSILON;
    }

  while (r >= 0 && sigma.elem (r) < tol)
    r--;

  if (r < 0)
    return Matrix (nc, nr, 0.0);
  else
    {
      Matrix Ur = U.extract (0, 0, nr-1, r);
      DiagMatrix D = DiagMatrix (sigma.extract (0, r)) . inverse ();
      Matrix Vr = V.extract (0, 0, nc-1, r);
      return Vr * D * Ur.transpose ();
    }
}

ComplexMatrix
Matrix::fourier (void) const
{
  ComplexMatrix retval;

  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  int npts, nsamples;

  if (nr == 1 || nc == 1)
    {
      npts = nr > nc ? nr : nc;
      nsamples = 1;
    }
  else
    {
      npts = nr;
      nsamples = nc;
    }

  int nn = 4*npts+15;

  Array<Complex> wsave (nn);
  Complex *pwsave = wsave.fortran_vec ();

  retval = *this;
  Complex *tmp_data = retval.fortran_vec ();

  F77_FCN (cffti, CFFTI) (npts, pwsave);

  for (int j = 0; j < nsamples; j++)
    F77_FCN (cfftf, CFFTF) (npts, &tmp_data[npts*j], pwsave);

  return retval;
}

ComplexMatrix
Matrix::ifourier (void) const
{
  ComplexMatrix retval;

  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  int npts, nsamples;

  if (nr == 1 || nc == 1)
    {
      npts = nr > nc ? nr : nc;
      nsamples = 1;
    }
  else
    {
      npts = nr;
      nsamples = nc;
    }

  int nn = 4*npts+15;

  Array<Complex> wsave (nn);
  Complex *pwsave = wsave.fortran_vec ();

  retval = *this;
  Complex *tmp_data = retval.fortran_vec ();

  F77_FCN (cffti, CFFTI) (npts, pwsave);

  for (int j = 0; j < nsamples; j++)
    F77_FCN (cfftb, CFFTB) (npts, &tmp_data[npts*j], pwsave);

  for (int j = 0; j < npts*nsamples; j++)
    tmp_data[j] = tmp_data[j] / (double) npts;

  return retval;
}

ComplexMatrix
Matrix::fourier2d (void) const
{
  ComplexMatrix retval;

  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  int npts, nsamples;

  if (nr == 1 || nc == 1)
    {
      npts = nr > nc ? nr : nc;
      nsamples = 1;
    }
  else
    {
      npts = nr;
      nsamples = nc;
    }

  int nn = 4*npts+15;

  Array<Complex> wsave (nn);
  Complex *pwsave = wsave.fortran_vec ();

  retval = *this;
  Complex *tmp_data = retval.fortran_vec ();

  F77_FCN (cffti, CFFTI) (npts, pwsave);

  for (int j = 0; j < nsamples; j++)
    F77_FCN (cfftf, CFFTF) (npts, &tmp_data[npts*j], pwsave);

  npts = nc;
  nsamples = nr;
  nn = 4*npts+15;

  wsave.resize (nn);
  pwsave = wsave.fortran_vec ();

  Array<Complex> row (npts);
  Complex *prow = row.fortran_vec ();

  F77_FCN (cffti, CFFTI) (npts, pwsave);

  for (int j = 0; j < nsamples; j++)
    {
      for (int i = 0; i < npts; i++)
	prow[i] = tmp_data[i*nr + j];

      F77_FCN (cfftf, CFFTF) (npts, prow, pwsave);

      for (int i = 0; i < npts; i++)
	tmp_data[i*nr + j] = prow[i];
    }

  return retval;
}

ComplexMatrix
Matrix::ifourier2d (void) const
{
  ComplexMatrix retval;

  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  int npts, nsamples;

  if (nr == 1 || nc == 1)
    {
      npts = nr > nc ? nr : nc;
      nsamples = 1;
    }
  else
    {
      npts = nr;
      nsamples = nc;
    }

  int nn = 4*npts+15;

  Array<Complex> wsave (nn);
  Complex *pwsave = wsave.fortran_vec ();

  retval = *this;
  Complex *tmp_data = retval.fortran_vec ();

  F77_FCN (cffti, CFFTI) (npts, pwsave);

  for (int j = 0; j < nsamples; j++)
    F77_FCN (cfftb, CFFTB) (npts, &tmp_data[npts*j], pwsave);

  for (int j = 0; j < npts*nsamples; j++)
    tmp_data[j] = tmp_data[j] / (double) npts;

  npts = nc;
  nsamples = nr;
  nn = 4*npts+15;

  wsave.resize (nn);
  pwsave = wsave.fortran_vec ();

  Array<Complex> row (npts);
  Complex *prow = row.fortran_vec ();

  F77_FCN (cffti, CFFTI) (npts, pwsave);

  for (int j = 0; j < nsamples; j++)
    {
      for (int i = 0; i < npts; i++)
	prow[i] = tmp_data[i*nr + j];

      F77_FCN (cfftb, CFFTB) (npts, prow, pwsave);

      for (int i = 0; i < npts; i++)
	tmp_data[i*nr + j] = prow[i] / (double) npts;
    }

  return retval;
}

DET
Matrix::determinant (void) const
{
  int info;
  double rcond;
  return determinant (info, rcond);
}

DET
Matrix::determinant (int& info) const
{
  double rcond;
  return determinant (info, rcond);
}

DET
Matrix::determinant (int& info, double& rcond) const
{
  DET retval;

  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  if (nr == 0 || nc == 0)
    {
      double d[2];
      d[0] = 1.0;
      d[1] = 0.0;
      retval = DET (d);
    }
  else
    {
      info = 0;

      Array<int> ipvt (nr);
      int *pipvt = ipvt.fortran_vec ();

      Array<double> z (nr);
      double *pz = z.fortran_vec ();

      Matrix atmp = *this;
      double *tmp_data = atmp.fortran_vec ();

      F77_XFCN (dgeco, DGECO, (tmp_data, nr, nr, pipvt, rcond, pz));

      if (f77_exception_encountered)
	(*current_liboctave_error_handler) ("unrecoverable error in dgeco");
      else
	{
	  volatile double rcond_plus_one = rcond + 1.0;

	  if (rcond_plus_one == 1.0)
	    {
	      info = -1;
	      retval = DET ();
	    }
	  else
	    {
	      double d[2];

	      F77_XFCN (dgedi, DGEDI, (tmp_data, nr, nr, pipvt, d, pz, 10));

	      if (f77_exception_encountered)
		(*current_liboctave_error_handler)
		  ("unrecoverable error in dgedi");
	      else
		retval = DET (d);
	    }
	}
    }

  return retval;
}

Matrix
Matrix::solve (const Matrix& b) const
{
  int info;
  double rcond;
  return solve (b, info, rcond);
}

Matrix
Matrix::solve (const Matrix& b, int& info) const
{
  double rcond;
  return solve (b, info, rcond);
}

Matrix
Matrix::solve (const Matrix& b, int& info, double& rcond) const
{
  Matrix retval;

  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  if (nr == 0 || nc == 0 || nr != nc || nr != b.rows ())
    (*current_liboctave_error_handler)
      ("matrix dimension mismatch solution of linear equations");
  else
    {
      info = 0;

