% IEEE Transactions bibliography style (29-Jan-88 version) 
%    numeric labels, order-of-reference, IEEE abbreviations,
%    quotes around article titles, commas separate all fields 
%    except after book titles and before "notes".  Otherwise,
%    much like the "plain" family, from which this is adapted.
% 
%   History 
%    9/30/85    (HWT)    Original version, by Howard Trickey.
%    1/29/88    (OP&HWT) Updated for BibTeX version 0.99a, Oren Patashnik; 
%            THIS `ieeetr' VERSION DOES NOT WORK WITH BIBTEX 0.98i. 
  
ENTRY 
  { address 
    author
    booktitle
    chapter
    edition
    editor
    howpublished
    institution
    journal
    key
    month
    note
    number
    organization
    pages
    publisher
    school
    series
    title
    type
    volume
    year
  }
  {}
  { label }
  
INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.quote after.sentence 
        after.quoted.block after.block } 
  
FUNCTION {init.state.consts} 
{ #0 'before.all :=
  #1 'mid.sentence := 
  #2 'after.quote := 
  #3 'after.sentence := 
  #4 'after.quoted.block :=
  #5 'after.block := 
}
  
STRINGS { s t } 
  
FUNCTION {output.nonnull}
{ 's :=
  output.state mid.sentence = 
    { ", " * write$ }
    { output.state after.quote =
    { " " * write$ } 
    { output.state after.block =
        { add.period$ write$ 
          newline$ 
          "\newblock " write$
        }
        { output.state before.all =
        'write$
        { output.state after.quoted.block = 
            { write$
              newline$ 
              "\newblock " write$
            }
            { add.period$ " " * write$ }
          if$ 
        }
          if$ 
        }
      if$ 
    }
      if$ 
      mid.sentence 'output.state :=
    }
  if$ 
  s
}
  
FUNCTION {output} 
{ duplicate$ empty$
    'pop$
    'output.nonnull
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {output.check}
{ 't :=
  duplicate$ empty$ 
    { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ } 
    'output.nonnull
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {output.bibitem}
{ newline$
  "\bibitem{" write$ 
  cite$ write$ 
  "}" write$
  newline$ 
  ""
  before.all 'output.state :=
}
  
FUNCTION {blank.sep}
{ after.quote 'output.state := 
}
  
FUNCTION {fin.entry}
{ output.state after.quoted.block = 
    'skip$
    'add.period$ 
  if$ 
  write$ 
  newline$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {new.block}
{ output.state before.all =
    'skip$
    { output.state after.quote =
    { after.quoted.block 'output.state := } 
    { after.block 'output.state := }
      if$ 
    }
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {new.sentence}
{ output.state after.block =
    'skip$
    { output.state before.all =
    'skip$
    { after.sentence 'output.state := }
      if$ 
    }
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {not} 
{   { #0 } 
    { #1 }
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {and} 
{   'skip$ 
    { pop$ #0 }
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {or} 
{   { pop$ #1 } 
    'skip$
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {new.block.checka} 
{ empty$
    'skip$
    'new.block
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {new.block.checkb} 
{ empty$
  swap$ empty$ 
  and
    'skip$
    'new.block
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {new.sentence.checka} 
{ empty$
    'skip$
    'new.sentence
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {field.or.null} 
{ duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "" }
    'skip$
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {emphasize} 
{ duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "" }
    { "{\em " swap$ * "}" * } 
  if$ 
}
  
INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames } 
  
FUNCTION {format.names}
{ 's :=
  #1 'nameptr :=
  s num.names$ 'numnames := 
  numnames 'namesleft :=
    { namesleft #0 > } 
    { s nameptr "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't := 
      nameptr #1 > 
    { namesleft #1 >
        { ", " * t * } 
        { numnames #2 >
        { "," * } 
        'skip$
          if$ 
          t "others" = 
        { " {\em et~al.}" * }
        { " and " * t * } 
          if$ 
        }
      if$ 
    }
    't 
      if$ 
      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := 
      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := 
    }
  while$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {format.authors}
{ author empty$ 
    { "" }
    { author format.names }
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {format.editors}
{ editor empty$ 
    { "" }
    { editor format.names 
      editor num.names$ #1 >
    { ", eds." * } 
    { ", ed." * } 
      if$ 
    }
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {format.title}
{ title empty$ 
    { "" }
    { "``" title "t" change.case$ * ",''" * } 
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {format.title.p} 
{ title empty$ 
    { "" }
    { "``" title "t" change.case$ * ".''" * } 
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {n.dashify}
{ 't :=
  ""
    { t empty$ not } 
    { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = 
    { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not 
        { "--" * 
          t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
        }
        {   { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = } 
        { "-" *
          t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
        }
          while$ 
        }
      if$ 
    }
    { t #1 #1 substring$ * 
      t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
    }
      if$ 
    }
  while$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {format.date}
{ year empty$ 
    { month empty$ 
    { "" }
    { "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$ 
      month
    }
      if$ 
    }
    { month empty$ 
    'year 
    { month " " * year * } 
      if$ 
    }
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {format.btitle}
{ title emphasize
}
  
FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect}
{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <
    { "~" }
    { " " } 
  if$ 
  swap$ * * 
}
  
FUNCTION {either.or.check} 
{ empty$
    'pop$
    { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {format.bvolume}
{ volume empty$ 
    { "" }
    { "vol.~" volume * 
      series empty$
    'skip$
    { " of " * series emphasize * }
      if$ 
      "volume and number" number either.or.check
    }
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {format.number.series} 
{ volume empty$ 
    { number empty$ 
    { series field.or.null } 
    { output.state mid.sentence =
        { "no.~" } 
        { "No.~" }
      if$ 
      number *
      series empty$
        { "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ }
        { " in " * series * } 
      if$ 
    }
      if$ 
    }
    { "" }
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {format.edition}
{ edition empty$ 
    { "" }
    { edition "l" change.case$ "~ed." * }
  if$ 
}
  
INTEGERS { multiresult } 
  
FUNCTION {multi.page.check} 
{ 't :=
  #0 'multiresult :=
    { multiresult not
      t empty$ not 
      and
    }
    { t #1 #1 substring$ 
      duplicate$ "-" = 
      swap$ duplicate$ "," = 
      swap$ "+" = 
      or or 
    { #1 'multiresult := }
    { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }
      if$ 
    }
  while$ 
  multiresult
}
  
FUNCTION {format.pages}
{ pages empty$ 
    { "" }
    { pages multi.page.check
    { "pp.~" pages n.dashify * }
    { "p.~" pages * }
      if$ 
    }
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {format.volume}
{ volume empty$ 
    { "" }
    { "vol.~" volume * }
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {format.number}
{ number empty$ 
    { "" }
    { "no.~" number * }
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages} 
{ chapter empty$ 
    'format.pages
    { type empty$ 
    { "ch.~" chapter * }
    { type "l" change.case$ chapter tie.or.space.connect } 
      if$ 
      pages empty$
    'skip$
    { ", " * format.pages * }
      if$ 
    }
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle}
{ booktitle empty$ 
    { "" }
    { "in " booktitle emphasize *
      editor empty$
    'skip$
    { " (" * format.editors * ")" * }
      if$ 
    }
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {format.thesis.type} 
{ type empty$ 
    'skip$
    { pop$
      output.state after.block = 
    { type "t" change.case$ }
    { type "l" change.case$ }
      if$ 
    }
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {empty.misc.check} 
{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$ 
  month empty$ year empty$ note empty$
  and and and and and
    { "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ }
    'skip$
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {format.tr.number} 
{ type empty$ 
    { "Tech. Rep." } 
    'type 
  if$ 
  number empty$
    { "l" change.case$ } 
    { number tie.or.space.connect }
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {format.addr.pub} 
{ publisher empty$ 
    { "" }
    { address empty$ 
    { "" }
    { address ": " * }
      if$ 
      publisher *
    }
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {format.paddress}
{ address empty$ 
    { "" }
    { "(" address * ")" * }
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {format.article.crossref} 
{ key empty$ 
    { journal empty$ 
    { "need key or journal for " cite$ * " to crossref " * crossref * 
      warning$ 
      ""
    }
    { "in {\em " journal * "\/}" * } 
      if$ 
    }
    { "in " key * }
  if$ 
  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}
  
FUNCTION {format.crossref.editor} 
{ editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
  editor num.names$ duplicate$ 
  #2 >
    { pop$ " {\em et~al.}" * }
    { #2 < 
    'skip$
    { editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =
        { " {\em et~al.}" * }
        { " and " * editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * }
      if$ 
    }
      if$ 
    }
  if$ 
}
  
