Do Run Run STWRITER.PRGB„!B„!10 4 3 0 0 0 10 75 2 12 132Page @1 ST WRITER REFERENCE MANUALVersion 1.80September, 1987 10755-ST Writer, Ver. 1.805-Reference ManualCONTENTS For Elite Font, margins are changed to 12 and 90 to maintain 1 inch on sides 12908 Topics in the reference manual are listed alphabetically. Below is a summary of the individual concepts covered. for double column pica, with 36 characters/column use 12 48 54 and 90 Bottom margin is set to even out both columns 1248 54 90 34Alternate Headers & Footers...... 2Alternate Character Set.......... 2Block Text Right................. 2Capitalization................... 2Center Text...................... 2Chaining Print Files............. 2Comments......................... 3Condensed Print.................. 3Database Merge................... 3Default Values................... 3Delete File...................... 4Delete Text...................... 4Diskette Management.............. 4Double-Column Printing........... 5Duplicating Text................. 5Edit File........................ 5Elongated Print.................. 5Error Messages................... 5Filenames........................ 6Fonts............................ 6Footers.......................... 6Format Disk...................... 6Formatting Text Files............ 6Form Printing.................... 6Free Memory...................... 8Headers, Footers, Page Numbering. 8Index of Files................... 9Inserting Text................... 9Install Printer.................. 10Justified Right Margins.......... 10Line Spacing..................... 10Load File........................ 10Locking Files.................... 10Margins.......................... 11Merging Text..................... 11Moving Text...................... 11Page Eject....................... 11Page Length...................... 11Page Numbering................... 12Page Wait........................ 12Paragraphs....................... 12Path Name........................ 12Printer Controls................. 13Print File....................... 13Print Preview.................... 14Print Styles..................... 14Printer Configuration File....... 15Quit............................. 16Receive File from 850............ 16Save Block....................... 17Save File........................ 17Search and Replace............... 17Section Headings................. 18Source Files..................... 19Subscripts and Superscripts...... 19Tabs............................. 20Underlining Text................. 20Upper and Lowercase Characters... 20 0 0 12 90 8 12 ALTERNATE HEADERS and FOOTERS. To have ST Writer take headers and footers set for right blocking and, on alternate pages, block then left, use a negative number after the ^Q (page number start) command. This is useful for pages which will go "back to back" as in a textbook or newsletter.ALTERNATE CHARACTERS. Use the [Alternate] key in combination with the 'x' key to toggle the alternate characters set. A capital 'A' will appear near the bottom right of the screen indicating alternate character mode. Pressing [Alternate]x again returns you to normal characters. Since the keys are not marked for alternate characters, you can often find the proper key to use by subtracting 128 from the ASCII value of the alternate character you wish to type, and finding the corresponding key on the keyboard. For example, to print the 'pi' symbol, press [Alternate]x, then type a lower case 'c'. For some characters, it will be necessary for you to refer to the ST Writer Key Code Table. Use of the alternate character set can be very handy in trying to edit out strange characters (using the global search and replace features) in files that may be ported over to ST Writer from other word processors (such as AtariWriter). Note: if you have pressed the [CapsLock] key, a capital 'C' will indicate this at the bottom right of your screen.BLOCK TEXT RIGHT. To block right, or print a line of text flush with the right margin of the printed page, press ^C twice in succession before typing the line, and [Return] at the end of the line. When editing, insert ^C twice at the beginning of each line to be blocked right, and be sure that each such line ends with [Return]. Always be sure, also, that no line of text to be blocked right exceeds your overall page margins.CAPITALIZATION. Press the [Shift] key just as on a typewriter to capitalize a letter. Pressing the [CapsLock] key will capitalize all letters until the [CapsLock] key is pressed again. If the [CapsLock] key is on, you will see a 'C' in the lower right-hand side of the screen. See also Upper and lowercase characters.CENTER TEXT. To center a line of text, press ^C before typing the line, and [Return] at the end of the line. When editing, insert a ^C at the beginning of each line to be centered, and be sure that each such line ends with [Return]. Always be sure, also, that no line of text to be centered exceeds your overall page margins.CHAINING PRINT FILES. You can use this feature to tie together any number of files, in any order that you wish, to be printed as if they were one file. This is especially useful when you want to print a long document that