      Array<int> ipvt (nr);
      int *pipvt = ipvt.fortran_vec ();

      Array<double> z (nr);
      double *pz = z.fortran_vec ();

      Matrix atmp = *this;
      double *tmp_data = atmp.fortran_vec ();

      F77_XFCN (dgeco, DGECO, (tmp_data, nr, nr, pipvt, rcond, pz));

      if (f77_exception_encountered)
	(*current_liboctave_error_handler) ("unrecoverable error in dgeco");
      else
	{
	  volatile double rcond_plus_one = rcond + 1.0;

	  if (rcond_plus_one == 1.0)
	    {
	      info = -2;
	    }
	  else
	    {
	      retval = b;
	      double *result = retval.fortran_vec ();

	      int b_nc = b.cols ();

	      for (volatile int j = 0; j < b_nc; j++)
		{
		  F77_XFCN (dgesl, DGESL, (tmp_data, nr, nr, pipvt,
					   &result[nr*j], 0)); 

		  if (f77_exception_encountered)
		    {
		      (*current_liboctave_error_handler)
			("unrecoverable error in dgesl");

		      break;
		    }
		}
	    }
	}
    }

  return retval;
}

ComplexMatrix
Matrix::solve (const ComplexMatrix& b) const
{
  ComplexMatrix tmp (*this);
  return tmp.solve (b);
}

ComplexMatrix
Matrix::solve (const ComplexMatrix& b, int& info) const
{
  ComplexMatrix tmp (*this);
  return tmp.solve (b, info);
}

ComplexMatrix
Matrix::solve (const ComplexMatrix& b, int& info, double& rcond) const
{
  ComplexMatrix tmp (*this);
  return tmp.solve (b, info, rcond);
}

ColumnVector
Matrix::solve (const ColumnVector& b) const
{
  int info; double rcond;
  return solve (b, info, rcond);
}

ColumnVector
Matrix::solve (const ColumnVector& b, int& info) const
{
  double rcond;
  return solve (b, info, rcond);
}

ColumnVector
Matrix::solve (const ColumnVector& b, int& info, double& rcond) const
{
  ColumnVector retval;

  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  if (nr == 0 || nc == 0 || nr != nc || nr != b.length ())
    (*current_liboctave_error_handler)
      ("matrix dimension mismatch solution of linear equations");
  else
    {
      info = 0;

      Array<int> ipvt (nr);
      int *pipvt = ipvt.fortran_vec ();

      Array<double> z (nr);
      double *pz = z.fortran_vec ();

      Matrix atmp = *this;
      double *tmp_data = atmp.fortran_vec ();

      F77_XFCN (dgeco, DGECO, (tmp_data, nr, nr, pipvt, rcond, pz));

      if (f77_exception_encountered)
	(*current_liboctave_error_handler)
	  ("unrecoverable error in dgeco");
      else
	{
	  volatile double rcond_plus_one = rcond + 1.0;

	  if (rcond_plus_one == 1.0)
	    {
	      info = -2;
	    }
	  else
	    {
	      retval = b;
	      double *result = retval.fortran_vec ();

	      F77_XFCN (dgesl, DGESL, (tmp_data, nr, nr, pipvt, result, 0));

	      if (f77_exception_encountered)
		(*current_liboctave_error_handler)
		  ("unrecoverable error in dgesl");
	    }
	}
    }

  return retval;
}

ComplexColumnVector
Matrix::solve (const ComplexColumnVector& b) const
{
  ComplexMatrix tmp (*this);
  return tmp.solve (b);
}

ComplexColumnVector
Matrix::solve (const ComplexColumnVector& b, int& info) const
{
  ComplexMatrix tmp (*this);
  return tmp.solve (b, info);
}

ComplexColumnVector
Matrix::solve (const ComplexColumnVector& b, int& info, double& rcond) const
{
  ComplexMatrix tmp (*this);
  return tmp.solve (b, info, rcond);
}

Matrix
Matrix::lssolve (const Matrix& b) const
{
  int info;
  int rank;
  return lssolve (b, info, rank);
}

Matrix
Matrix::lssolve (const Matrix& b, int& info) const
{
  int rank;
  return lssolve (b, info, rank);
}

Matrix
Matrix::lssolve (const Matrix& b, int& info, int& rank) const
{
  Matrix retval;

  int nrhs = b.cols ();

  int m = rows ();
  int n = cols ();

  if (m == 0 || n == 0 || m != b.rows ())
    (*current_liboctave_error_handler)
      ("matrix dimension mismatch in solution of least squares problem");
  else
    {
      Matrix atmp = *this;
      double *tmp_data = atmp.fortran_vec ();

      int nrr = m > n ? m : n;
      Matrix result (nrr, nrhs);

      for (int j = 0; j < nrhs; j++)
	for (int i = 0; i < m; i++)
	  result.elem (i, j) = b.elem (i, j);

      double *presult = result.fortran_vec ();

      int len_s = m < n ? m : n;
      Array<double> s (len_s);
      double *ps = s.fortran_vec ();

      double rcond = -1.0;

      int lwork;
      if (m < n)
	lwork = 3*m + (2*m > nrhs
		       ? (2*m > n ? 2*m : n)
		       : (nrhs > n ? nrhs : n));
      else
	lwork = 3*n + (2*n > nrhs
		       ? (2*n > m ? 2*n : m)
		       : (nrhs > m ? nrhs : m));

      lwork *= 16;

      Array<double> work (lwork);
      double *pwork = work.fortran_vec ();

      F77_XFCN (dgelss, DGELSS, (m, n, nrhs, tmp_data, m, presult, nrr, ps,
				 rcond, rank, pwork, lwork, info));

      if (f77_exception_encountered)
	(*current_liboctave_error_handler) ("unrecoverable error in dgelss");
      else
	{
	  retval.resize (n, nrhs);
	  for (int j = 0; j < nrhs; j++)
	    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
	      retval.elem (i, j) = result.elem (i, j);
	}
    }

  return retval;
}

ComplexMatrix
Matrix::lssolve (const ComplexMatrix& b) const
{
  ComplexMatrix tmp (*this);
  int info;
  int rank;
  return tmp.lssolve (b, info, rank);
}

ComplexMatrix
Matrix::lssolve (const ComplexMatrix& b, int& info) const
{
  ComplexMatrix tmp (*this);
  int rank;
  return tmp.lssolve (b, info, rank);
}

ComplexMatrix
Matrix::lssolve (const ComplexMatrix& b, int& info, int& rank) const
{
  ComplexMatrix tmp (*this);
  return tmp.lssolve (b, info, rank);
}

ColumnVector
Matrix::lssolve (const ColumnVector& b) const
{
  int info;
  int rank;
  return lssolve (b, info, rank);
}

ColumnVector
Matrix::lssolve (const ColumnVector& b, int& info) const
{
  int rank;
  return lssolve (b, info, rank);
}

