From the Radio Free Michigan archives ftp://141.209.3.26/pub/patriot If you have any other files you'd like to contribute, e-mail them to bj496@Cleveland.Freenet.Edu. ------------------------------------------------ Now might be the time to give these useful FEMA documents *wide* net circulation :). Our collective thanks, and the credit, is due to *srtobin@mmm.com (Steven R. Tobin)*, who tracked them down, re-worked their formatting, and re-posted them to the private SURVIVE-LIST. Thanks, Steve! ************************************************************************* FEMA: DISASTER RESPONSE FACT SHEET-HELPING CHILDREN COPE WITH DISASTER HELPING CHILDREN COPE WITH DISASTER After a disaster, most parents' first concern is the health and well-being of their children. Finding a warm place to sleep and food to eat is only the first step in caring for a child in these circumstances. Disasters are particularly traumatic for children, so adults must be extra sensitive to their emotional needs and make a special effort to reassure them that they will do their best to protect them. PLAN FOR A DISASTER Talk to children about the likely disasters in their community. It is easier for children to understand what is happening during a disaster if they already know what can take place. Point out that natural disasters are indeed natural events although they are natural events and although they are dangerous, they do not have to be life-threatening. Try not to alarm the children in discussing possible disasters. Teach children about the safety precautions for each disaster. Prepare a family disaster plan. Choose a family contact and have a place to meet. Try to include children in the process of developing the plan. Give them some minor duties of their own that will help them feel part of the family. Explain how to call for help. Children over the age of 4 should know how to call for emergency assistance. Keep this simple. Teach children to dial either 9-1-1 or 0 for the operator. Make sure they know their address and phone number. PROVIDE COMFORT Take a child's fears seriously. Disasters are particularly traumatic for children. They may lead to fears of abandonment, injury, and even death. Fantasized fears are real threats to children. Take them seriously. Encourage a confused child to talk and ask questions. Listen to what the child is saying about fears and about feelings about self, family, and what has just happened. Look for any physical reactions such as stomachaches and headaches. Keep the family together. Although it may seem to make more sense to leave a child in a safe place while looking for housing or assistance, children may become anxious that parents might not return. Take children along and try to keep the entire family together as much as possible. Include children in the clean up process. Let the children be responsible for as much of the clean up process as they can handle. By seeing that it is possible to return to a normal life, children will realize that the world has not come to an end. As they are helping, encourage them to talk about their feelings. Allow children to make some decisions regarding the family. Children can decide where and what to eat, or how to lay out family sleeping bags in the shelter. This will help them feel that they still have some control over their lives. Leave time for play. Children need to be children even in disaster and need to have time to escape from the demands of the disaster. Encourage children to play, and help them find things to do. The American Red Cross will generally provide play materials in shelters. Increase attention. Children may require more attention during this period. Try to meet these additional demands on your time. A child wanting to be held more should be held more. Maintain control. Reassure children that you will do your best to protect them in this difficult situation. Be understanding, but firm. Be aware that children may act out of fear or anxieties by having tantrums or provoking fights. Calm, consistent limit-setting is called for from parents. Share your fears with children. It is useful for adults to share with their children a bit of their own sense of fear and concern to help children understand that these feelings are normal and acceptable. Seek help from local organizations. Your local churches, synagogues and American Red Cross chapter will have more information on helping children cope with disaster. COMMUNICATE Children will naturally be curious about what happened. Explain the facts about what happened. Explain the facts and encourage the child to asks questions. If the child continually repeats the same questions, remember that this is a new experience for the child and he or she may need to hear the answers several times. Use these guidelines when talking with children: Use words or phrases that won't confuse children. For instance, use of the word "sleep" for death can cause a child to fear going to bed. Make sure children understand your answers to their questions. Listen to children's feelings and accept them. Remember that children - just like adults - may react with unusual behavior such as wide emotional shifts. Help children talk with each other about what has happened and how they are feeling. When to Consider Professional Help Be open to the possibility that a child may need professional help to deal with a trauma. Children, like adults, recover from trauma at different speeds. Sometimes a trained professional counselor is needed to help a child fully heal. Consider counseling if the child is having an ongoing sleeping problem or difficulty concentrating, or if fears surrounding the disaster seem to have become worse. A child that continually clings to adults several weeks after the event, or who expresses a sense of permanent doom may need to talk about the experience with a trained professional. How Children React to Disaster Children of different age groups are likely to have different reactions. Here are some guidelines developed by Dr. Deborah DeWolfe for the American Red Cross. Birth to 2 Years - Infants may become more irritable, cry more than usual or want to be held and cuddled. Children in this age group are likely to retain memories of particular sights, sounds and smells associated with the trauma. 2 to 6 Years - Preschoolers often feel helpless and powerless after a disaster. Their age and small size prevent them from being able to protect themselves and others. They feel very afraid and insecure and are unable to understand the concept of permanent loss. 6 to 10 Years - School age children understand the permanence of loss and may become preoccupied with the details of the event. These children have a greater grasp of more complicated issues and can have a range of different reactions including feelings of guilt, failure, or fantasies of playing rescuer. 11 to 18 Years - Preteens and adolescents may react in a way that combines the normal reactions of adults with those of children. Teenagers may come out of a disaster with a sense of immortality and become involved with different types of reckless behavior. Some teens may feel overwhelmed by emotions, yet be unable to discuss them with family members. FEMA: DISASTER RESPONSE FACT SHEET--EMERGENCY FOOD AND WATER EMERGENCY FOOD AND WATER Following a disaster, some people may not have access to food and water for days and perhaps even weeks. Taking steps to prepare and maintain a food and water emergency kit can prevent a difficult situation from becoming a life-threatening one. EMERGENCY FOODS THINGS TO THINK ABOUT. What foods are nonperishable and do not need cooking and refrigeration? What foods are easily prepared? What foods are high in calories and protein that will help build energy? What foods appeal to family members? What foods are needed to meet the dietary needs of family members such as babies, toddlers, diabetics, and elderly people? FOOD OPTIONS TO CONSIDER. Compressed food bars. They store well, are lightweight, taste good, and are nutritious and high in calories. Trail mix. Blends of granola, nuts, seeds, and dried fruits are available prepackaged, or assemble your own. Dried foods. Dried foods are nutritious and satisfying, but they have salt content, which promotes thirst. Freeze-dried foods. Freeze-dried foods are tasty and lightweight but need water for reconstitution. Instant meals. Instant meals such as cups of noodles or cups of soup are also a good