you've written and saved in segments with distinctive filenames or extenders.Here's how to chain three files named REPORT.001, REPORT.002, and REPORT.003 for example. While writing or editing REPORT.001, position the cursor at the end of the file and press ^V^. Then type REPORT.002 (include the drive specifier, if necessary, before the filename) and press [Return]. It does not matter whether you enter the filename or specifier in upper or lower case. Similarly, at the end of the REPORT.002 file, enter ^V followed by REPORT.003. While printing these chained files, ST Writer would display the message CHAINING REPORT.002 as it finished with REPORT.001 and proceeded to find and format REPORT.002 prior to printing it. After printing, the first file is reloaded from disk.Each file in a chain will be formatted according to the formatting commands and values within it. So if you want consistent overall formatting throughout a chain of files, be sure that the values in the Print Formatting Block are the same in every file. A header or footer entered in the first file in a chain will be carried through subsequent files -- unless, of course, you modify it -- and a page numbering command entered in the first file will give you consecutively numbered pages throughout the chain.Note: You cannot load a file, edit it, then print it out while chaining to another file -- if you try, the message Cannot chain appears after the first file is printed. In order to chain properly, save the first file before printing it out. This is because when you load a file and then edit it, ST Writer will not let you load another file without verifying that you want to erase the existing text.COMMENT. Use ^K before a comment in your text which you do not wish to have printed out. Terminate the comment with a [Return]. Since ^K is also used to cancel a search command, you may not search directly for a ^K character in your text. You can, however, find your ^Ks in the text indirectly by using the [Control] key plus the '+' key: ^+.CONDENSED PRINT. Characters printed with a horizontal spacing of 17 characters per inch. Started by using the ^G2 command. See Print styles (fonts).CREATE FILE. Select this from the ST Writer menu to begin writing a new text file. While in the Create File mode, you can write, edit, rewrite, and enter or change formatting commands. Each time you select Create File, ST Writer refreshes the default values for formatting in the Print Formatting Block at the top of your monitor screen.DATABASE MERGE. Used in printing form letters. Create a form letter with entries for data that will be supplied from a datafile. The datafile can be created with ST Writer or directly from any one of a number of database packages. For more information See Form Printing.DEADKEY FUNCTION. This function is toggled on and off with ^[Clr Home]. If the character you wish to use has an accent mark, for example, type the accent mark ['] character followed by the appropriate vowel.DEFAULT VALUES. Each time you select Create File, ST Writer refreshes the default values for formatting in the Print Formatting Block at the top of your monitor screen. ST Writer will format your entire file according to these values unless you change them, or modify them by entering the appropriate formatting commands and values within the body of the file. Here are the default values:13==========================================================================| B12 Bottom margin............ 12 half-lines (1 inch) || D4 Paragraph spacing........ 4 blank half-lines (double spacing)|| G0 Print style.............. 10 characters per inch || I5 Paragraph indentation.... 5 spaces from left margin || J0 Justified right margins.. OFF || L10 Left margin.............. 10 spaces from left edge of page || R70 Right margin............. 70 spaces from left edge of page || S2 Line spacing............. 2 half-lines (single spacing) || T12 Top margin............... 12 half-lines (1 inch) || Y132 Page length.............. 132 half-lines (11 inches) |==========================================================================ST Writer also defaults to a starting page number of 1 when you enter a page numbering or print file command -- unless of course you enter a different starting page number.DELETE FILE. To delete a file from diskette, select Delete File from the ST Writer menu by pressing D. Then enter the Path name of the file (see Path name) to delete. As a precaution, ST Writer prompts Type 'Y' to delete file:; Type Y to erase the file. You cannot delete a locked file from the disk -- if you try, ST Writer will give you the message Unable to delete file.DELETE TEXT. You can delete: a character, line, or portion of a line at a time; all text from the position of the cursor to the end of your text file; a defined block of text, or the entire document. Delete character under the cursor with the [Delete] key. Delete character to the left of cursor with the [Backspace] key. Delete characters from cursor to end of line with [Shift][Delete]. Delete characters from cursor to end of file with ^[Delete]. Delete a marked block of text (mark with the [Shift F5] key) with the F5 key.In case you