ColumnVector
Matrix::lssolve (const ColumnVector& b, int& info, int& rank) const
{
  ColumnVector retval;

  int nrhs = 1;

  int m = rows ();
  int n = cols ();

  if (m == 0 || n == 0 || m != b.length ())
    (*current_liboctave_error_handler)
      ("matrix dimension mismatch in solution of least squares problem");
  else
    {
      Matrix atmp = *this;
      double *tmp_data = atmp.fortran_vec ();

      int nrr = m > n ? m : n;
      ColumnVector result (nrr);

      for (int i = 0; i < m; i++)
	result.elem (i) = b.elem (i);

      double *presult = result.fortran_vec ();

      int len_s = m < n ? m : n;
      Array<double> s (len_s);
      double *ps = s.fortran_vec ();

      double rcond = -1.0;

      int lwork;
      if (m < n)
	lwork = 3*m + (2*m > nrhs
		       ? (2*m > n ? 2*m : n)
		       : (nrhs > n ? nrhs : n));
      else
	lwork = 3*n + (2*n > nrhs
		       ? (2*n > m ? 2*n : m)
		       : (nrhs > m ? nrhs : m));

      lwork *= 16;

      Array<double> work (lwork);
      double *pwork = work.fortran_vec ();

      F77_XFCN (dgelss, DGELSS, (m, n, nrhs, tmp_data, m, presult, nrr,
				 ps, rcond, rank, pwork, lwork, info));

      if (f77_exception_encountered)
	(*current_liboctave_error_handler) ("unrecoverable error in dgelss");
      else
	{
	  retval.resize (n);
	  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
	    retval.elem (i) = result.elem (i);
	}
    }

  return retval;
}

ComplexColumnVector
Matrix::lssolve (const ComplexColumnVector& b) const
{
  ComplexMatrix tmp (*this);
  return tmp.lssolve (b);
}

ComplexColumnVector
Matrix::lssolve (const ComplexColumnVector& b, int& info) const
{
  ComplexMatrix tmp (*this);
  return tmp.lssolve (b, info);
}

ComplexColumnVector
Matrix::lssolve (const ComplexColumnVector& b, int& info, int& rank) const
{
  ComplexMatrix tmp (*this);
  return tmp.lssolve (b, info, rank);
}

// Constants for matrix exponential calculation.

static double padec [] =
{
  5.0000000000000000e-1,
  1.1666666666666667e-1,
  1.6666666666666667e-2,
  1.6025641025641026e-3,
  1.0683760683760684e-4,
  4.8562548562548563e-6,
  1.3875013875013875e-7,
  1.9270852604185938e-9,
};

Matrix
Matrix::expm (void) const
{
  Matrix retval;

  Matrix m = *this;

  int nc = columns ();

  // trace shift value
  double trshift = 0;

  // Preconditioning step 1: trace normalization.

  for (int i = 0; i < nc; i++)
    trshift += m.elem (i, i);

  trshift /= nc;

  for (int i = 0; i < nc; i++)
    m.elem (i, i) -= trshift;

  // Preconditioning step 2: balancing.

  AEPBALANCE mbal (m, "B");
  m = mbal.balanced_matrix ();
  Matrix d = mbal.balancing_matrix ();

  // Preconditioning step 3: scaling.

  ColumnVector work(nc);
  double inf_norm
    = F77_FCN (dlange, DLANGE) ("I", nc, nc, m.fortran_vec (),nc,
				work.fortran_vec ());

  int sqpow = (int) (inf_norm > 0.0
		     ? (1.0 + log (inf_norm) / log (2.0))
		     : 0.0);

  // Check whether we need to square at all.

  if (sqpow < 0)
    sqpow = 0;

  if (sqpow > 0)
    {
      double scale_factor = 1.0;
      for (int i = 0; i < sqpow; i++)
	scale_factor *= 2.0;

      m = m / scale_factor;
    }

  // npp, dpp: pade' approx polynomial matrices.

  Matrix npp (nc, nc, 0.0);
  Matrix dpp = npp;

  // Now powers a^8 ... a^1.

  int minus_one_j = -1;
  for (int j = 7; j >= 0; j--)
    {
      npp = m * npp + m * padec[j];
      dpp = m * dpp + m * (minus_one_j * padec[j]);
      minus_one_j *= -1;
    }

  // Zero power.

  dpp = -dpp;
  for(int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
    {
      npp.elem (j, j) += 1.0;
      dpp.elem (j, j) += 1.0;
    }

  // Compute pade approximation = inverse (dpp) * npp.

  retval = dpp.solve (npp);

  // Reverse preconditioning step 3: repeated squaring.

  while (sqpow)
    {
      retval = retval * retval;
      sqpow--;
    }

  // Reverse preconditioning step 2: inverse balancing.

  retval = retval.transpose();
  d = d.transpose ();
  retval = retval * d;
  retval = d.solve (retval);
  retval = retval.transpose ();

  // Reverse preconditioning step 1: fix trace normalization.

  return retval * exp (trshift);
}

Matrix&
Matrix::operator += (const Matrix& a)
{
  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  int a_nr = a.rows ();
  int a_nc = a.cols ();

  if (nr != a_nr || nc != a_nc)
    {
      gripe_nonconformant ("operator +=", nr, nc, a_nr, a_nc);
      return *this;
    }

  if (nr == 0 || nc == 0)
    return *this;

  double *d = fortran_vec (); // Ensures only one reference to my privates!

  add2 (d, a.data (), length ());

  return *this;
}

Matrix&
Matrix::operator -= (const Matrix& a)
{
  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  int a_nr = a.rows ();
  int a_nc = a.cols ();

  if (nr != a_nr || nc != a_nc)
    {
      gripe_nonconformant ("operator -=", nr, nc, a_nr, a_nc);
      return *this;
    }

  if (nr == 0 || nc == 0)
    return *this;

  double *d = fortran_vec (); // Ensures only one reference to my privates!

  subtract2 (d, a.data (), length ());

  return *this;
}

Matrix&
Matrix::operator += (const DiagMatrix& a)
{
  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  int a_nr = a.rows ();
  int a_nc = a.cols ();

  if (nr != a_nr || nc != a_nc)
    {
      gripe_nonconformant ("operator +=", nr, nc, a_nr, a_nc);
      return *this;
    }

  for (int i = 0; i < a.length (); i++)
    elem (i, i) += a.elem (i, i);

  return *this;
}

Matrix&
Matrix::operator -= (const DiagMatrix& a)
{
  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  int a_nr = a.rows ();
  int a_nc = a.cols ();

  if (nr != a_nr || nc != a_nc)
    {
      gripe_nonconformant ("operator -=", nr, nc, a_nr, a_nc);
      return *this;
    }

  for (int i = 0; i < a.length (); i++)
    elem (i, i) -= a.elem (i, i);

  return *this;
}

// unary operations

Matrix
Matrix::operator ! (void) const
{
  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  Matrix b (nr, nc);

  for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
    for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
      b.elem (i, j) = ! elem (i, j);

  return b;
}

// column vector by row vector -> matrix operations

Matrix
operator * (const ColumnVector& v, const RowVector& a)
{
  Matrix retval;

  int len = v.length ();
  int a_len = a.length ();

  if (len != a_len)
    gripe_nonconformant ("operator *", len, 1, 1, a_len);
  else
    {
      if (len != 0)
	{
	  retval.resize (len, a_len);
	  double *c = retval.fortran_vec ();