FUNCTION {format.book.crossref} 
{ volume empty$ 
    { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$
      "In "
    }
    { "Vol.~" volume *
      " of " *
    }
  if$ 
  editor empty$
  editor field.or.null author field.or.null = 
  or
    { key empty$ 
    { series empty$ 
        { "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " * 
          crossref * warning$
          "" *
        }
        { "{\em " * series * "\/}" * }
      if$ 
    }
    { key * }
      if$ 
    }
    { format.crossref.editor * }
  if$ 
  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}
  
FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref}
{ editor empty$ 
  editor field.or.null author field.or.null = 
  or
    { key empty$ 
    { booktitle empty$ 
        { "need editor, key, or booktitle for " cite$ * " to crossref " * 
          crossref * warning$
          ""
        }
        { "in {\em " booktitle * "\/}" * } 
      if$ 
    }
    { "in " key * }
      if$ 
    }
    { "in " format.crossref.editor * }
  if$ 
  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}
  
FUNCTION {article} 
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  format.title "title" output.check
  blank.sep 
  crossref missing$
    { journal emphasize "journal" output.check 
      format.volume output
      month empty$
    { format.number output }
    'skip$
      if$ 
      format.pages output
      format.date "year" output.check
    }
    { format.article.crossref output.nonnull 
      format.pages output
    }
  if$ 
  new.block 
  note output 
  fin.entry 
}
  
FUNCTION {book} 
{ output.bibitem
  author empty$
    { format.editors "author and editor" output.check }
    { format.authors output.nonnull
      crossref missing$
    { "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
    'skip$
      if$ 
    }
  if$ 
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  crossref missing$
    { format.bvolume output 
      new.block 
      format.number.series output 
      format.addr.pub "publisher" output.check 
    }
    { new.block
      format.book.crossref output.nonnull
    }
  if$ 
  format.edition output
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.block 
  note output 
  fin.entry 
}
  
FUNCTION {booklet} 
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors output
  title empty$
    { "empty title in " cite$ * warning$
      howpublished new.sentence.checka 
    }
    { howpublished empty$ not
      address empty$ month empty$ year empty$ and and
      or
    { format.title.p output.nonnull }
    { format.title output.nonnull } 
      if$ 
      blank.sep 
    }
  if$ 
  howpublished output 
  address output 
  format.date output
  new.block 
  note output 
  fin.entry 
}
  
FUNCTION {inbook} 
{ output.bibitem
  author empty$
    { format.editors "author and editor" output.check }
    { format.authors output.nonnull
      crossref missing$
    { "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
    'skip$
      if$ 
    }
  if$ 
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  crossref missing$
    { format.bvolume output 
      format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check 
      new.block 
      format.number.series output 
      format.addr.pub "publisher" output.check 
    }
    { format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
      new.block 
      format.book.crossref output.nonnull
    }
  if$ 
  format.edition output
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.block 
  note output 
  fin.entry 
}
  
FUNCTION {incollection} 
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  format.title "title" output.check
  blank.sep 
  crossref missing$
    { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check 
      format.bvolume output
      format.number.series output 
      format.chapter.pages output 
      format.addr.pub "publisher" output.check 
      format.edition output
      format.date "year" output.check
    }
    { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
      format.chapter.pages output 
    }
  if$ 
  new.block 
  note output 
  fin.entry 
}
  
FUNCTION {inproceedings} 
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  format.title "title" output.check
  blank.sep 
  crossref missing$
    { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check 
      format.bvolume output
      format.number.series output 
      format.paddress output
      format.pages output
      organization output 
      publisher output 
      format.date "year" output.check
    }
    { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
      format.pages output
    }
  if$ 
  new.block 
  note output 
  fin.entry 
}
  
FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings }
  
FUNCTION {manual} 
{ output.bibitem
  author empty$
    { organization empty$ 
    'skip$
    { organization output.nonnull 
      address output 
    }
      if$ 
    }
    { format.authors output.nonnull } 
  if$ 
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  author empty$
    { organization empty$ 
    { address new.block.checka
      address output 
    }
    'skip$
      if$ 
    }
    { organization address new.block.checkb 
      organization output 
      address output 
    }
  if$ 
  format.edition output
  format.date output
  new.block 
  note output 
  fin.entry 
}
  