change your mind about a deletion or delete something by accident, you can press the [Undo] key to restore the last line or block of text (up to about 20,000 characters) that you've deleted; the restored material is inserted at the position of the cursor. Note: exceptions to this are deleted single characters, blocks larger than 20,000 characters (warning message appears), and deletion of the entire text ([Clr Home]).DISKETTE MANAGEMENT. In order to load the ST Writer program into your Computer, you must first load the TOS operating system from your ATARI TOS System Disk. Consult your 520ST Computer Owner's Manual for further instructions.Before you can store your ST Writer text files on a data disk, the disk must be formatted -- that is, organized into sectors so that your disk drive can keep track of where information is stored on it. You can format blank diskettes from the GEM desktop (see Owner's Manual). Or use the Format Disk selection from the ST Writer menu to format a blank disk while in the middle of a work session with ST Writer.For your own peace of mind, always make a backup copy of any disk you store ST Writer files on -- just so you'll have a duplicate in the event that something happens to your original. Your 520ST Owner's Manual also contains further details on this and other disk management functions.DOUBLE-COLUMN PRINTING. You can format a text file for double-column printing on any printer. To do so, you must enter formatting commands and values of the second (right-hand) column. You can do this either at the beginning of your file -- to print the whole file in double columns -- or at that point in the file where you want double-column printing to begin. Note: Once you start double-column printing on a page, you cannot go back to single column printing on that page.To set the left margin for the second column, press ^M, then type the number of the setting you want. Then press ^N and type the number of the setting you want for the right margin of the column. You may also have to adjust your settings for L and R, which control the margins for the first (left-hand) column of print in double-column printing. Always be sure that your first-column right margin and second-column left margin do not overlap. The settings below will give you approximately a 0.8" margin on the left and right and two columns of 3.3" each with 0.2" inbetween columns:PICA ^G0 ^L8 ^R41 ^M43 ^N76 ELITE ^G8 ^L10 ^R50 ^M52 ^N91 COMPRESSED ^G2 ^L14 ^R70 ^M73 ^N129When you print to the screen a file that you've formatted for double-column printing, the two columns appear as they will print. However, the screen can only show 80 columns. Therefore, you most likely will only see part of the second column during print preview.DUPLICATING TEXT. To duplicate a portion of text from one part of a text file to another part of the file, first position the cursor at the beginning of what you want to duplicate and press [Shift F5]. Next, position the cursor at the end of what you want to duplicate and press [Shift F5] again. Finally, position the cursor where you want the text to be duplicated (the cursor must be outside the marked block), and press [F2]. From this point until you perform another deletion or duplication, the marked block of text is held in a failsafe buffer, and can be inserted anywhere in the document simply by positioning the cursor and pressing the [Undo] key.You may duplicate a block of text as many times as you like. After marking your block, press [F2] for the first duplication and then the [Undo] key for as many more duplications as you want. If you want to duplicate it more than once, however, be careful not to delete anything until you've completed your duplication procedures. A block of text that you duplicate is stored in the failsafe text buffer of your computer, where it will be replaced by the next deletion. Also keep in mind that the capacity of your failsafe text buffer is about 20,000 characters of text. So if you want to duplicate a block of more than 13 pages or so, do it in segments.EDIT FILE. Select this option from the ST Writer menu when you want to revise or reformat a text file already in your computer's memory.ELONGATED PRINT. Characters that are twice as W I D E as normal. See Print styles (fonts).ERROR MESSAGES. When ST Writer finds a mistake in an entry or command that you've given, or detects a problem in your computer system, it displays the appropriate error message in the Message Window at the bottom of your screen. Press any key to continue.FILENAMES. Filenames may be up to eight characters in length, optionally followed by a period and a three-character extender -- for example, RFGUIDE.001. You must give every file a filename in order to save it on a disk. ST Writer uses the same conventions as your TOS operating system for allowable characters in filenames -- letters, numbers, and punctuation are permissible. Lower case letters are converted to upper case in the actual filename.FONTS. ST Writer uses three basic fonts: PICA (10 characters per inch, CPI), ELITE (12 CPI), and COMPRESSED (17 CPI). Each font may be further modified by printing in bold, italics, superscript, or