Date sent:        Wed, 10 Apr 96 00:04:15 -0700
Subject:          I would like a password

Huntington's Background

     Huntington's disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease that gives rise to
     progressive, elective (localized) neural cell death associated with choreic movements
     (uncontrollable movements of the arms, legs, and face) and dementia.  It is one of the
     more common inherited brain disorders.  About 25,000 Americans have it and another
     60,000 or so will carry the defective gene and will develop the disorder as they age. 
     Physical deterioration occurs over a period of 10 to 20 years, usually beginning in a
     person's 30's or 40's.  The gene is dominant and thus does not skip generations. 
     Having the gene means a 92 percent chance of getting the disease.  The disease is
     associated with increases in the length of a CAG triplet repeat present in a gene
     called 'huntington' located on chromosome 4.  The classic signs of Huntington disease
     are progressive chorea, rigidity, and dementia, frequently associated with seizures.

 Studies & Research

    Studies were done to determine if somatic mtDNA (mitochondria DNA) mutations might
    contribute to the neurodegeneration observed in Huntington's disease.  Part of the
    research was to analyze cerebral deletion levels in the temporal and frontal  lobes. 
    Research hypothesis:  HD patients have significantly higher mtDNA deletionlevels than
    agematched controls in the frontal and temporal lobes of the cortex.  To test the
    hypothesis, the amount of mtDNA deletion in 22 HD patients brains was examined by serial
    dilution-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and compared the results with mtDNA deletion
    levels in 25 aged matched controls.
     Brain tissues from three cortical regions were taken during an autopsy (from the 22 HD
     symptomatic HD patients):  frontal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe, and putamen.
Molecular analyses were performed on genomic DNA isolated from 200 mg of frozen brain
regions as described above.  The HD diagnosis was confirmed in patients by PCR amplification
of the trinucleotide repeat in the IT 15 gene.  One group was screened with primers that
included polymorphism and the other was screened without the polymorphism.
     After heating the reaction to 94 degreesC for 4 minutes, 27 cycles of 1 minute at 94
     degreesC and 2 minutes at 67 degreesC, tests were performed.  The PCR products were
     settled on 8% polyacrylamide gels.  The mtDNA deletion levels were quantitated relative
     to the total mtDNA levels by the dilution-PCR method.  When the percentage of the mtDNA
     deletion relative to total mtDNA was used as a marker of mtDNA damage, most regions of
     the brain accrued a very small amount of mtDNA damage before age 75.  Cortical regions
     accrued 1 to 2% deletion levels between ages 80-90, and the putamen accrued up to 12%
     of this deletion after age 80.  The study presented evidence that HD patients have much
     higher mtDNA deletionlevels than agematched controls in the frontal and temporal lobes
     of the cortex.  Temporal lobe mtDNA deletion levels were 11 fold higher in HD patients
     than in controls, whereas the frontal lobe deletion levels were fivefold higher in HD
     patients than in controls.  There was no statistically significant difference in the
     average mtDNA deletion levels between HD patients and controls in the occipital lobe
     and the putamen.  The increase in mtDNA deletion levels found in HD frontal and
     temporal lobes suggests that HD patients have an increase mtDNA somatic mutation rate.
     Could the increased rate be from a direct consequence of the expanded trinucleotide
     repeat of the HD gene, or is it from an indirect consequence?  Whatever the origin of
     the deletion, these observations are consistent with the hypothesis:  That the
     accumulation of somatic mtDNA mutations erodes the energy capacity of the brain,
     resulting in the neuronal loss and symptoms when energy output declines below tissue
     expression thresholds.  (Neurology, October 95)

Treatments

     Researchers have identified a key protein that causes the advancement of Huntington's
     after following up on the discovery two years ago of the gene that causes this
     disorder.  Shortly after the Huntington's gene was identified, researchers found the
     protein it produces, a larger than normal molecule they called huntingtin that was
     unlike any protein previously identified.  The question that they did not know was what
     either the healthy huntingtin protein or its aberrant form does in a cell. Recently, a
     team from Johns Hopkins University found a second protein called HAP-1, that attaches
     to the huntingtin molecule only in the brain.  The characteristics of this second
     protein has an interesting feature-  it binds much more tightly to defective huntingtin
     than to the healthy from, and it appears that this tightly bound complex causes damage
     to brain cells.
Researchers are hoping to find simple drugs that can weaken this binding, thereby preventing
the disease to progress any further.
     In other Huntington-related research, scientists have found where huntingtin protein is
     localized in nerve cells, a step closer to discovering its contribution toward
     Huntington's.
A French team reported that they have developed an antibody that attaches itself to the
defective protein in Huntington's and four other inherited diseases.  This finding may lead
to identifying the defects in a variety of others unexplained disorders.
     The identification of the gene an the huntingtin protein promised to be a major
     breakthrough in tracing the causes of Huntington's, but that promise has so far been
     delayed.  The protein of Huntington is unlike any other protein known making it
     difficult for researchers to guess its role in a healthy cell. However, this has not
     stopped researchers from trying to find a possible cure for HD.

Effects on Society

By finding possible drugs to weaken the binding of the HAP-1 protein, researchers can
provide society an incredibly sophisticated, but quick and easy wasy to screen for new
treatments.  One of the biggest arguments for genetic testing, even when there isn't any
cure or treatment to offer the patient, is financial planning.  If you know that you're
probably going to be disabled and unable to work before reaching 50, you can plan for it. 
But what if your income doesn't allow for it? This demonstrates the importance for
continuous research on HD.

Overview of the Two Articles

Both articles concentrate on HD's protein causing affect.  There is no doubt between the two
that HD is an inherited mutation.  The Neurology articles explains how HD patients have much
higher deletion levels than agematched controls in the frontal and temporal lobes of the
cortex, whereas the article from Times Medical Writer focuses on a possible treatment
resulting from a finding of a second protein called HAP-1, that binds itself to the
huntingtin molecule only in the brain.  Both conclude that HD is a mutation that causes
damage to brain cells further in a person's life.


Name: Huntington's.TXT 
   Uploader: Khanh Nguyen
   EMail: lotus21@aracnet.com
   Language: English 
   Subject: Biology
   Title: Huntington's Disease 
   Grade: 100%
   System: College
   Age: 22 years old (when handed in) 
   Country: United States 
   Comments: A good essay telling the reader of how Huntington's disease affectes the brain
   and future research on it. Where I got Evil House of Cheat Address: Newsgroup