addition to kits, although they too need water for reconstitution. Snack-sized canned goods. Snack-sized canned goods are good because they generally have pull-top lids or twist-open keys. Prepackaged beverages. Beverages packaged in foil packets and foil-lined boxes are suitable for disaster supplies kits because they are tightly sealed and will keep for a long time. FOOD OPTIONS TO AVOID. Commercially dehydrated foods. Commercially dehydrated foods require a great deal of water for reconstitution and require extra effort in preparation. They also are inedible unless they are reconstituted. Bottled foods. Bottled foods are too heavy and bulky and break easily. Meal-sized canned foods. Meal-sized commercially canned foods are also bulky and heavy. Whole grains, beans, and pasta. Preparations of these foods could be complicated under the circumstance of a disaster. Purchasing Foods Most of the foods appropriate for a Disaster Supplies Kit are available at local supermarkets. Specialty food stores such as health food stores or food storage supply houses as well as sporting goods stores may have foods prepared especially for this purpose. FOOD STORAGE TIPS Keep food in the driest and coolest spot in the house - a dark area if possible. Keep food covered at all times. Seal cookies and crackers in plastic bags and keep in tight containers. Open food boxes and cans carefully so that they can be closed tightly after each use. Store packages susceptible to pests, e.g., opened packages of sugar, dried fruits, and nuts in screw-top jars or airtight cans. Store wheat, corn, and beans in sealed cans or sealed plastic buckets. Buy powdered milk in nitrogen -packed cans for long term storage. Keep salt and vitamins in their original packages. Inspect all items periodically to make sure there are no broken seals or dented containers. Emergency Cooking In an emergency, food can be cooked using a fireplace, or a charcoal grill or camp stove, outdoors only. Food can also be heated with candle warmers, chafing dishes, and fondue pots. Canned foods can be heated and eaten directly out of the can. Completely remove the lid and label before heating the can to prevent internal combustion or the label catching fire. 3-DAY WATER SUPPLY Stocking water reserves. Store a 3-day supply of water for each family member. The needs of each person will differ depending upon age, physical condition, activity, diet, and climate. A normally active person needs to drink at least 2 quarts of water daily. Children, nursing mothers, and ill people need more. Additional water is necessary for food preparation and hygiene. At least 2 gallons per person per day should be stored. Storing water. Water should be stored in clean and sanitary containers. Plastic containers are good because they are lightweight and unbreakable. Glass containers are non--permeable but they are also breakable and heavy. Metal containers should be be considered as a last resort because they may corrode and tend to give water an unpleasant taste. Purifying contaminated water. In addition to having a bad odor and taste, contaminated water contain micro-organisms that cause diseases such as dysentery, cholera, typhoid, and hepatitis. All water of uncertain purity should be purified prior to use. The best method of purifying water is boiling for 10 minutes. If circumstances prevent this option, an alternate method is to mix water with a sterilizing agent to kill any microorganisms. Purifying Agents Your emergency food and water supply should include a liquid chlorine bleach that contains 5.25 percent sodium hypochlorite and no soap or fragrances. (Purification tablets and iodine are not effective purifying agents and are no longer recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the Centers for Disease Control.) GENERAL TIPS The kit should be assembled based on the idea of providing each family member with at least one well-balanced meal per day. The food supplies should be rotated every 6 months to keep them fresh. A nonelectric can opener and disposable utensils are essential additions to the kit. Include only dry food for pets. Provide enough calories to retain the strength to work. Include vitamins, minerals and protein supplements in your stockpile to ensure adequate nutrition. By reducing activity and staying cool, the amount of water a body requires can be minimized. FEMA: Emergency Food and Water Supplies Emergency Food and Water Supplies If an earthquake, hurricane, winter storm or other disaster ever strikes your community, you might not have access to food, water and electricity for days, or even weeks. By taking a little time now to store emergency food and water supplies, you can provide for your entire family. This brochure was developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency's Family Protection Programs which provides information to help families prepare for all types of disasters. WATER: THE ABSOLUTE NECESSITY Stocking water reserves and learning how to purify contaminated water should be among your top priorities in preparing for an emergency. You should store at least a two-week supply of water for each member of your family. Everyone's needs will differ, depending upon age, physical condition, activity, diet and climate. A normally active person needs to drink at least two quarts of water each day. Hot environments can double that amount. Children, nursing mothers and ill people will need more. You will need additional water for food preparation and hygiene. Store a total of at least one gallon per person, per day. If your supplies begin to run low, remember: Never ration water. Drink the amount you need today, and try to find more for tomorrow. You can minimize the amount of water your body needs by reducing activity and staying cool. How to Store Emergency Water Supplies You can store your water in thoroughly washed plastic, glass, fiberglass or enamel-lined metal containers. Never use a container that has held toxic substances, because tiny amounts may remain in the container's pores. Sound plastic containers, such as soft drink bottles, are best. You can also purchase food-grade plastic buckets or drums. Before storing your water, treat it with a preservative, such as chlorine bleach, to prevent the growth of microorganisms. Use liquid bleach that contains 5.25 percent sodium hypochlorite and no soap. Some containers warn, "Not For Personal Use." You can disregard these warnings if the label states sodium hypochlorite is the only active ingredient and if you use only the small quantities in these instructions. Add four drops of bleach per quart of water (or two scant teaspoons per 10 gallons), and stir. Seal your water containers tightly, label them and store them in a cool, dark place. Hidden Water Sources in Your Home If a disaster catches you without a stored supply of clean water, you can use water in your hot-water tank, in your plumbing and in ice cubes. As a last resort, you can use water in the reservoir tank of your toilet (not the bowl), but purify it first (described later). Water beds hold up to 400 gallons, but some water beds contain toxic chemicals that are not fully removed by many purifiers. If you designate a water bed in your home as an emergency resource, drain it yearly and refill it with fresh water containing two ounces of bleach per 120 gallons. To use the water in your pipes, let air into the plumbing by turning on the highest faucet in your house and draining the water from the lowest one. To use the water in your hot-water tank, be sure the electricity or gas is off, and open the drain at the bottom of the tank. Start the water flowing by turning off the water intake valve and turning on a hot-water faucet. Do not turn on the gas or electricity when the tank is empty. Do you know the location of your incoming water valve? You'll need to shut if off to stop contaminated water from entering your home if you hear reports of broken water or sewage lines. Emergency Outdoor Water Sources If you need to seek water outside your home, you can use these sources. But purify the water before drinking it. Rainwater Streams, rivers and other moving bodies of water Ponds and lakes Natural springs Avoid water with floating material, an odor or dark color. Use saltwater only if you distill it first (described later). Three Easy Ways to Purify Water In addition to having a bad odor and taste, contaminated water can contain microorganisms