	  F77_XFCN (dgemm, DGEMM, ("N", "N", len, a_len, 1, 1.0,
				   v.data (), len, a.data (), 1, 0.0,
				   c, len, 1L, 1L));

	  if (f77_exception_encountered)
	    (*current_liboctave_error_handler)
	      ("unrecoverable error in dgemm");
	}
    }

  return retval;
}

// diagonal matrix by scalar -> matrix operations

Matrix
operator + (const DiagMatrix& a, double s)
{
  Matrix tmp (a.rows (), a.cols (), s);
  return a + tmp;
}

Matrix
operator - (const DiagMatrix& a, double s)
{
  Matrix tmp (a.rows (), a.cols (), -s);
  return a + tmp;
}

// scalar by diagonal matrix -> matrix operations

Matrix
operator + (double s, const DiagMatrix& a)
{
  Matrix tmp (a.rows (), a.cols (), s);
  return tmp + a;
}

Matrix
operator - (double s, const DiagMatrix& a)
{
  Matrix tmp (a.rows (), a.cols (), s);
  return tmp - a;
}

// matrix by diagonal matrix -> matrix operations

Matrix
operator + (const Matrix& m, const DiagMatrix& a)
{
  int nr = m.rows ();
  int nc = m.cols ();

  int a_nr = a.rows ();
  int a_nc = a.cols ();

  if (nr != a_nr || nc != a_nc)
    {
      gripe_nonconformant ("operator +", nr, nc, a_nr, a_nc);
      return Matrix ();
    }

  if (nr == 0 || nc == 0)
    return Matrix (nr, nc);

  Matrix result (m);
  int a_len = a.length ();
  for (int i = 0; i < a_len; i++)
    result.elem (i, i) += a.elem (i, i);

  return result;
}

Matrix
operator - (const Matrix& m, const DiagMatrix& a)
{
  int nr = m.rows ();
  int nc = m.cols ();

  int a_nr = a.rows ();
  int a_nc = a.cols ();

  if (nr != a_nr || nc != a_nc)
    {
      gripe_nonconformant ("operator -", nr, nc, a_nr, a_nc);
      return Matrix ();
    }

  if (nr == 0 || nc == 0)
    return Matrix (nr, nc);

  Matrix result (m);
  int a_len = a.length ();
  for (int i = 0; i < a_len; i++)
    result.elem (i, i) -= a.elem (i, i);

  return result;
}

Matrix
operator * (const Matrix& m, const DiagMatrix& a)
{
  Matrix retval;

  int nr = m.rows ();
  int nc = m.cols ();

  int a_nr = a.rows ();
  int a_nc = a.cols ();

  if (nc != a_nr)
    gripe_nonconformant ("operator *", nr, nc, a_nr, a_nc);
  else
    {
      if (nr == 0 || nc == 0 || a_nc == 0)
	retval.resize (nr, a_nc, 0.0);
      else
	{
	  retval.resize (nr, a_nc);
	  double *c = retval.fortran_vec ();

	  double *ctmp = 0;

	  int a_len = a.length ();

	  for (int j = 0; j < a_len; j++)
	    {
	      int idx = j * nr;
	      ctmp = c + idx;

	      if (a.elem (j, j) == 1.0)
		{
		  for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
		    ctmp[i] = m.elem (i, j);
		}
	      else if (a.elem (j, j) == 0.0)
		{
		  for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
		    ctmp[i] = 0.0;
		}
	      else
		{
		  for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
		    ctmp[i] = a.elem (j, j) * m.elem (i, j);
		}
	    }

	  if (a_nr < a_nc)
	    {
	      for (int i = nr * nc; i < nr * a_nc; i++)
		ctmp[i] = 0.0;
	    }
	}
    }

  return retval;
}

// diagonal matrix by matrix -> matrix operations

Matrix
operator + (const DiagMatrix& m, const Matrix& a)
{
  int nr = m.rows ();
  int nc = m.cols ();

  int a_nr = a.rows ();
  int a_nc = a.cols ();

  if (nr != a_nr || nc != a_nc)
    {
      gripe_nonconformant ("operator +", nr, nc, a_nr, a_nc);
      return Matrix ();
    }

  if (nr == 0 || nc == 0)
    return Matrix (nr, nc);

  Matrix result (a);
  for (int i = 0; i < m.length (); i++)
    result.elem (i, i) += m.elem (i, i);

  return result;
}

Matrix
operator - (const DiagMatrix& m, const Matrix& a)
{
  int nr = m.rows ();
  int nc = m.cols ();

  int a_nr = a.rows ();
  int a_nc = a.cols ();

  if (nr != a_nr || nc != a_nc)
    {
      gripe_nonconformant ("operator -", nr, nc, a_nr, a_nc);
      return Matrix ();
    }

  if (nr == 0 || nc == 0)
    return Matrix (nr, nc);

  Matrix result (-a);
  for (int i = 0; i < m.length (); i++)
    result.elem (i, i) += m.elem (i, i);

  return result;
}

Matrix
operator * (const DiagMatrix& m, const Matrix& a)
{
  int nr = m.rows ();
  int nc = m.cols ();
  int a_nr = a.rows ();
  int a_nc = a.cols ();
  if (nc != a_nr)
    {
      gripe_nonconformant ("operator *", nr, nc, a_nr, a_nc);
      return Matrix ();
    }

  if (nr == 0 || nc == 0 || a_nc == 0)
    return Matrix (nr, a_nc, 0.0);

  Matrix c (nr, a_nc);

  for (int i = 0; i < m.length (); i++)
    {
      if (m.elem (i, i) == 1.0)
	{
	  for (int j = 0; j < a_nc; j++)
	    c.elem (i, j) = a.elem (i, j);
	}
      else if (m.elem (i, i) == 0.0)
	{
	  for (int j = 0; j < a_nc; j++)
	    c.elem (i, j) = 0.0;
	}
      else
	{
	  for (int j = 0; j < a_nc; j++)
	    c.elem (i, j) = m.elem (i, i) * a.elem (i, j);
	}
    }

  if (nr > nc)
    {
      for (int j = 0; j < a_nc; j++)
	for (int i = a_nr; i < nr; i++)
	  c.elem (i, j) = 0.0;
    }

  return c;
}

// matrix by matrix -> matrix operations

Matrix
operator * (const Matrix& m, const Matrix& a)
{
  Matrix retval;

  int nr = m.rows ();
  int nc = m.cols ();

  int a_nr = a.rows ();
  int a_nc = a.cols ();

  if (nc != a_nr)
    gripe_nonconformant ("operator *", nr, nc, a_nr, a_nc);
  else
    {
      if (nr == 0 || nc == 0 || a_nc == 0)
	retval.resize (nr, a_nc, 0.0);
      else
	{
	  int ld  = nr;
	  int lda = a_nr;

	  retval.resize (nr, a_nc);
	  double *c = retval.fortran_vec ();

	  F77_XFCN (dgemm, DGEMM, ("N", "N", nr, a_nc, nc, 1.0,
				   m.data (), ld, a.data (), lda, 0.0,
				   c, nr, 1L, 1L));

	  if (f77_exception_encountered)
	    (*current_liboctave_error_handler)
	      ("unrecoverable error in dgemm");
	}
    }

  return retval;
}

// other operations.