subscript, or underlined. See Print styles for further information. FOOTERS. One (or optionally, two) lines of text that appear at the bottom of each page in your document. See Headers, footers, and page numbering.FORMAT DISK. In order to store your ST Writer text files, disks must be formatted with TOS. While it's always a good idea to keep an extra formatted diskette on hand, (see Diskette management), you can use the Format Disk selection from the ST Writer menu to format a disk during a work session with ST Writer. Simply insert the diskette you want to format in your disk drive and select Format Disk from the menu by pressing F. The Message Window shows All data will be erased, 'Y' to format. Type Y to continue with the format operation. Type any other letter to return to the SELECT LETTER prompt. After typing Y, type A or B for the drive containing the disk you wish to format. Next you're asked Type of drive (SF354 or SF314):SF354. Note that the default response for a single-sided drive is already supplied, and you need only press [Return] to begin such a format. To format double-sided, if you have an SF314 drive, type SF314 and press [Return] -- the SF354 disappears at the first keypress. At the prompt Enter name for disk: enter in a disk name following filename conventions (up to eight characters with an optional three-character extender), or just press [Return] for no disk name. The message Formatting disk appears and the disk is formatted. If there are any problems (such as the disk being write-protected), the message Unable to format disk. appears. Press any key to return to the SELECT LETTER prompt.FORMATTING TEXT FILES. How ST Writer formats your text files is controlled by a variety of formatting commands and values entered either in the Print Formatting Block at the top of each file or within the body of the file. Each time you select Create File from the ST Writer menu, the program's default values for formatting are refreshed in the Print Formatting Block, but you can change them or add to them as you wish. You can edit formatting commands and values -- delete or modify them -- just as you can text. See your Quick Reference Guide for a summary of all formatting commands used with ST Writer. You can examine a formatted text file on your screen prior to printing by using Print to Screen.FORM PRINTING. (Also called Database Merge.) You can leave blanks in a text file that you want to use as a form, and fill them in -- with names and addresses, account numbers, and the like -- each time you print the file. Wherever you want to leave a blank, press function key F9. An inverse video ? appears at that point on your screen. Press F9 at the desired location for each entry that you'll be filling in.When ST Writer prints the file, it stops when it encounters each such command and prompts you FORM DATA FROM FILE Y/N? If you have previously created a data file, type Y. The prompt DATA FILE NAME? will appear. Type in the data file name and press [Return]. ST WRITER will read the data file and insert the data in sequence into your text. If you do not have a data file, you will be prompted to MAKE ENTRY?. Type what you want to fill in the blank -- up to 55 characters per blank -- and press [Return]. When you complete each entry, ST Writer continues printing the file.Alternately, you can supply information for each blank from a text file output by a database management program. See the instructions from compatible database managers for further instructions.If you're using the hand-entry method and have left a number of blanks, it's a good idea to jot down a list of them, because you won't be able to see the file on your screen when you're prompted to make your entries during printing.As an example, here is a simple input file for a form letter (the question mark ? represents a place where data will be inserted): Company ABC  432 Soup Ave  Sterling, VA 22170  ? ? ?  Dear ?:   Enclosed is your bill for ?. Please remit payment as soon as possible. Thank you.   Sincerely,  John Doe  President, ABC This file is requesting five inputs. Three are for the address, one for the addressee's name, and one for the bill. A typical data input file (with entries for two letters) might look something like this:John Smith 111 N. Fillmore Sweatwater, VA 22222Dear Mr. Smith $234.56 Susan Roundhouse 989 S. 87th St. Seattle, WA 98888 Dear Ms. Roundhouse $505.87 If you were to print your input file with this data file, two letters would be printed. If you had 50 names in the data file, 50 letters would be printed.FREE MEMORY. When first creating a file in ST Writer, you start off with approximately 200,000 bytes, or characters, of memory (more or less depending on system) available for your text -- room for over 130 double-spaced pages. If you have a 1040 ST or a one-meg 520 ST, you will start with about 863K bytes of free memory or enough to hold a 172,000+ word document. At 350 words/page on a typical double-spaced typescript, this represents almost 500 pages! This number is reduced if you have any of the accessories such as the Control Panel installed in your desktop. To remove desktop accessories, use the GEM desktop