that cause diseases such as dysentery, cholera, typhoid and hepatitis. You should therefore purify all water of uncertain purity before using it for drinking, food preparation or hygiene. There are many ways to purify water. None are perfect. Often the best solution is a combination of methods. Before purifying, let any suspended particles settle to the bottom, or strain them through layers of paper towel or clean cloth. Three easy purification methods are outlined below. These measures will kill microbes but will not remove other contaminants such as heavy metals, salts, most other chemicals and radioactive fallout. Boiling is the safest method of purifying water. Bring water to a rolling boil for 10 minutes, keeping in mind that some water will evaporate. Let the water cool before drinking. Boiled water will taste better if you put oxygen back into it by pouring it back and forth between two containers. This will also improve the taste of stored water. Chlorination uses liquid chlorine bleach to kill microorganisms. (See page 1 for bleach safety information.) Add two drops of bleach per quart of water (four drops if the water is cloudy), stir and let stand for 30 minutes. If the water does not taste and smell of chlorine at that point, add another dose and let stand another 15 minutes. If you do not have a dropper, use a spoon and a square-ended strip of paper or thin cloth about 1/4 inch by 2 inches. Put the strip in the spoon with an end hanging down about 1/2 inch below the scoop of the spoon. Place bleach in the spoon and carefully tip it. Drops the size of those from a medicine dropper will drip off the end of the strip. Purification tablets release chlorine or iodine. They are inexpensive and available at most sporting goods stores and some drugstores. Follow the package directions. Usually one tablet is enough for one quart of water. Double the dose for cloudy water. More Rigorous Purification Methods While the three methods described above will remove only microbes from water, the following two purification methods will remove other contaminants. Distillation will remove microbes, heavy metals, salts, most other chemicals, and radioactive dust and dirt, called radioactive fallout. Filtering will also remove radioactive fallout. (Water itself cannot become radioactive, but it can be contaminated by radioactive fallout. It is unsafe to drink water that contains radioactive fallout.) Distillation involves boiling water and then collecting the vapor that condenses back to water. The condensed vapor will not include salt and other impurities. To distill, fill a pot halfway with water. Tie a cup to the handle on the pot's lid so that the cup will hang right-side-up when the lid is upside-down (make sure the cup is not dangling into the water) and boil the water for 20 minutes. The water that drips from the lid into the cup is distilled. To make a fallout filter, punch holes in the bottom of a large bucket, and put a layer of gravel in the bucket about 1-1/2 inches high. Cover the gravel with a towel cut in a circle slightly larger than the bucket. Cover soil with a towel, place the filter over a large container, and pour contaminated water through. Then, disinfect the filtered water using one of the methods described above. Change the soil in your filter after every 50 quarts of water. Family Disaster Supply Kit It's 2:00 a.m. and a flash flood forces you to evacuate your home--fast. There's no time to gather food from the kitchen, fill bottles with water, grab a first-aid kit from the closet and snatch a flashlight and a portable radio from the bedroom. You need to have these items packed and ready in one place before disaster hits. Pack at least a three-day supply of food and water, and store it in a handy place. Choose foods that are easy to carry, nutritious and ready- to-eat. In addition, pack these emergency items: Medical supplies and first aid manual Hygiene supplies Portable radio, flashlights and extra batteries Shovel and other useful tools Money and matches in a waterproof container Fire extinguisher Blanket and extra clothing Infant and small children's needs (if appropriate) FOOD: PREPARING AN EMERGENCY SOTCKPILE If activity is reduced, healthy people can survive on half their usual food intake for an extended period and without any food for many days. Food, unlike water, may be rationed safely, except for children and pregnant women. If your water supply is limited, try to avoid foods that are high in fat and protein, and don't stock salty foods, since they will make you thirsty. Try to eat salt-free crackers, whole grain cereals and canned foods with high liquid content. You don't need to go out and buy unfamiliar foods to prepare an emergency food supply. You can use the canned foods, dry mixes and other staples on your cupboard shelves. In fact, familiar foods are important. They can lift morale and give a feeling of security in time of stress. Also, canned foods won't require cooking, water or special preparation. Following are recommended short-term and long-term food storage plans. Storage Tips Keep food in the driest and coolest spot in the house--a dark area if possible. Keep food covered at all times. Open food boxes or cans carefully so that you can close them tightly after each use. Wrap cookies and crackers in plastic bags, and keep them in tight containers. Empty opened packages of sugar, dried fruits and nuts into screw-top jars or air-tight cans to protect them from pests. Inspect all food containers for signs of spoilage before use. Short-Term Food Supplies Even though it is unlikely that an emergency would cut off your food supply for two weeks, you should prepare a supply that will last that long. A two-week supply can relieve a great deal of inconvenience and uncertainty until services are restored. The easiest way to develop a two-week stockpile is to increase the amount of basic foods you normally keep on your shelves. Remember to compensate for the amount you eat from other sources (such as restaurants) during an average two-week period. You may already have a two-week supply of food on hand. Keeping it fresh is simple. Just rotate your supply once or twice a year. Special Considerations to Keep in Mind As you stock food, take into account your family's unique needs and tastes. Try to include foods that they will enjoy and that are also high in calories and nutrition. Foods that require no refrigeration, preparation or cooking are best. Individuals with special diets and allergies will need particular attention, as will babies, toddlers and the elderly. Nursing mothers may need liquid formula, in case they are unable to nurse. Canned dietetic foods, juices and soups may be helpful for the ill or elderly. Make sure you have a can opener and disposable utensils. And don't forget nonperishable foods for your pets. How to Store Your Short-Term Stockpile Keep canned foods in a dry place where the temperature is fairly cool-- not above 70 degrees Fahrenheit and not below freezing. To protect boxed foods from pests and extend their shelf life, store the boxes in tightly closed cans or metal containers. Rotate your food supply. Use foods before they go bad, and replace them with fresh supplies, dated with ink or marker. Place new items at the back of the storage area and older ones in front. Your emergency food supply should be of the highest quality possible. Inspect your reserves periodically to make sure there are no broken seals or dented containers. How to Cook if the Power Goes Out For emergency cooking you can use a fireplace, or a charcoal grill or camp stove outdoors only. You can also heat food with candle warmers, chafing dishes and fondue pots. Canned food can be eaten right out of the can. If you heat it in the can, be sure to open the can and remove the label first. Long-Term Food Supplies In the unlikely event of a military attack or some other national disaster, you may need long-term emergency food supplies. The best approach is to store large amounts of staples along with a variety of canned and dried foods. Bulk quantities of wheat, corn, beans and salt are inexpensive and have nearly unlimited shelf life. If necessary, you could survive for years on small daily amounts of these staples. Stock the following amounts per person, per month: Wheat--20 pounds Powdered Milk(for babies and infants)*-- 20 pounds Corn--20 pounds Iodized Salt--1 pound Soybeans--10 pounds Vitamin