FUNCTION {mastersthesis} 
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  format.title "title" output.check
  blank.sep 
  "Master's thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull
  school "school" output.check 
  address output 
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.block 
  note output 
  fin.entry 
}
  
FUNCTION {misc} 
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors output
  title empty$
    { howpublished new.sentence.checka } 
    { howpublished empty$ not
      month empty$ year empty$ and
      or
    { format.title.p output.nonnull }
    { format.title output.nonnull } 
      if$ 
      blank.sep 
    }
  if$ 
  howpublished output 
  format.date output
  new.block 
  note output 
  fin.entry 
  empty.misc.check
}
  
FUNCTION {phdthesis} 
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  new.block 
  "PhD thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull
  school "school" output.check 
  address output 
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.block 
  note output 
  fin.entry 
}
  
FUNCTION {proceedings} 
{ output.bibitem
  editor empty$
    { organization output } 
    { format.editors output.nonnull } 
  if$ 
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  format.bvolume output
  format.number.series output 
  format.paddress output
  editor empty$
    'skip$
    { organization output } 
  if$ 
  publisher output 
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.block 
  note output 
  fin.entry 
}
  
FUNCTION {techreport} 
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  format.title "title" output.check
  blank.sep 
  format.tr.number output.nonnull
  institution "institution" output.check 
  address output 
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.block 
  note output 
  fin.entry 
}
  
FUNCTION {unpublished} 
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  format.title.p "title" output.check 
  blank.sep 
  note "note" output.check 
  format.date output
  fin.entry 
}
  
FUNCTION {default.type} { misc } 
  
MACRO {jan} {"Jan."} 
  
MACRO {feb} {"Feb."} 
  
MACRO {mar} {"Mar."} 
  
MACRO {apr} {"Apr."} 
  
MACRO {may} {"May"}
  
MACRO {jun} {"June"}
  
MACRO {jul} {"July"}
  
MACRO {aug} {"Aug."} 
  
MACRO {sep} {"Sept."} 
  
MACRO {oct} {"Oct."} 
  
MACRO {nov} {"Nov."} 
  
MACRO {dec} {"Dec."} 
  
MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Computing Surveys"}
  
MACRO {acta} {"Acta Informatica"}
  
MACRO {cacm} {"Communications ACM"}
  
MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM J. Research and Development"}
  
MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Systems~J."}
  
MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Trans. Software Engineering"}
  
MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Trans. Computers"}
  
MACRO {ieeetcad}
 {"IEEE Trans. Computer-Aided Design"}
  
MACRO {ipl} {"Information Processing Letters"}
  
MACRO {jacm} {"J.~ACM"}
  
MACRO {jcss} {"J.~Computer and System Sciences"} 
  
MACRO {scp} {"Science of Computer Programming"} 
  
MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM J. Computing"}
  
MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Trans. Computer Systems"} 
  
MACRO {tods} {"ACM Trans. Database Systems"} 
  
MACRO {tog} {"ACM Trans. Graphics"} 
  
MACRO {toms} {"ACM Trans. Mathematical Software"} 
  
MACRO {toois} {"ACM Trans. Office Information Systems"} 
  
MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Trans. Programming Languages and Systems"}
  
MACRO {tcs} {"Theoretical Computer Science"}
  
READ
  
STRINGS { longest.label } 
  
INTEGERS { number.label longest.label.width } 
  
FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label} 
{ "" 'longest.label :=
  #1 'number.label := 
  #0 'longest.label.width :=
}
  
FUNCTION {longest.label.pass} 
{ number.label int.to.str$ 'label :=
  number.label #1 + 'number.label := 
  label width$ longest.label.width > 
    { label 'longest.label :=
      label width$ 'longest.label.width :=
    }
    'skip$
  if$ 
}
  
EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label}
  
ITERATE {longest.label.pass}
  
FUNCTION {begin.bib}
{ preamble$ empty$
    'skip$
    { preamble$ write$ newline$ } 
  if$ 
  "\begin{thebibliography}{"  longest.label  * "}" * write$ newline$
}
  
EXECUTE {begin.bib} 
  
EXECUTE {init.state.consts}
  
ITERATE {call.type$}
  
FUNCTION {end.bib}
{ newline$
  "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$ 
}
  
EXECUTE {end.bib} 