Matrix
Matrix::map (d_d_Mapper f) const
{
  Matrix b (*this);
  return b.apply (f);
}

Matrix&
Matrix::apply (d_d_Mapper f)
{
  double *d = fortran_vec (); // Ensures only one reference to my privates!

  for (int i = 0; i < length (); i++)
    d[i] = f (d[i]);

  return *this;
}

bool
Matrix::any_element_is_negative (void) const
{
  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
    for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
      if (elem (i, j) < 0.0)
	return true;

  return false;
}


bool
Matrix::any_element_is_inf_or_nan (void) const
{
  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
    for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
      {
	double val = elem (i, j);
	if (xisinf (val) || xisnan (val))
	  return 1;
      }
  return 0;
}

bool
Matrix::all_elements_are_int_or_inf_or_nan (void) const
{
  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
    for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
      {
	double val = elem (i, j);
	if (xisnan (val) || D_NINT (val) == val)
	  continue;
	else
	  return false;
      }

  return true;
}

// Return nonzero if any element of M is not an integer.  Also extract
// the largest and smallest values and return them in MAX_VAL and MIN_VAL.

bool
Matrix::all_integers (double& max_val, double& min_val) const
{
  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  if (nr > 0 && nc > 0)
    {
      max_val = elem (0, 0);
      min_val = elem (0, 0);
    }
  else
    return false;

  for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
    for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
      {
	double val = elem (i, j);

	if (val > max_val)
	  max_val = val;

	if (val < min_val)
	  min_val = val;

	if (D_NINT (val) != val)
	  return false;
      }

  return true;
}

bool
Matrix::too_large_for_float (void) const
{
  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
    for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
      {
	double val = elem (i, j);

	if (val > FLT_MAX || val < FLT_MIN)
	  return true;
      }

  return false;
}

// XXX FIXME XXX Do these really belong here?  They should maybe be
// cleaned up a bit, no?  What about corresponding functions for the
// Vectors?

Matrix
Matrix::all (void) const
{
  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();
  Matrix retval;
  if (nr > 0 && nc > 0)
    {
      if (nr == 1)
	{
	  retval.resize (1, 1);
	  retval.elem (0, 0) = 1.0;
	  for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
	    {
	      if (elem (0, j) == 0.0)
		{
		  retval.elem (0, 0) = 0.0;
		  break;
		}
	    }
	}
      else if (nc == 1)
	{
	  retval.resize (1, 1);
	  retval.elem (0, 0) = 1.0;
	  for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
	    {
	      if (elem (i, 0) == 0.0)
		{
		  retval.elem (0, 0) = 0.0;
		  break;
		}
	    }
	}
      else
	{
	  retval.resize (1, nc);
	  for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
	    {
	      retval.elem (0, j) = 1.0;
	      for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
		{
		  if (elem (i, j) == 0.0)
		    {
		      retval.elem (0, j) = 0.0;
		      break;
		    }
		}
	    }
	}
    }
  return retval;
}

Matrix
Matrix::any (void) const
{
  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();
  Matrix retval;
  if (nr > 0 && nc > 0)
    {
      if (nr == 1)
	{
	  retval.resize (1, 1);
	  retval.elem (0, 0) = 0.0;
	  for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
	    {
	      if (elem (0, j) != 0.0)
		{
		  retval.elem (0, 0) = 1.0;
		  break;
		}
	    }
	}
      else if (nc == 1)
	{
	  retval.resize (1, 1);
	  retval.elem (0, 0) = 0.0;
	  for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
	    {
	      if (elem (i, 0) != 0.0)
		{
		  retval.elem (0, 0) = 1.0;
		  break;
		}
	    }
	}
      else
	{
	  retval.resize (1, nc);
	  for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
	    {
	      retval.elem (0, j) = 0.0;
	      for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
		{
		  if (elem (i, j) != 0.0)
		    {
		      retval.elem (0, j) = 1.0;
		      break;
		    }
		}
	    }
	}
    }
  return retval;
}

Matrix
Matrix::cumprod (void) const
{
  Matrix retval;

  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  if (nr == 1)
    {
      retval.resize (1, nc);
      if (nc > 0)
	{
	  double prod = elem (0, 0);
	  for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
	    {
	      retval.elem (0, j) = prod;
	      if (j < nc - 1)
		prod *= elem (0, j+1);
	    }
	}
    }
  else if (nc == 1)
    {
      retval.resize (nr, 1);
      if (nr > 0)
	{
	  double prod = elem (0, 0);
	  for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
	    {
	      retval.elem (i, 0) = prod;
	      if (i < nr - 1)
		prod *= elem (i+1, 0);
	    }
	}
    }
  else
    {
      retval.resize (nr, nc);
      if (nr > 0 && nc > 0)
	{
	  for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
	    {
	      double prod = elem (0, j);
	      for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
		{
		  retval.elem (i, j) = prod;
		  if (i < nr - 1)
		    prod *= elem (i+1, j);
		}
	    }
	}
    }
  return retval;
}

Matrix
Matrix::cumsum (void) const
{
  Matrix retval;

  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  if (nr == 1)
    {
      retval.resize (1, nc);
      if (nc > 0)
	{
	  double sum = elem (0, 0);
	  for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
	    {
	      retval.elem (0, j) = sum;
	      if (j < nc - 1)
		sum += elem (0, j+1);
	    }
	}
    }
  else if (nc == 1)
    {
      retval.resize (nr, 1);
      if (nr > 0)
	{
	  double sum = elem (0, 0);
	  for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
	    {
	      retval.elem (i, 0) = sum;
	      if (i < nr - 1)
		sum += elem (i+1, 0);
	    }
	}
    }
  else
    {
      retval.resize (nr, nc);
      if (nr > 0 && nc > 0)
	{
	  for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
	    {
	      double sum = elem (0, j);
	      for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
		{
		  retval.elem (i, j) = sum;
		  if (i < nr - 1)
		    sum += elem (i+1, j);
		}
	    }
	}
    }
  return retval;
}

Matrix
Matrix::prod (void) const
{
  Matrix retval;

  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  if (nr == 1)
    {
      retval.resize (1, 1);
      retval.elem (0, 0) = 1.0;
      for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
	retval.elem (0, 0) *= elem (0, j);
    }
  else if (nc == 1)
    {
      retval.resize (1, 1);
      retval.elem (0, 0) = 1.0;
      for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
	retval.elem (0, 0) *= elem (i, 0);
    }
  else
    {
      if (nc == 0)
	{
	  retval.resize (1, 1);
	  retval.elem (0, 0) = 1.0;
	}
      else
	retval.resize (1, nc);

      for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
	{
	  retval.elem (0, j) = 1.0;
	  for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
	    retval.elem (0, j) *= elem (i, j);
	}
    }
  return retval;
}

Matrix
Matrix::sum (void) const
{
  Matrix retval;