C**--15 grams * Buy in nitrogen-packed cans ** Rotate every two years Storage and Preparation of Food Supplies Store wheat, corn and beans in sealed cans or plastic buckets. Buy powdered milk in nitrogen-packed cans. And leave salt and vitamin C in their original packages. If these staples comprise your entire menu, you must eat all of them together to stay healthy. To avoid serious digestive problems, you'll need to grind the corn and wheat into flour and cook them, as well as boil the beans, before eating. Many health food stores sell hand-cranked grain mills or can tell you where you can get one. Make sure you buy one that can grind corn. If you are caught without a mill, you can grind your grain by filling a large can with whole grain one inch deep, holding the can on the ground between your feet and pounding the grain with a pipe. Nutrition Tips In a crisis, it will be vital that you maintain your strength. So remember: Eat at least one well-balanced meal each day. Drink enough liquid to enable your body to function properly (two quarts a day). Take in enough calories to enable you to do any necessary work. Include vitamin, mineral and protein supplements in your stockpile to assure adequate nutrition. Shelf Life of Foods for Storage Here are some general guidelines for rotating common emergency foods. Use within six months: Powdered milk (boxed) Dried fruit (in metal container) Dry, crisp crackers (in metal container) Potatoes Use within one year: Canned condensed meat and vegetable soups Canned fruits, fruit juices and vegetables Ready-to-eat cereals and uncooked instant cereals (in metal containers) Peanut butter Jelly Hard candy, chocolate bars and canned nuts May be stored indefinitely (in proper containers and conditions): Wheat Vegetable oils Corn Baking powder Soybeans Instant coffee, tea Vitamin C and cocoa Salt Noncarbonated soft drinks White rice Bouillon products Dry pasta Powdered milk (in nitrogen-packed cans) Ways to Supplement Your Long-Term Stockpile The above staples offer a limited menu, but you can supplement them with commercially packed air-dried or freeze-dried foods and supermarket goods. Rice, popcorn and varieties of beans are nutritious and long-lasting. The more supplements you include, the more expensive your stockpile will be. Following is an easy approach to long-term food storage: Buy a supply of the bulk staples listed above. Build up your everyday stock of canned goods until you have a two-week to one-month surplus. Rotate it periodically to maintain a supply of common foods that will not require special preparation, water or cooking. From a sporting or camping equipment store, buy commercially packaged, freeze-dried or air-dried foods. Although costly, this will be your best form of stored meat, so buy accordingly. If the Electricity Goes Off... FIRST, use perishable food and foods from the refrigerator. THEN use the foods from the freezer. To minimize the number of times you open the freezer door, post a list of freezer contents on it. In a well- filled, well-insulated freezer, foods will usually still have ice crystals in their centers (meaning foods are safe to eat) for at least three days. FINALLY, begin to use non-perishable foods and staples. If you are interested in learning more about how to prepare for emergencies, contact your local or State Office of Emergency Management, or write to the Federal Emergency Management Agency, P.O. Box 70274, Washington, D.C. 20024, and ask for any of the following publications: Emergency Preparedness Checklist (L-154) Item #8-0872 Are You Ready? Your Guide to Disaster Preparedness (H-34) Item #8- 0908 Emergency Preparedness Publications (L-164) Item #8-0822 Your Family Disaster Plan (L-191) Item #8-0954 Your Family Disaster Supplies Kit (L-189) Item #8-0941 Special thanks to the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the American Red Cross for reviewing this publication. FEMA-215 March 1992 FEMA: DISASTER PREPAREDNESS FACT SHEET--FAMILY DISASTER PLAN FAMILY DISASTER PLAN Develop a family disaster plan to identify potential emergencies and be ready to act if disaster strikes. IMPORTANT INFORMATION Learn the types of natural disasters in your region. Local emergency management or civil defense officials can identify which disasters are most likely to hit your community. Identify which human-caused or technological disasters can affect your region. Hazardous materials accidents can occur anywhere where chemical substances are stored, manufactured, or transported. Learn whether your community has a warning system. Not all communities have public warning systems. Contact the local emergency management or civil defense office to find out whether your community has a warning system and if so, how it operates. Workplace and school emergency response plans. Employers and school officials should have a detailed emergency response (evacuation) plan that is available to the public. DEVELOP A PLAN Keep it simple. Household emergency plans should be kept simple enough so people can remember the details. A disaster is an extremely stressful situation that can create confusion. The best emergency plans are those with very few details. Identify two meeting places. The first meeting place should be a location right outside the home. The site is where household members would meet in case of a sudden emergency such as a fire. The second meeting place should be a building or park outside of the neighborhood in case household members cannot return home. Everyone should know the address of this location. Be familiar with escape routes. Depending upon the type of disaster, it may be necessary to evacuate the home. Plan several escape routes in case certain roads are blocked or closed. Keep a portable, battery-operated radio. Maintaining a communications link with the outside is a step can mean the difference between life and death. Make sure that all family members know where the portable battery-operated radio is located and always keep a supply of extra batteries. Install smoke detectors on each level of the home, especially near bedrooms. Post emergency telephone numbers (fire, police, ambulance) by the telephones. Teach children how and when to call 9-1-1 or the local emergency management number of help. DEVELOP A PLAN Teach each household member how to use a fire extinguisher. Make sure they know where it is kept. Teach household members how to turn off utilities. Conduct a home hazard hunt. Identify objects in the house that could be dangerous in an emergency. For example, pictures hanging over a couch could easily fall off their hangers and hurt someone during an earthquake or a tornado. Take a first aid and CPR class. Call your local Red Cross Chapter to register for classes. SUPPLIES Have disaster supplies on hand. Flashlight with extra batteries. Portable, battery-operated radio and extra batteries. First aid kit and manual. Emergency food and water. Nonelectric can opener. Essential medicines Cash and credit cards Sturdy shoes. COMMUNICATION Develop an emergency communication plan. In case family members are separated from one another during a wildland fire (a real possibility during the day when adults are at work and children are at school), have a plan for getting back together. Ask an out-of-state relative or friend to serve as the "family contact". After a disaster, it's often easier to call long distance. Make sure everyone knows the name, address, and phone number of the contact person. Pets and Disaster Make arrangements for your pets as part of your household disaster planning. If you must evacuate, it's best to take your pets with you. For health and space reasons, pets will not be allowed in public shelters. If as a last resort you have to leave your pets behind, prepare an emergency pen in the home that includes a 3 day supply of dry food and a large container of water. Preserving Important Documents Make a complete inventory of your home, garage, and surrounding property. The inventory can be either written or videotaped. Include information such a serial numbers, make and model numbers, physical descriptions, and price of purchase (receipts, if possible). Vital documents such as birth and marriage certificates, tax records, credit card numbers, financial records, wills and trusts can be lost during a disaster. Make two photocopies of these documents and keep the originals in a safe deposit box, keep one in a safe place in the