Date sent:        Tue, 09 Apr 1996 06:23:51 -0700

 King Lear, by William Shakespeare, is a tragic tale of filial
conflict, personal transformation, and loss.  The story revolves
around the King who foolishly alienates his only truly devoted
daughter and realizes too late the true nature of his other two
daughters.  A major subplot involves the illegitimate son of
Gloucester, Edmund, who plans to discredit his brother Edgar and
betray his father.  With these and other major characters in the
play, Shakespeare clearly asserts that human nature is either
entirely good, or entirely evil.  Some characters experience a
transformative phase, where by some trial or ordeal their nature
is profoundly changed.  We shall examine Shakespeare's stand on
human nature in King Lear by looking at specific characters in
the play:  Cordelia who is wholly good, Edmund who is wholly
evil, and Lear whose nature is transformed by the realization of
his folly and his descent into madness.  

 The play begins with Lear, an old king ready for retirement, 
preparing to divide the kingdom among his three daughters.  Lear
has his daughters compete for their inheritance by judging who
can proclaim their love for him in the grandest possible
fashion.  Cordelia finds that she is unable to show her love
with mere words: 

 "Cordelia.  [Aside] What shall Cordelia speak?  Love, 

 and be silent."

 Act I, scene i, lines 63-64. 

Cordelia's nature is such that she is unable to engage in even
so forgivable a deception as to satisfy an old king's vanity and
pride, as we see again in the following quotation:

 "Cordelia.  [Aside]  Then poor cordelia!

 And not so, since I am sure my love's

 More ponderous than my tongue. "

 Act I, Scene i, lines 78-80. 

Cordelia clearly loves her father, and yet realizes that her
honesty will not please him.  Her nature is too good to allow
even the slightest deviation from her morals.  An impressive
speech similar to her sisters' would have prevented much
tragedy, but Shakespeare has crafted Cordelia such that she
could never consider such an act.  Later in the play Cordelia,
now banished for her honesty, still loves her father and
displays great compassion and grief for him as we see in the
following:

 "Cordelia.  O my dear father, restoration hang

 Thy medicine on my lips, and let this kiss

 Repair those violent harms that my two sisters 

 Have in reverence made."

 Act IV, Scene vii, lines 26-29.

Cordelia could be expected to display bitterness or even
satisfaction at her father's plight, which was his own doing. 
However, she still loves him, and does not fault him for the
injustice he did her.  Clearly, Shakespeare has crafted Cordelia
as a character whose nature is entirely good, unblemished by any
trace of evil throughout the entire play.

 As an example of one of the wholly evil characters in the play,
we shall turn to the subplot of Edmund's betrayal of his father
and brother.  Edmund has devised a scheme to discredit his
brother Edgar in the eyes of their father Gloucester.  Edmund is
fully aware of his evil nature, and revels in it as seen in the
following quotation:

 "Edmund.  This is the excellent foppery of the world,

 that when we are sick in fortune, often the surfeits

 of our own behaviour, we make guilty of our disasters

 the sun, the moon, and stars; as if we were

 villains on necessity; fools by heavenly compulsion;

 knaves, thieves, and treachers by spherical 

 predominance; drunkards, liars, and adulterers by

 an enforced obedience of planetary influence; and 

 all that we are evil in, by a divine thrusting on.

    ... I should have been that I 

 am, had the maidenliest star in the firmament twinkled

 on my bastardizing."

 Act I, scene ii, lines 127-137, 143-145.  

Clearly, Edmund recognizes his own evil nature and decides to
use it to his advantage.  He mocks the notion of any kind of
supernatural or divine influence over one's destiny.  Edgar must
go into hiding because of Edmund's deception, and later Edmund
betrays Gloucester himself, naming him a traitor which results
in Gloucester's eyes being put out.  Edmund feels not the
slightest remorse for any of his actions.  Later on, after the
invading French army has been repelled, Lear and Cordelia have
been taken captive and Edmund gives these chilling words to his
captain:

 "Edmund.  Come hither captain; hark.

 Take thou this note: go follow them to prison;

 One step I have advanced thee; if thou dost

 As this instructs thee, thou dost make thy way

 To noble fortunes: know thou this, that men

 Are as the time is: to be tender-minded

 Does not become a sword: thy great employment	

 Will not bear question; either say thou'lt do't,

 Or thrive by other means."

 Act V, scene iii, lines 27-34.

Edmund has just instructed his captain to take Lear and Cordelia
away to prison and to kill them, and make it look like suicide. 
Obviously there is no limit to the depths of Edmund's evil. 
Shakespeare has created a perfect villain, with no remorse, no
compassion, and who is universally despised by readers of the
play.  In the end, mortally wounded, Edmund does regret his
actions and attempts to undo some of the hurt he has caused, and
so perhaps we could also say Edmund is one of the characters who
undergoes a transformation in the end.  However, up until that
point, Edmund remains a classic villain, whose human nature is
entirely evil.

 At the beginning of the play, we see Lear as a proud, vain,
quick-tempered old king, not necessarily evil, but certainly not
good.  His folly leads to the alienation of his one truly loving
daughter Cordelia, and the revelation that Regan and Goneril's
profession of love for him were mere empty words.  Turned away
by both Regan and Goneril, Lear rails against the storm and
screams "I am a man more sinned against than sinning." (Act III,
scene ii, lines 56,57).  Here Lear still believes he is the
victim; and yet there is some admission on his part that he has
some guilt in the matter.  After the storm, when Lear's madness
has run its course, both he and Cordelia are taken prisoner by
Albany's army.  We see the full effect of Lear's transformation
in his joy at his reunion with his daughter, uncaring of his
status as a prisoner:

 "He that parts us shall bring a brand from heaven,

 And fire us hence like foxes.  Wipe thine eyes;

 The good years shall devour them, flesh and fell,

 Ere they shall make us weep.  We'll see 'em starved first."

 Act V, scene iii lines 22-25

This new carefree Lear is certainly a far cry from the arrogant
king we saw at the beginning of the play.  His joy at
reconciliation with his daughter outweighs any other concerns he
might have.  Shakespeare has transformed Lear in the reader's
eyes from a hateful old king into almost a grandfatherly, loving
figure.  It is not necessarily a transformation from evil into
good; rather it is a transformation from blindness into sight. 

 In King Lear, we have seen that Shakespeare has carefully
crafted the characters and clearly defined their human natures
as being good or evil.  There is no doubting the absolute
goodness that Cordelia maintains throughout the play, and the
sheer evil that Edmund displays until his plans are in ruins. 
In Lear we see a flawed figure who by misfortune and loss
finally comes to revelation and personal transformation.  In
that sense, these characters are perfect tragic figures, perhaps
not necessarily realistic but powerful and moving nonetheless.  

530AA--