  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  if (nr == 1)
    {
      retval.resize (1, 1);
      retval.elem (0, 0) = 0.0;
      for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
	retval.elem (0, 0) += elem (0, j);
    }
  else if (nc == 1)
    {
      retval.resize (1, 1);
      retval.elem (0, 0) = 0.0;
      for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
	retval.elem (0, 0) += elem (i, 0);
    }
  else
    {
      if (nc == 0)
	{
	  retval.resize (1, 1);
	  retval.elem (0, 0) = 0.0;
	}
      else
	retval.resize (1, nc);

      for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
	{
	  retval.elem (0, j) = 0.0;
	  for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
	    retval.elem (0, j) += elem (i, j);
	}
    }
  return retval;
}

Matrix
Matrix::sumsq (void) const
{
  Matrix retval;

  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  if (nr == 1)
    {
      retval.resize (1, 1);
      retval.elem (0, 0) = 0.0;
      for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
	{
	  double d = elem (0, j);
	  retval.elem (0, 0) += d * d;
	}
    }
  else if (nc == 1)
    {
      retval.resize (1, 1);
      retval.elem (0, 0) = 0.0;
      for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
	{
	  double d = elem (i, 0);
	  retval.elem (0, 0) += d * d;
	}
    }
  else
    {
      retval.resize (1, nc);
      for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
	{
	  retval.elem (0, j) = 0.0;
	  for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
	    {
	      double d = elem (i, j);
	      retval.elem (0, j) += d * d;
	    }
	}
    }
  return retval;
}

Matrix
Matrix::abs (void) const
{
  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  Matrix retval (nr, nc);

  for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
    for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
      retval (i, j) = fabs (elem (i, j));

  return retval;
}

ColumnVector
Matrix::diag (void) const
{
  return diag (0);
}

ColumnVector
Matrix::diag (int k) const
{
  int nnr = rows ();
  int nnc = cols ();
  if (k > 0)
    nnc -= k;
  else if (k < 0)
    nnr += k;

  ColumnVector d;

  if (nnr > 0 && nnc > 0)
    {
      int ndiag = (nnr < nnc) ? nnr : nnc;

      d.resize (ndiag);

      if (k > 0)
	{
	  for (int i = 0; i < ndiag; i++)
	    d.elem (i) = elem (i, i+k);
	}
      else if ( k < 0)
	{
	  for (int i = 0; i < ndiag; i++)
	    d.elem (i) = elem (i-k, i);
	}
      else
	{
	  for (int i = 0; i < ndiag; i++)
	    d.elem (i) = elem (i, i);
	}
    }
  else
    cerr << "diag: requested diagonal out of range\n";

  return d;
}

ColumnVector
Matrix::row_min (void) const
{
  Array<int> index;
  return row_min (index);
}

ColumnVector
Matrix::row_min (Array<int>& index) const
{
  ColumnVector result;

  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  if (nr > 0 && nc > 0)
    {
      result.resize (nr);
      index.resize (nr);

      for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
        {
	  int idx = 0;

	  double tmp_min = elem (i, idx);

	  if (xisnan (tmp_min))
	    idx = -1;
	  else
	    {
	      for (int j = 1; j < nc; j++)
		{
		  double tmp = elem (i, j);

		  if (xisnan (tmp))
		    {
		      idx = -1;
		      break;
		    }
		  else if (tmp < tmp_min)
		    {
		      idx = j;
		      tmp_min = tmp;
		    }
		}
	    }

	  result.elem (i) = (idx < 0) ? octave_NaN : tmp_min;
	  index.elem (i) = idx;
        }
    }

  return result;
}

ColumnVector
Matrix::row_max (void) const
{
  Array<int> index;
  return row_max (index);
}

ColumnVector
Matrix::row_max (Array<int>& index) const
{
  ColumnVector result;

  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  if (nr > 0 && nc > 0)
    {
      result.resize (nr);
      index.resize (nr);

      for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
        {
	  int idx = 0;

	  double tmp_max = elem (i, idx);

	  if (xisnan (tmp_max))
	    idx = -1;
	  else
	    {
	      for (int j = 1; j < nc; j++)
		{
		  double tmp = elem (i, j);

		  if (xisnan (tmp))
		    {
		      idx = -1;
		      break;
		    }
		  else if (tmp > tmp_max)
		    {
		      idx = j;
		      tmp_max = tmp;
		    }
		}
	    }

	  result.elem (i) = (idx < 0) ? octave_NaN : tmp_max;
	  index.elem (i) = idx;
        }
    }

  return result;
}

RowVector
Matrix::column_min (void) const
{
  Array<int> index;
  return column_min (index);
}

RowVector
Matrix::column_min (Array<int>& index) const
{
  RowVector result;

  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  if (nr > 0 && nc > 0)
    {
      result.resize (nc);
      index.resize (nc);

      for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
        {
	  int idx = 0;

	  double tmp_min = elem (idx, j);

	  if (xisnan (tmp_min))
	    idx = -1;
	  else
	    {
	      for (int i = 1; i < nr; i++)
		{
		  double tmp = elem (i, j);

		  if (xisnan (tmp))
		    {
		      idx = -1;
		      break;
		    }
		  else if (tmp < tmp_min)
		    {
		      idx = i;
		      tmp_min = tmp;
		    }
		}
	    }

	  result.elem (j) = (idx < 0) ? octave_NaN : tmp_min;
	  index.elem (j) = idx;
        }
    }

  return result;
}

RowVector
Matrix::column_max (void) const
{
  Array<int> index;
  return column_max (index);
}

RowVector
Matrix::column_max (Array<int>& index) const
{
  RowVector result;

  int nr = rows ();
  int nc = cols ();

  if (nr > 0 && nc > 0)
    {
      result.resize (nc);
      index.resize (nc);

      for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
        {
	  int idx = 0;

	  double tmp_max = elem (idx, j);

	  if (xisnan (tmp_max))
	    idx = -1;
	  else
	    {
	      for (int i = 1; i < nr; i++)
		{
		  double tmp = elem (i, j);

		  if (xisnan (tmp))
		    {
		      idx = -1;
		      break;
		    }
		  else if (tmp > tmp_max)
		    {
		      idx = i;
		      tmp_max = tmp;
		    }
		}
	    }

	  result.elem (j) = (idx < 0) ? octave_NaN : tmp_max;
	  index.elem (j) = idx;
        }
    }

  return result;
}

ostream&
operator << (ostream& os, const Matrix& a)
{
//  int field_width = os.precision () + 7;

  for (int i = 0; i < a.rows (); i++)
    {
      for (int j = 0; j < a.cols (); j++)
	os << " " /* setw (field_width) */ << a.elem (i, j);
      os << "\n";
    }
  return os;
}

istream&
operator >> (istream& is, Matrix& a)
{
  int nr = a.rows ();
  int nc = a.cols ();

  if (nr < 1 || nc < 1)
    is.clear (ios::badbit);
  else
    {
      double tmp;
      for (int i = 0; i < nr; i++)
	for (int j = 0; j < nc; j++)
	  {
	    is >> tmp;
	    if (is)
	      a.elem (i, j) = tmp;
	    else
	      goto done;
	  }
    }

done:

  return is;
}

template <class T>
static void
read_int (istream& is, bool swap_bytes, T& val)
{
  is.read ((char *) &val, sizeof (T));

  if (swap_bytes)
    {
      switch (sizeof (T))
	{
	case 1:
	  break;