house, and give the second copy to an out-of-state friend. FEMA: Your Family Disaster Supplies Kit Your Family Disaster Supplies Kit After a disaster, local officials and relief workers will be on the scene, but they cannot reach everyone immediately. You could get help in hours, or it may take days. Would your family be prepared to cope with the emergency until help arrives? Your family will cope best by preparing for disaster before it strikes. One way to prepare is by assembling a Disaster Supplies Kit. Once disaster hits, you won't have time to shop or search for supplies. But if you've gathered supplies in advance, your family can endure an evacuation or home confinement. To prepare your kit Review the checklists in this document. Gather the supplies that are listed. You may need them if your family is confined at home. Place the supplies you'd most likely need for an evacuation in an easy- to-carry container. These supplies are listed with an asterisk (*). Disasters happen anytime and anywhere. And when disaster strikes, you may not have much time to respond. A highway spill of hazardous material could mean instant evacuation. A winter storm could confine your family at home. An earthquake, flood, tornado or any other disaster could cut off basic services--gas, water, electricity and telephones--for days. Water Store water in plastic containers such as soft drink bottles. Avoid using containers that will decompose or break, such as milk cartons or glass bottles. A normally active person needs to drink at least two quarts of water each day. Hot environments and intense physical activity can double that amount. Children, nursing mothers and ill people will need more. Store one gallon of water per person per day (two quarts for drinking, two quarts for food preparation/sanitation)* Keep at least a three-day supply of water for each person in your household. Food Store at least a three-day supply of non-perishable food. Select foods that require no refrigeration, preparation or cooking and little or no water. If you must heat food, pack a can of sterno. Select food items that are compact and lightweight. *Include a selection of the following foods in your Disaster Supplies Kit: Ready-to-eat canned meats, fruits and vegetables Canned juices, milk, soup (if powdered, store extra water) Staples--sugar, salt, pepper High energy foods--peanut butter, jelly, crackers, granola bars, trail mix Vitamins Foods for infants, elderly persons or persons on special diets Comfort/stress foods--cookies, hard candy, sweetened cereals, lollipops, instant coffee, tea bags First Aid Kit Assemble a first aid kit for your home and one for each car. A first aid kit* should include: Sterile adhesive bandages in assorted sizes 2-inch sterile gauze pads (4-6) 4-inch sterile gauze pads (4-6) Hypoallergenic adhesive tape Triangular bandages (3) 2-inch sterile roller bandages (3 rolls) 3-inch sterile roller bandages (3 rolls) Scissors Tweezers Needle Moistened towelettes Antiseptic Thermometer Tongue blades (2) Tube of petroleum jelly or other lubricant Assorted sizes of safety pins Cleansing agent/soap Latex gloves (2 pair) Sunscreen Non-prescription drugs Aspirin or nonaspirin pain reliever Anti-diarrhea medication Antacid (for stomach upset) Syrup of Ipecac (use to induce vomiting if advised by the Poison Control Center) Laxative Activated charcoal (use if advised by the Poison Control Center) Contact your local American Red Cross chapter to obtain a basic first aid manual. SUPPLIES There are six basics you should stock in your home: water, food, first aid supplies, clothing and bedding, tools and emergency supplies and special items. Keep the items that you would most likely need during an evacuation in an easy-to-carry container--suggested items are marked with an asterisk(*). Possible containers include a large, covered trash container; a camping backpack; or a duffle bag. Tools and Supplies Mess kits, or paper cups, plates and plastic utensils* Emergency preparedness manual* Battery-operated radio and extra batteries* Flashlight and extra batteries* Cash or traveler's checks, change* Nonelectric can opener, utility knife* Fire extinguisher: small canister, ABC type Tube tent Pliers Tape Compass Matches in a waterproof container Aluminum foil Plastic storage containers Signal flare Paper, pencil Needles, thread Medicine dropper Shut-off wrench, to turn off household gas and water Whistle Plastic sheeting Map of the area (for locating shelters) Sanitation Toilet paper, towelettes* Soap, liquid detergent* Feminine supplies* Personal hygiene items* Plastic garbage bags, ties (for personal sanitation uses) Plastic bucket with tight lid Disinfectant Household chlorine bleach Clothing and Bedding *Include at least one complete change of clothing and footwear per person. Sturdy shoes or work boots* Hat and gloves Rain gear* Thermal underwear Blankets or sleeping bags* Sunglasses Special Items Remember family members with special needs, such as infants and elderly or disabled persons. For Baby* Formula Diapers Bottles Powdered milk Medications For Adults* Heart and high blood pressure medication Insulin Prescription drugs Denture needs Contact lenses and supplies Extra eye glasses Entertainment--games and books. Important Family Documents Keep these records in a waterproof, portable container. Will, insurance policies, contracts, deeds, stocks and bonds Passports, social security cards, immunization records Bank account numbers Credit card account numbers and companies Inventory of valuable household goods, important telephone numbers Family records (birth, marriage, death certificates) SUGGESTIONS AND REMINDERS Store your kit in a convenient place known to all family members. Keep a smaller version of the Disaster Supplies Kit in the trunk of your car. Keep items in air-tight plastic bags. Change your stored water supply every six months so it stays fresh. Rotate your stored food every six months. Re-think your kit and family needs at least once a year. Replace batteries, update clothes, etc. Ask your physician or pharmacist about storing prescription medications. CREATE A FAMILY DISASTER PLAN To get started... Contact your local emergency management or civil defense office and your local American Red Cross chapter. Find out which disasters are most likely to happen in your community. Ask how you would be warned. Find out how to prepare for each. Meet with your family. Discuss the types of disasters that could occur. Explain how to prepare and respond. Discuss what to do if advised to evacuate. Practice what you have discussed. Plan how your family will stay in contact if separated by disaster. Pick two meeting places: 1) a location a safe distance from your home in case of fire. 2) a place outside your neighborhood in case you can't return home. Choose an out-of-state friend as a "check-in contact" for everyone to call. Complete these steps. Post emergency telephone numbers by every phone. Show responsible family members how and when to shut off water, gas and electricity at main switches. Install a smoke detector on each level of your home, especially near bedrooms; test monthly and change the batteries two times each year. Contact your local fire department to learn about home fire hazards. Learn first aid and CPR. Contact your local American Red Cross chapter for information and training. Meet with your neighbors. Plan how the neighborhood could work together after a disaster. Know your neighbors' skills (medical, technical). Consider how you could help neighbors who have special needs, such as elderly or disabled persons. Make plans for child care in case parents can't get home. Remember to practice and maintain your plan. The Federal Emergency Management Agency's Family Protection Program and the American Red Cross Disaster Education Program are nationwide efforts to help people prepare for disasters of all types. For more information, please contact your local or State Office of Emergency Management, and your local American Red Cross chapter. Ask for "Your Family Disaster Plan" and the "Emergency Preparedness Checklist." Or write to: FEMA P.O. Box 70274 Washington, D.C. 20024 FEMA L- 189 ARC 4463 FEMA: Helping Children Cope with Disaster II Helping Children Cope with Disaster Earthquakes...Tornadoes...Fires... Floods...Hurricanes... Hazardous Materials Spills Disaster may strike quickly and without warning. These events can be frightening for adults, but they are traumatic for children if they don't know what to do. During a disaster, your family may have to leave your home and daily routine. Children may become anxious, confused or frightened. As an adult, you'll need to cope with the disaster in a way that will help children avoid developing a permanent sense of loss. It is important to give children guidance that will help them reduce their fears. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the American Red Cross have prepared this brochure to help you help your children cope. Ultimately, you should decide what's best for your children, but consider using these suggestions as guidelines. Children and Their Response to Disaster Children depend on daily routines: They wake up, eat breakfast, go to school, play with friends. When emergencies or disasters interrupt this routine, children may become anxious. In a disaster, they'll look to you and other adults for help. How you react to an emergency gives them clues on how to act. If you react with alarm, a child may become more scared. They see our fear as proof that the danger is real. If you seem overcome with a sense of loss, a child may feel their losses more strongly. Children's fears also may stem from their imagination, and you should take these feelings seriously. A child who feels afraid is afraid. Your words and actions can provide reassurance. When talking with your child, be sure to present a realistic picture that is both honest and manageable. Feeling or fear are healthy and natural for adults and children. But as an adult, you need to keep control of the situation. When you're sure that danger has passed, concentrate on your child's emotional needs by asking the child what's uppermost in his or her mind. Having children participate in the family's recovery activities will help them feel that their life will return to "normal." Your response during this time may have a lasting impact. Be aware that after a disaster, children are most afraid that-- the event will happen again. someone will be injured or killed. they will be separated from the family. they will be left alone. Advice to Parents: Prepare for Disaster You can create a Family Disaster Plan by taking four simple steps. First, learn what hazards exist in your community and how to prepare for each. Then meet with your family to discuss what you would do, as a group, in each situation. Next, take steps to prepare your family for disaster such as: posting emergency phone numbers, selecting an out-of- state family contact, assembling disaster supplies kits for each member of your household and installing smoke detectors on each level of your home. Finally, practice your Family Disaster Plan so that everyone will remember what to do when a disaster does occur. Develop and practice a Family Disaster Plan. Contact your local emergency management or civil defense office, or your local Red Cross chapter for materials that describe how your family can create a disaster plan. Everyone in the household, including children, should play a part in the family's response and recovery efforts. Teach your child how to recognize danger signals. Make sure your child knows what smoke detectors, fire alarms and local community warning systems (horns, sirens) sound like. Explain how to call for help. Teach your child how and when to call for help. Check the telephone directory for local emergency phone numbers and post these phone numbers by all telephones. If you live in a 9-1-1- service area, tell your child to call 9-1-1. Help your child memorize important family information. Children should memorize their family name, address and phone number. They should also know where to meet in case of an emergency. Some children may not be old enough to memorize the information. They could carry a small index card that lists emergency information to give to an adult or babysitter. AFTER THE DISASTER: TIME FOR RECOVERY Immediately after the disaster, try to reduce your child's fear and anxiety. Keep the family together. While you look for housing and assistance, you may want to leave your children with relatives or friends. Instead, keep the family together as much as possible and make children a part of what you are doing to get the family back on its feet. Children get anxious, and they'll worry that their parents won't return. Calmly and firmly explain the situation. As best as you can, tell children what you know about the disaster. Explain what will happen next. For example, say, "Tonight, we will all stay together in the shelter." Get down to the child's eye level and talk to them. Encourage children to talk. Let children talk about the disaster and ask questions as much as they want. Encourage children to describe what they're feeling. Listen to what they say. If possible, include the entire family in the discussion. Include children in recovery activities. Give children chores that are their responsibility. This will help children feel they are part of the recovery. Having a task will help them understand that everything will be all right. You can help children cope by understanding what causes their anxieties and fears. Reassure them with firmness and love. Your children will realize that life will eventually return to normal. If a child does not respond to the above suggestions, seek help from a mental health specialist or a member of the clergy. The Federal Emergency Management Agency's Family Protection Program developed this brochure in cooperation with the American Red Cross' Community Disaster Education Program. Both are national efforts to help people prepare for disasters of all types. For more information on how to prepare for and respond to disaster, contact your local or State office of emergency management and your local Red Cross chapter. Ask for "Your Family Disaster Plan." Or, write to: FEMA, P.O. Box 70274, Washington, D.C. 20024. FEMA L-196 February 1993 ARC 4499 FEMA: Your Family Disaster Plan II Your Family Disaster Plan Disaster can strike quickly and without warning. It can force you to evacuate your neighborhood or confine you to your home. What would you do if basic services--water, gas, electricity or telephones--were cut off? Local officials and relief workers will be on the scene after a disaster, but they cannot reach everyone right away. Families can--and do--cope with disaster by preparing in advance and working together as a team. Follow the steps listed in this brochure to create your family's disaster plan. Knowing what to do is your best protection and your responsibility. Where will your family be when disaster strikes? They could be anywhere--at work, at school or in the car. How will you find each other? Will you know if your children are safe? 4 Steps to Safety 1. Find Out What Could Happen to You Contact your local emergency management or civil defense office and American Red Cross chapter--be prepared to take notes: Ask what types of disasters are most likely to happen. Request information on how to prepare for each. Learn about your community's warning signals: what they sound like and what you should do when you hear them. Ask about animal care after disaster. Animals may not be allowed inside emergency shelters due to health regulations. Find out how to help elderly or disabled persons, if needed. Next, find out about the disaster plans at your workplace, your children's school or daycare center and other places where your family spends time. 2. Create a Disaster Plan Meet with your family and discuss why you need to prepare for disaster. Explain the dangers of fire, severe weather and earthquakes to children. Plan to share responsibilities and work together as a team. Discuss the types of disasters that are most likely to happen. Explain what to do in each case. Pick two places to meet: 1. Right outside your home in case of a sudden emergency, like a fire. 2. Outside your neighborhood in case you can't return home. Everyone must know the address and phone number. Ask an out-of-state friend to be your "family contact." After a disaster, its often easier to call long distance. Other family members should call this person and tell them where they are. Everyone must know your contact's phone number. Discuss what to do in an evacuation. Plan how to take care of your pets. 3. Complete This Checklist Post emergency telephone numbers by phones (fire, police, ambulance, etc.). Teach children how and when to call 911 or your local Emergency Medical Services number for emergency help. Show each family member how and when to turn off the water, gas and electricity at the main switches. Check if you have adequate insurance coverage. Teach each family member how to use the fire extinguisher (ABC type), and show them where it's kept. Install smoke detectors on each level of your home, especially near bedrooms. Conduct a home hazard hunt. Stock emergency supplies and assemble a Disaster Supplies Kit. Take a Red Cross first aid and CPR class. Determine the best escape routes from your home. Find two ways out of each room. Find the safe spots in your home for each type of disaster. 