to change resolution with a non-system disk in the default drive, or if you have a monochrome monitor (cannot change resolution), rename the desk accessories on your system disk and reboot the system. ST Writer constantly displays the available memory, expressed in bytes, in the Message Window at the bottom of your screen. One byte equals roughly one typed character, and you can figure on about 1500 bytes for each standard double-spaced page.In any case, it's a good idea to leave yourself with a margin of free memory with every file you write, just so you'll have some memory to work with if you want to edit (or add to) a file later on. When your computer's memory will accept only about one more screen full of text, ST Writer alerts you by displaying a "memory low" message. When this happens, save the file and start a new file to continue the document you're working on.HEADERS, FOOTERS, and PAGE NUMBERING. For headers or footers of one or two lines on every page of your printed text file, enter the appropriate commands and text at the beginning of the file, on the screen line or lines just below the formatting commands and values displayed on the first line. To begin headers or footers elsewhere than on the first page, or to change the text of your headers or footers, you can also enter the required commands and text within the file. In this case, however, each header or footer command and line of text (preceded, if you like, by elongated print and center text or block text right commands) must be the only material entered on a screenline. In either case, be sure that no line of header or footer text exceeds your overall page margins.To specify a header, press ^H, then type the text of the header and press [Return]. For a two-line header, enter a ^H, then the text and a [Return] for each separate line.To specify a footer, press ^F, then type the text of the footer and press [Return]. For a two-line footer, enter a ^F, then the text and a [Return] for each separate line.To discontinue a header or a footer, type two ^H's or two ^F's followed by a [Return].For consecutively numbered printed pages, type @ ([Shift 2]) at that point in your header or footer text where you want page numbers to appear (for page numbers only, use the @ symbol as the entire text of your header or footer). ST Writer will number the page where you enter your page numbering command as 1, and subsequent pages in order, unless you specify a different starting page number. To do this, press ^Q after the [Return] that concludes your header or footer text, then type in the number of the starting page number you want (from 1 through 999).Note that a NEGATIVE number following the ^Q indicates that you want your left and right blocked headers and footers to each block to the opposite margin on alternate pages.Headers or footers appear one full line below or above the top or bottom of your printed pages. By default, ST Writer prints headers, footers, and page numbers in the print style you've formatted for the entire text file, and aligns them to the left margin. If you want to change the print style or left or right margins, or want elongated print, centered or flush right, enter the appropriate commands just after your header or footer commands. The main text body will not be affected by these formatting commands in your header or footer.INDEX OF FILES. For a directory of files on a disk or within a folder, press I from the ST Writer menu. At the prompt 'P' to printer, 'S' to screen: S, press [Return] to accept the default (screen print), or P for a printed index (make sure your printer is ready). Next ST Writer asks for the Path name: -- see Path name for details. When you enter the Path name, ST Writer reads the disk directory and prints it on the indicated device. Also shown are the number of bytes contained in each file. Files generated by ST Writer and folders are indicated as such, and locked files are marked with an asterisk (see Locking files). If you have more than 21 files and folders on your disk, ST Writer scrolls the directory listing upward on your screen to show every entry. To momentarily pause the listing, press any key; press it again to restart the scrolling. At the end of the directory listing, ST Writer again presents you with the printer/screen prompt, in case you wish to index a different disk or folder. To return to the menu, press [Esc].INSERTING TEXT. In INSERT mode, to insert text simply position the cursor where you want and begin typing. ST Writer pushes the text to the right of and below your insertion as far as necessary to accomodate the new text. Use the same procedure to enter formatting commands within a text file that you've already written. You can tell you are in Insert mode if you see a capital 'I' toward the bottom right-hand side of the information window. You toggle the insert mode on and off by pressing the [Insert] key. Note that when you press the [Insert[ key, the letter 'I' changes to a letter 'T' and you are now in the TYPEOVER mode. In this mode, any text you type will REPLACE the text that is already in your document.INSTALL PRINTER. The Install Printer accessory from the Desk menu on