	case 2:
	  swap_2_bytes ((char *) &val);
	  break;

	case 4:
	  swap_4_bytes ((char *) &val);
	  break;

	case 8:
	  swap_8_bytes ((char *) &val);
	  break;

	default:
	  (*current_liboctave_error_handler)
	    ("read_int: unrecognized data format!");
	}
    }
}

template void read_int (istream&, bool, char&);
template void read_int (istream&, bool, signed char&);
template void read_int (istream&, bool, unsigned char&);
template void read_int (istream&, bool, short&);
template void read_int (istream&, bool, unsigned short&);
template void read_int (istream&, bool, int&);
template void read_int (istream&, bool, unsigned int&);
template void read_int (istream&, bool, long&);
template void read_int (istream&, bool, unsigned long&);

static inline bool
do_read (istream& is, oct_data_conv::data_type dt, 
	 oct_mach_info::float_format flt_fmt, bool swap_bytes,
	 bool do_float_conversion, double& val)
{
  bool retval = true;

  switch (dt)
    {
    case oct_data_conv::dt_char:
      {
	char tmp;
	read_int (is, swap_bytes, tmp);
	val = tmp;
      }
      break;

    case oct_data_conv::dt_schar:
      {
	signed char tmp;
	read_int (is, swap_bytes, tmp);
	val = tmp;
      }
      break;

    case oct_data_conv::dt_uchar:
      {
	unsigned char tmp;
	read_int (is, swap_bytes, tmp);
	val = tmp;
      }
      break;

    case oct_data_conv::dt_short:
      {
	short tmp;
	read_int (is, swap_bytes, tmp);
	val = tmp;
      }
      break;

    case oct_data_conv::dt_ushort:
      {
	unsigned short tmp;
	read_int (is, swap_bytes, tmp);
	val = tmp;
      }
      break;

    case oct_data_conv::dt_int:
      {
	int tmp;
	read_int (is, swap_bytes, tmp);
	val = tmp;
      }
      break;

    case oct_data_conv::dt_uint:
      {
	unsigned int tmp;
	read_int (is, swap_bytes, tmp);
	val = tmp;
      }
      break;

    case oct_data_conv::dt_long:
      {
	long tmp;
	read_int (is, swap_bytes, tmp);
	val = tmp;
      }
      break;

    case oct_data_conv::dt_ulong:
      {
	unsigned long tmp;
	read_int (is, swap_bytes, tmp);
	val = tmp;
      }
      break;

    case oct_data_conv::dt_float:
      {
	float f;

	is.read ((char *) &f, sizeof (float));

	if (do_float_conversion)
	  do_float_format_conversion (&f, 1, flt_fmt);

	val = f;
      }
      break;

    case oct_data_conv::dt_double:
      {
	is.read ((char *) &val, sizeof (double));

	if (do_float_conversion)
	  do_double_format_conversion (&val, 1, flt_fmt);
      }
      break;

    default:
      retval = false;
      (*current_liboctave_error_handler)
	("read: invalid type specification");
      break;
    }

  return retval;
}

int
Matrix::read (istream& is, int nr, int nc,
	      oct_data_conv::data_type dt, int skip,
	      oct_mach_info::float_format flt_fmt)
{
  int retval = -1;

  bool ok = true;

  int count = 0;

  double *data = 0;
  int max_size = 0;

  int final_nr = 0;
  int final_nc = 0;

  if (nr > 0)
    {
      if (nc > 0)
	{
	  resize (nr, nc, 0.0);
	  data = fortran_vec ();
	  max_size = nr * nc;
	}
      else
	{
	  resize (nr, 32, 0.0);
	  data = fortran_vec ();
	  max_size = nr * 32;
	}
    }
  else
    {
      resize (32, 1, 0.0);
      data = fortran_vec ();
      max_size = 32;
    }

  oct_mach_info::float_format native_flt_fmt
    = oct_mach_info::float_format ();

  bool do_float_conversion = (flt_fmt != native_flt_fmt);

  // XXX FIXME XXX -- byte order for Cray?

  bool swap_bytes = false;

  if (oct_mach_info::words_big_endian ())
    swap_bytes = (flt_fmt == oct_mach_info::ieee_little_endian
		 || flt_fmt == oct_mach_info::vax_g
		 || flt_fmt == oct_mach_info::vax_g);
  else
    swap_bytes = (flt_fmt == oct_mach_info::ieee_big_endian);

  for (;;)
    {
      // XXX FIXME XXX -- maybe there should be a special case for
      // skip == 0.

      if (is)
	{
	  if (nr > 0 && nc > 0 && count == max_size)
	    {
	      final_nr = nr;
	      final_nc = nc;

	      break;
	    }

	  if (skip != 0)
	    is.seekg (skip, ios::cur);

	  if (is)
	    {
	      double tmp = 0.0;

	      ok = do_read (is, dt, flt_fmt, swap_bytes,
			    do_float_conversion, tmp);

	      if (ok)
		{
		  if (is)
		    {
		      if (count == max_size)
			{
			  max_size *= 2;

			  if (nr > 0)
			    resize (nr, max_size / nr, 0.0);
			  else
			    resize (max_size, 1, 0.0);

			  data = fortran_vec ();
			}

		      data[count++] = tmp;
		    }
		  else
		    {
		      if (is.eof ())
			{
			  if (nr > 0)
			    {
			      if (count > nr)
				{
				  final_nr = nr;
				  final_nc = (count - 1) / nr + 1;
				}
			      else
				{
				  final_nr = count;
				  final_nc = 1;
				}
			    }
			  else
			    {
			      final_nr = count;
			      final_nc = 1;
			    }
			}

		      break;
		    }
		}
	      else
		break;
	    }
	  else
	    {
	      ok = false;
	      break;
	    }
	}
      else
	{
	  ok = false;
	  break;
	}
    }

  if (ok)
    {
      resize (final_nr, final_nc, 0.0);

      retval = count;
    }

  return retval;
}

template <class T>
static void
write_int (ostream& os, bool swap_bytes, T val)
{
  if (swap_bytes)
    {
      switch (sizeof (T))
	{
	case 1:
	  break;

	case 2:
	  swap_2_bytes ((char *) &val);
	  break;

	case 4:
	  swap_4_bytes ((char *) &val);
	  break;

	case 8:
	  swap_8_bytes ((char *) &val);
	  break;

	default:
	  (*current_liboctave_error_handler)
	    ("write_int: unrecognized data format!");
	}
    }

  os.write ((char *) &val, sizeof (T));
}

template void write_int (ostream&, bool, char);
template void write_int (ostream&, bool, signed char);
template void write_int (ostream&, bool, unsigned char);
template void write_int (ostream&, bool, short);
template void write_int (ostream&, bool, unsigned short);
template void write_int (ostream&, bool, int);
template void write_int (ostream&, bool, unsigned int);
template void write_int (ostream&, bool, long);
template void write_int (ostream&, bool, unsigned long);

static inline bool
do_write (ostream& os, double d, oct_data_conv::data_type dt,
	  oct_mach_info::float_format flt_fmt, bool swap_bytes,
	  bool do_float_conversion)
{
  bool retval = true;