4. Practice and Maintain Your Plan Quiz your kids every six months so they remember what to do. Conduct fire and emergency evacuation drills. Replace stored water every three months and stored food every six months. Test and recharge your fire extinguisher(s) according to manufacturer's instructions. Test your smoke detectors monthly and change the batteries at least once a year. EMERGENCY SUPPLIES Keep enough supplies in your home to meet your needs for at least three days. Assemble a Disaster Supplies Kit with items you may need in an evacuation. Store these supplies in sturdy, easy-to-carry containers such as backpacks, duffle bags or covered trash containers. Include: A three-day supply of water (one gallon per person per day) and food that won't spoil. One change of clothing and footwear per person, and one blanket or sleeping bag per person. A first aid kit that includes your family's prescription medications. Emergency tools including a battery-powered radio, flashlight and plenty of extra batteries. An extra set of car keys and a credit card, cash or traveler's checks. Sanitation supplies. Special items for infant, elderly or disabled family members. An extra pair of glasses. Keep important family documents in a waterproof container. Keep a smaller kit in the trunk of your car. UTILITIES Locate the main electric fuse box, water service main and natural gas main. Learn how and when to turn these utilities off. Teach all responsible family members. Keep necessary tools near gas and water shut-off valves. Remember, turn off the utilities only if you suspect the lines are damaged or if you are instructed to do so. If you turn the gas off, you will need a professional to turn it back on. NEIGHBORS HELPING NEIGHBORS Working with neighbors can save lives and property. Meet with your neighbors to plan how the neighborhood could work together after a disaster until help arrives. If you're a member of a neighborhood organization, such as a home association or crime watch group, introduce disaster preparedness as a new activity. Know your neighbors' special skills (e.g., medical, technical) and consider how you could help neighbors who have special needs, such as disabled and elderly persons. Make plans for child care in case parents can't get home. HOME HAZARD HUNT During a disaster, ordinary objects in your home can cause injury or damage. Anything that can move, fall, break or cause a fire is a home hazard. For example, a hot water heater or a bookshelf can fall. Inspect your home at least once a year and fix potential hazards. Contact your local fire department to learn about home fire hazards. EVACUATION Evacuate immediately if told to do so: Listen to your battery-powered radio and follow the instructions of local emergency officials. Wear protective clothing and sturdy shoes. Take your family disaster supplies kit Lock your home. Use travel routes specified by local authorities--don't use shortcuts because certain areas may be impassable or dangerous. If you're sure you have time: Shut off water, gas and electricity before leaving, if instructed to do so. Post a note telling others when you left and where you are going. Make arrangements for your pets. IF DISASTER STRIKES If disaster strikes Remain calm and patient. Put your plan into action. Check for injuries Give first aid and get help for seriously injured people. Listen to your battery powered radio for news and instructions Evacuate, if advised to do so. Wear protective clothing and sturdy shoes. Check for damage in your home... Use flashlights--do not light matches or turn on electrical switches, if you suspect damage. Check for fires, fire hazards and other household hazards. Sniff for gas leaks, starting at the water heater. If you smell gas or suspect a leak, turn off the main gas valve, open windows, and get everyone outside quickly. Shut off any other damaged utilities. Clean up spilled medicines, bleaches, gasoline and other flammable liquids immediately. Remember to... Confine or secure your pets. Call your family contact--do not use the telephone again unless it is a life-threatening emergency. Check on your neighbors, especially elderly or disabled persons. Make sure you have an adequate water supply in case service is cut off. Stay away from downed power lines. The Federal Emergency Management Agency's Family Protection Program and the American Red Cross' Disaster Education Program are nationwide efforts to help citizens prepare for disasters of all types. For more information, please contact your local emergency management or civil defense office, and your local American Red Cross chapter. Start planning now. Request free family protection publications by writing to: FEMA, P.O. Box 70274, Washington, D.C. 20024. Ask for: Are You Ready?, "Your Family Disaster Supplies Kit" and "Emergency Food and Water Supplies." Local sponsorship provided by: FEMA L-191 ARC 4466 September 1991 FEMA: DISASTER PREPAREDNESS FACT SHEET--DISASTER SUPPLIES KIT DISASTER SUPPLIES KIT Earthquakes, floods, and other disasters can seriously disrupt normal life. Services may not be available, transportation may be cut off and roads may be blocked. In some cases, you may be forced to evacuate. Be ready to respond to any situation by assembling and maintaining a Disaster Supplies Kit. WATER Plan on one gallon of water per person per day. Store water in plastic containers such as soft drink bottles. Avoid using containers that will decompose or break, such as mason jars or glass bottles. Use water for health. Because water is so important to human survival, it should never be withheld. Drink at least two quarts per day, as long as supplies last, and look for alternative sources. FOOD Store at least a three-day supply of no-perishable food. Choose foods that require no refrigeration, cooking, or preparation and are compact and lightweight. If food must be cooked, include a can of sterno. Food suggestions: Ready-to-eat canned meats, fruits, and vegetables Canned juices, milk, soup (if powdered, store extra water) Staples-sugar, salt, pepper High energy foods-peanut butter, jelly, crackers, nuts, health food bars, trail mix. Comfort stress foods-cookies,hard candy,sweetened cereals. Vitamins Container Store the supplies in an easy-to-carry object such as a large,covered trash container, camping backpack, or a duffle bag. Have two first aid kits. Keep a complete first aid kit in your home and car. Items to include: Sterile adhesive bandages in assorted sizes 2-inch sterile gauze pads (4-6) 4-inch gauze pads Hypoallergenic adhesive tape Triangular bandages (3) 2-inch sterile roller bandages (3 rolls) 3-inch sterile roller bandages Scissors Tweezers Needles Moistened towelettes Antiseptic Thermometer Tongue blades (2) Tube of petroleum jelly or other lubricant Assorted sizes of safety pins Cleansing agent-soap Latex gloves (2 pair) Sunscreen Aspirin or non-aspirin pain reliever Anti-diarrhea medication Antacid (for upset stomach) Syrup of Ipecac (use to induce vomiting if advised by the Poison Control Center) Laxative Activated charcoal (use if advised by the Poison Control Center) Contact your local American Red Cross chapter to obtain a basic first aid textbook. SUPPLIES & TOOLS Emergency preparedness manual Battery-operated radio and extra batteries Non-electric can opener, utility knife Fire extinguisher, small canister, A-B-C type Tube tent Pliers Tape Compass Matches in a waterproof container Aluminum foil Signal flares Paper and pencils Needles and thread Medicine dropper Shut off wrench, to turn off household gas and water Whistle Plastic sheeting CLOTHING & BEDDING Include at least one complete change of clothing and footwear per person. Sturdy shoes or work boots Rain gear One blanket or sleeping bag per person Hat and gloves Thermal