the GEM desktop allows you to choose the type printer you will be using (dot matrix or daisywheel, black and white or color, dot configuration), paper use (single sheet or continuous feed), and quality of print (draft or final). If the codes for draft or final have been placed in your printer configuration file, you can selec single- (draft) or double- (final) strike printing. You may also change ports so that your text gets printed via the modem (RS232) serial port, rather than to the parallel printer port.JUSTIFIED RIGHT MARGINS. The justified right margin command works like a simple On/Off switch. The default value of 0, displayed next to the inverse video J in the Print Formatting Block, gives you nonjustified (ragged) right margins. For justified right margins, change this value to 1. You can change from one to the other within a text file by entering ^J and the appropriate value.LINE SPACING. ST Writer measures line spacing in half-lines. The default value for line spacing is single spacing, represented by the 2 next to the inverse video S in the Print Formatting Block. For double spacing, change this value to 4. To vary line spacing within a document, press ^S and type in the appropriate value wherever you want the spacing to change. The new value must be an even number.When you use [Return]s to create blank lines in a text file, keep in mind that ST Writer inserts blank lines according to the value of S for each such [Return].LOAD FILE. To load a text file from a disk drive, select Load File from the ST Writer menu by pressing L. At the Load file: prompt, enter the Path name (see Path name) for the file you wish to load. If you've previously loaded or created a text file during the current session, ST Writer first asks, Erase file in memory, Y/N ?. An exception to this happens if you've previously saved the file and did not edit it after the last save -- the new file is simply loaded when you enter its name. If you press Y, the file in memory is erased, whether or not you proceed with the load.If while loading a file ST Writer finds that your computer's memory is full, Buffer is full, file not loaded appears in your Message Window. That part of the file that's been loaded is erased from memory.LOCKING FILES. To lock a text file that you've saved to disk, you must return to the GEM desktop (see Quit). Open a window for the drive that contains the file to be locked, and select the file by pointing to its icon (or filename) and clicking the left mouse button once so the icon is highlighted. Then point at the File heading on the Menu Bar, and select the Show Info option.This is the same Dialog Box you would use to rename the file. To lock the file, select Read-Only, then OK.If you load a locked text file, revise it with ST Writer, and then try to save it again under the same filename, ST Writer asks, ALREADY EXISTS, 'Y' to replace it. If you type Y (no [Return] necessary) ST Writer gives you the message ERROR trying to open the file. Press any key to return to the Save file: prompt and enter a different name under which to save the file.MARGINS. ST Writer measures a page from top to bottom in half-lines, and from left to right in character spaces. The default values for page margins are represented in the Print Formatting Block as follows:T12 B12 L10 R70 Top Bottom Left RightTo change any of these margins for the entire text file, simply delete the value shown and type in your own. You can also change margins within a file; just press [Control] and the appropriate letter, then type in the value you want. Values for the top and bottom margin must be even numbers.You may have to experiment a bit, adjusting the paper in your printer, to get the correct top margins on your printed pages. With the default value of 12 for T, your top margins should be one inch.For a continuous printout of a file, without page breaks, set your top and bottom margins at 0 and delete any headers or footers from the file.MERGING TEXT. You can merge a file from disk with the file currently in your computer's memory with this command. Keep in mind, though, that when merging files you run the risk of overflowing your computer's free memory. To merge two files, first position the cursor where you want the merged text to appear in the file currently in your computer's memory. Then press function key [F8]. ST Writer then prompts Load file:, at which you should enter a Path name for the file to be merged (see Path name). If while merging one file with another ST Writer finds that your computer's free memory is full, a warning message appears in the Message Window, the merge is halted and that portion of the merged file that has loaded is erased.MOVING TEXT. To move a block of text from one place to another in a text file, position the cursor at the beginning of the passage you want to move and press [Shift F5]. Then move the cursor to the end of the passage and press [Shift F5] again. Next, move the cursor to the point where you want to reposition the passage, and press [Shift F2]. Remember that you can move only about 20,000 bytes of text (the capacity of your failsafe buffer) at a time. If you want to move a larger block of