  switch (dt)
    {
    case oct_data_conv::dt_char:
      write_int (os, swap_bytes, (char) d);
      break;

    case oct_data_conv::dt_schar:
      write_int (os, swap_bytes, (signed char) d);
      break;

    case oct_data_conv::dt_uchar:
      write_int (os, swap_bytes, (unsigned char) d);
      break;

    case oct_data_conv::dt_short:
      write_int (os, swap_bytes, (short) d);
      break;

    case oct_data_conv::dt_ushort:
      write_int (os, swap_bytes, (unsigned short) d);
      break;

    case oct_data_conv::dt_int:
      write_int (os, swap_bytes, (int) d);
      break;

    case oct_data_conv::dt_uint:
      write_int (os, swap_bytes, (unsigned int) d);
      break;

    case oct_data_conv::dt_long:
      write_int (os, swap_bytes, (long) d);
      break;

    case oct_data_conv::dt_ulong:
      write_int (os, swap_bytes, (unsigned long) d);
      break;

    case oct_data_conv::dt_float:
      {
	float f = (float) d;

	if (do_float_conversion)
	  do_float_format_conversion (&f, 1, flt_fmt);

	os.write ((char *) &f, sizeof (float));
      }
      break;

    case oct_data_conv::dt_double:
      {
	if (do_float_conversion)
	  do_double_format_conversion (&d, 1, flt_fmt);

	os.write ((char *) &d, sizeof (double));
      }
      break;

    default:
      retval = false;
      (*current_liboctave_error_handler)
	("write: invalid type specification");
      break;
    }

  return retval;
}

int
Matrix::write (ostream& os, oct_data_conv::data_type dt, int skip,
	       oct_mach_info::float_format flt_fmt)
{
  int retval = -1;

  bool ok = true;

  int count = 0;

  const double *d = data ();

  int n = length ();

  oct_mach_info::float_format native_flt_fmt
    = oct_mach_info::float_format ();

  bool do_float_conversion = (flt_fmt != native_flt_fmt);

  // XXX FIXME XXX -- byte order for Cray?

  bool swap_bytes = false;

  if (oct_mach_info::words_big_endian ())
    swap_bytes = (flt_fmt == oct_mach_info::ieee_little_endian
		 || flt_fmt == oct_mach_info::vax_g
		 || flt_fmt == oct_mach_info::vax_g);
  else
    swap_bytes = (flt_fmt == oct_mach_info::ieee_big_endian);

  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
      if (os)
	{
	  if (skip != 0)
	    os.seekp (skip, ios::cur);

	  if (os)
	    {
	      ok = do_write (os, d[i], dt, flt_fmt, swap_bytes,
			     do_float_conversion);

	      if (os && ok)
		count++;
	      else
		break;
	    }
	  else
	    {
	      ok = false;
	      break;
	    }
	}
      else
	{
	  ok = false;
	  break;
	}
    }

  if (ok)
    retval = count;

  return retval;
}



Matrix
Givens (double x, double y)
{
  double cc, s, temp_r;

  F77_FCN (dlartg, DLARTG) (x, y, cc, s, temp_r);

  Matrix g (2, 2);

  g.elem (0, 0) = cc;
  g.elem (1, 1) = cc;
  g.elem (0, 1) = s;
  g.elem (1, 0) = -s;

  return g;
}

Matrix
Sylvester (const Matrix& a, const Matrix& b, const Matrix& c)
{
  Matrix retval;

  // XXX FIXME XXX -- need to check that a, b, and c are all the same
  // size.

  // Compute Schur decompositions.

  SCHUR as (a, "U");
  SCHUR bs (b, "U");
  
  // Transform c to new coordinates.

  Matrix ua = as.unitary_matrix ();
  Matrix sch_a = as.schur_matrix ();

  Matrix ub = bs.unitary_matrix ();
  Matrix sch_b = bs.schur_matrix ();
  
  Matrix cx = ua.transpose () * c * ub;
  
  // Solve the sylvester equation, back-transform, and return the
  // solution.

  int a_nr = a.rows ();
  int b_nr = b.rows ();

  double scale;
  int info;

  double *pa = sch_a.fortran_vec ();
  double *pb = sch_b.fortran_vec ();
  double *px = cx.fortran_vec ();

  F77_XFCN (dtrsyl, DTRSYL, ("N", "N", 1, a_nr, b_nr, pa, a_nr, pb,
			     b_nr, px, a_nr, scale, info, 1L, 1L));


  if (f77_exception_encountered)
    (*current_liboctave_error_handler) ("unrecoverable error in dtrsyl");
  else
    {
      // XXX FIXME XXX -- check info?
  
      retval = -ua*cx*ub.transpose ();
    }

  return retval;
}

ComplexColumnVector
Qzval (const Matrix& a, const Matrix& b)
{
  ComplexColumnVector retval;

  int a_nr = a.rows();
  int a_nc = a.cols();

  int b_nr = b.rows();
  int b_nc = b.cols();

  if (a_nr == a_nc)
    {
      if (a_nr == b_nr && a_nc == b_nc)
	{
	  if (a_nr != 0)
	    {
	      Matrix jnk (a_nr, a_nr, 0.0);
	      double *pjnk = jnk.fortran_vec ();

	      ColumnVector alfr (a_nr);
	      double *palfr = alfr.fortran_vec ();

	      ColumnVector alfi (a_nr);
	      double *palfi = alfi.fortran_vec ();

	      ColumnVector beta (a_nr);
	      double *pbeta = beta.fortran_vec ();

	      Matrix atmp = a;
	      double *pa = atmp.fortran_vec ();

	      Matrix btmp = b;
	      double *pb = btmp.fortran_vec ();

	      long matz = 0;
	      int info;

	      // XXX FIXME ??? XXX
	      double eps = DBL_EPSILON;

	      F77_FCN (qzhes, QZHES) (a_nr, a_nr, pa, pb, matz, pjnk);

	      F77_FCN (qzit, QZIT) (a_nr, a_nr, pa, pb, eps, matz, pjnk, info);

	      if (! info)
		{
		  F77_FCN (qzval, QZVAL) (a_nr, a_nr, pa, pb, palfr,
					  palfi, pbeta, matz, pjnk);

		  // Count and extract finite generalized eigenvalues.

		  int cnt = 0;

		  for (int i = 0; i < a_nr; i++)
		    if (beta(i) != 0)
		      cnt++;

		  ComplexColumnVector cx (cnt);

		  cnt = 0;

		  for (int i = 0; i < a_nr; i++)
		    {
		      if (beta(i) != 0)
			{
			  // Finite generalized eigenvalue.

			  cx(cnt++) = Complex (alfr(i), alfi(i)) / beta(i);
			}
		    }

		  retval = cx;
		}
	      else
		(*current_liboctave_error_handler)
		  ("qzval: trouble in qzit, info = %d", info);
	    }
	}
      else
	gripe_nonconformant ("qzval", a_nr, a_nc, b_nr, b_nc);
    }
  else
    (*current_liboctave_error_handler) ("qzval: square matrices required");

  return retval;
}

/*
;;; Local Variables: ***
;;; mode: C++ ***
;;; End: ***
*/