underwear Sunglasses SANITATION Toilet paper, towelettes Soap, liquid detergent Feminine supplies Personal items-shampoo, deodorant, toothpaste, toothbrushes, comb and brush, lip balm. Small shovel, for digging and expedient latrine Plastic garbage bag and ties Plastic bucket with tight lid Disinfectant Household chlorine bleach SPECIAL ITEMS Include items for household members with special needs, such as infants, elderly, or disabled individuals. Babies Formula Diapers Bottles Powdered Milk Medications Elderly People Heart and high blood pressure medication Insulin Prescription drugs Denture needs Include favorite entertainment items. Coloring books and crayons Games Books IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS Keep these records in a waterproof container. Will, insurance policies, contracts, deeds, stocks and bonds. Passports, social security cards, immunization records Savings and checking account numbers Credit card account numbers and companies Inventory of valuable household goods, important telephone numbers Family records (birth, marriage, death certificates) Storage Suggestions Store the kit in a safe, convenient place known to all family members. If possible, it should be a cool, dry, dark location. Keep a smaller version of your Disaster Supplies Kit in the trunk of your car. Keep items, or groups of items, in water-proof and air tight plastic bags. Change the water supply every six months so it stays fresh. Rotate the food every six months. Ask your doctor or pharmacist about the proper procedure for storing prescription medications. Replace batteries often. FEMA: DISASTER RESPONSE FACT SHEET-EMERGENCY SANITATION EMERGENCY SANITATION After a major disaster, if water and sewage lines have been disrupted you may need to improvise emergency sanitation facilities. SUPPLIES Always have basic sanitation supplies on hand. Medium-sized plastic bucket with tight lid. Plastic garbage bags and ties (heavy duty) Household chlorine bleach Soap, liquid detergent Toilet paper Towelettes SANITATION To build a makeshift toilet. If sewage lines are broken but the toilet bowl is usable, place a garbage bag inside the bowl. If the toilet is completely backed up, make your own. Line a medium sized bucket with a garbage bag and make a toilet seat out of two boards placed parallel to each other across the bucket. An old toilet seat will also work. To sanitize waste. After each use, pour a disinfectant (see Disinfectants) such as bleach into the container. This will help avoid infection and stop the spread of disease. Cover the container tightly when not in use. To dispose of waste. Bury garbage and human waste to avoid the spread of disease by rats and insects. Dig a pit 2 to 3 feet deep and at least 50 feet downhill or away from any well, spring, or water supply. If the garbage cannot be buried immediately, strain any liquids into the emergency toilet. Wrap the residue in several layers of newspapers and store it in a large can with a tight-fitting lid. Place the can outside until it can be buried. WATER SUBSTITUTES Water substitutes for cleansing. Rubbing alcohol Lotions containing alcohol Shaving lotion Face creams and lotions Towelettes Wet wash cloth Use a wet wash cloth to clean teeth, wash face, comb hair, and wash body. Makeshift shower Use a spray bottle to shower. Disinfectants The best choice is a solution of 1 part liquid chlorine bleach to 10 parts water. Other commercial disinfectants include HTH, or calcium hypochlorite, which is available at swimming pool supply stores; portable chemical toilets, which are available through recreational vehicle supply stores; and powdered, chlorinated lime, which is available at building supply stores. HEALTH Keeping clean. Keeping clean is essential to good health. Because water is so precious and should be reserved for drinking purposes, consider other ways to wash the body. Intestinal ailments. Consuming contaminated water and food can cause diarrhea, poisoning, and intestinal diseases. Take steps to protect against diseases. Keep body, hands, and cooking and eating utensils clean. Use proper plates or eat from the original food containers if water is not available for washing dishes. Wash and peel all fruits and vegetables. Keep all food in covered containers.Prepare only as much as will be eaten at each meal. Controlling rodents and insects. Keep living area clear of debris, garbage, refuse, and body wastes. When possible, repair holes to keep out rodents. Household insecticides will work in small and enclosed areas. FEMA: DISASTER RESPONSE FACT SHEET--LOCATING SAFE DRINKING WATER LOCATING SAFE DRINKING WATER After a disaster, it is possible that water supplies will be temporarily cut off or become contaminated. Because you must have water to survive, it is important to know how to locate and purify drinking water to make it safe. WATER SOURCES In the home. Melt ice cubes, and use water from the hot-water tank, the toilet tank (not the bowl) and water pipes. Hot water tank. Turn off the power that heats it, and let the tank cool. Then place a container underneath and open the drain valve at the bottom of the tank. Don't turn the tank on again until water services are restored. Toilet tank. The water in the tank (not the bowl) is safe to drink unless chemical treatments have been added. Water pipes. Release air pressure into the plumbing system by turning on the highest faucet in the house. Then drain the water from the lowest faucet. Outside the home. Rain water, spring water, and water from streams, river,lakes, and coiled garden hoses can be used after it is purified. Water Beds Avoid water from water beds as a source for drinking water. Pesticidal chemicals are in the plastic casing of the bed and chemicals have probably been added to the water to prevent the growth of algae, fungi, and bacteria. The water is safe only for hand-washing and laundering. PURIFYING WATER Boiling and chemical are two ways to purify water. Any water that is obtained from sources outside the home or water that does not appear clear should be sterilized. Non-sterilized water may be contaminated with the parasite Giardia. Straining water. Straining water containing sediment or floating material through a cloth or paper filter before beginning the purification process. Heat sterilization. Boiling water is the preferred method of purification because disease- causing- microorganisms cannot survive the intense heat. Bring water to a rolling boil for 10 minutes. Pour the water back and forth from oneclean container to another to improve the taste. Adding a pinch of salt could also help. Chemical sterilization. In some situations, boiling may not be an option. The alternative is to treat the water chemically. Plain household chlorine bleach may be used. Be sure the label states that hypochlorite is the only active ingredient. Bleach containing soap or fragrances is not acceptable. With an eye dropper, add 8 drops of bleach per gallon of water (16 if the water is cloudy), stir and let stand. After 30 minutes the water should taste and smell of chlorine. At this time it can be used. If the taste and smell (and appearance in the case of cloudy water) has not changed, add another dose and let stand. If after one half hour the water does not have a chlorine smell, do not use it. CONTAINERS Store the water in a clean and sanitary glass or plastic container. Plastic containers are good because they are lightweight and unbreakable. Metal containers should be considered as a last resort because they may corrode and give water an unpleasant taste. Water that local officials report has been contaminated with toxic chemicals or radioactive materials cannot be purified using home decontamination methods. Facts About Water Water is the single most abundant substance in the human body, making up to 60 percent of an adult's weight and up to 80 percent of an infant's weight. A person can live several days without food, but just a few days without water. It is second only to air in importance to life. Because water is so important to human survival, never ration it. Drink at least 2 quarts per day, as long as supplies last, and look for alternative sources. ------------------------------------------------ (This file was found elsewhere on the Internet and uploaded to the Radio Free Michigan archives by the archive maintainer. All files are ZIP archives for fast download. E-mail bj496@Cleveland.Freenet.Edu)