text, do it in segments.PAGE EJECT. Use this command when you want ST Writer to halt printing at a given point in a text file and space to the top of the next page before printing is resumed -- for example, in a multisection document where you want each section to begin on a fresh page. To enter this command, position the cursor where you want a page eject to take place and press ^E.A number following ^E specifies a Conditional Page Eject. The number is the number of lines to appear in a block, and should not exceed the number of lines between the top and bottom margins. If the block will not fit on the current page, the current page is filled with blanks and the text block is moved to the start of the following page.PAGE LENGTH. When formatting and printing a text file, ST Writer uses this formatting command -- represented by the inverse video Y in the Print Formatting Block -- to determine where the next printed page should begin. Keep your page length set at the default value of 132 (half-lines) for 8 1/2 by 11-inch paper. For a continuous printout of a text file without page breaks, set your top and bottom margins at 0 and delete any headers or footers from the file. Values for page length must be even numbers, and 224 is the maximum value of Y that ST Writer allows.PAGE NUMBERING. To automatically print out page numbers in your headers or footers, use the '@' symbol in your header or footer text where you want the actual page number printed. See Headers, footers, and page numbering for more information.PAGE WAIT. Use this command when you want to print a text file on separate sheets of paper -- for example, on bond, letterhead, or your personal stationery. Enter ^W in the Print Formatting Block at the top of your file for a page wait on every page of the file. ST Writer will stop printing at the bottom of each page; after inserting a fresh sheet of paper in your printer, press any key to start printing the next page. You may also invoke this command by using the Install Printer desk accessory, and using the "single" sheet selection.PARAGRAPHS. Mark the beginning of every paragraph by pressing ^P -- ST Writer displays an inverse video letter P at that point on your screen. Press [Return] at the end of each paragraph -- ST Writer displays an inverse video 'less than' symbol at that point.Two formatting commands control how your paragraphs appear when formatted and printed by ST Writer. The default value for paragraph spacing, displayed next to the inverse video D in the Print Formatting Block, is 4 blank half-lines, or double spacing, between paragraphs. To change this value, just delete the 4 and type in the value you want.The default value for paragraph indentation, displayed next to the inverse video I in the Print Formatting Block, is 5 spaces (from the left page margin). For a different paragraph indentation, delete the 5 and substitute the value you want. -5ST WRITER also allows negative indentation (outdenting or undenting). Type ^I followed by a negative value (eg., [-5]). Each time a ^P is encountered thereafter, the first line of the paragraph will be alligned flush with the left margin, and succeeding lines will be indented. This paragraph is an example of outdenting. 0PATH NAME. Path names are used to indicate files held in folders on your disk. See your ATARI 520ST Owner's Manual for a description of folders and how to use them. Path names can be entered at any of ST Writer's prompts for filenames or Path names. A path name is similar to a filename, but may also optionally indicate a folder name (or folder names) in order to tell ST Writer what path to take through your various directories and subdirectories in order to access your file.Say, for example, that you would like to use a folder named TEXT to hold your ST Writer files. To create the folder, follow the instructions for Creating Folders in your ATARI 520ST Owner's Manual. Then, after invoking ST Writer and creating your file, press [Esc] to return to the main menu and select Save File by pressing the S key. At the prompt, first enter the drive identifier (A:, B:, or C:), then type a reverse slash (the key to the right of the [Return] key), then the folder name (TEXT), then another reverse slash, then the filename under which you wish to save the file (e.g. B:\TEXT\MYFILE.TXT). Thus, a path name is simply a filename with one or more folder names inserted, offset by reverse slash marks. To obtain a directory listing of the folder TEXT, select Index of Files from the main menu, select Screen or Printer, then at the prompt for Path name:, type B:\TEXT and [Return].Since folders can contain folders, you can use more than one folder name in a path name. For instance, if the disk in drive B: contains a folder named LETTERS in the folder named TEXT, a path name to file MYFILE would resemble this: B:\TEXT\LETTERS\MYFILE.PRINTER CONTROLS. If you do not have an Epson or Epson-compatible printer (including the ATARI SMM804), you can still format and print your ST Writer text files by entering the desired printer controls directly in your files.Wherever you want to enter a printer control, first press ^O, then type in the decimal equivalent of the appropriate code understood by your printer. For instance, to send a decimal code 15, type ^O15. Be sure to type a space after the number -- ST Writer uses this space as a delimiter. You should be able to find a listing of codes used by your printer in the manual that came with it. Note: when you enter a printer control code with ^O on a page, that entire page will be formatted by the code you enter.PRINT FILE. You can print your text to the screen (see Print preview), to a disk file, to a serial printer or modem, or to a parallel printer. (Note: To print to a printer or modem connected to your computer's RS232 serial port, first use the Install Printer option from the GEM desktop Desk menu to set the Printer Port to Modem, -- see your 520ST Owner's Manual -- then print to the printer as usual.) To print a file, load it in memory if not already present, go to the ST Writer menu, and press P. ST Writer prompts, select: Printer, Disk, or Screen -- press the first letter of the desired output device. For further instructions on printing to the screen, see Print preview.The message Searching for printer config file on disk appears in the Message Window as soon as ST WRITER has loaded into the computer, and the disk drive spins momentarily. When this happens, ST Writer is looking for the file XYZZX.DAT on your default drive; the drive from which you loaded the ST Writer program. For further information on this file, see Printer Configuration File. Whether or not the printer configuration file is found, ST Writer still can print your file.From the ST Writer menu, to print your file to a printer, press P. Note: If your printer supports proportional print and you wish to use this, you must first return to the GEM desktop and use the Install Printer option from the Desk menu to set Printer Type to Daisy. To send the formatted text to a disk file that you can later transmit to another computer or print out directly from the GEM desktop, press D. ST Writer prompts you for a file name and then sends the formatted text to that file.The next prompt, Enter number of copies?, is followed by the number 1. Press [Return] to accept the default value of one copy. To print more than one copy, type the new number of copies, then press [Return].Next ST Writer prompts Print whole document Y/N?. Type Y (or just press [Return]) to print the entire text, or type N to print a range of pages. If you press N, ST Writer asks you for the beginning page number with the prompt Enter first?. Press [Return] to accept the default value, page 1, or press [Backspace] once and type a new beginning page number and [Return]. Then at the prompt Enter last?, press [Return] to accept the default last page 999, or use [Backspace] to edit the entry. To temporarily halt printing, press ^S, and to resume, press any key. You can stop printing and return to the main menu at any time by pressing the [Esc] key.Hint: Printing your file to a disk file is a convenient way of creating documentation on disk for a program you've written. Users can show a file printed to disk on the screen or print it out from the GEM desktop by double-clicking the file's icon or filename. Type instructions for your program into ST Writer, then print the text to a file named README.DOC, then write "Show (print) README.DOC for instructions" on your disk label.In GEM mode, there is one dialog box which allows you to select the number of copies, the range of pages to print, and the device to print to.PRINT PREVIEW. This feature of ST Writer lets you examine a formatted text file on your monitor screen prior to printing it. You can use Print preview at any time while creating or editing a file.For a print preview, press [Esc] from the editor to return to the ST Writer menu, then select Print File. At the prompt select: Printer, Disk, or Screen? press S for screen print. For directions for responding to the next prompt, Print whole document Y/N?, see Print File above. Next, ST Writer prints your formatted file to the screen, showing each page break with a dotted line across the screen width. To pause this screen print, press ^S, then press any key to resume the listing. Return to the ST Writer menu any time by pressing [Esc].PRINT STYLES. (fonts). ST Writer offers you a choice of sixteen combinations of print styles or fonts -- check the manual that came with your printer to see which ones your printer is capable of.The default print style of ST Writer, represented by the 0 next to the inverse video G in the Print Formatting Block is Pica, or 10 characters per inch (CPI). To format your entire file for condensed print (16.7 CPI), change this value to 2. To print in Elite style, type 8 after the inverse video G. For 9-bold print8-, add +1 to the font number (0, 2, or 8); to print in 12-italics8-, add +4; and to print in 13-bold italics8-, add +5.To vary the print style within a file, position the cursor where you want a new print style to begin, press ^G, and type in the value desired. You can add the above values to use more than one style at a time -- use this table:8BASIC ^G CODE STYLE ADD FOR ============== ==================== ==== ============== 0 Pica (10 cpi) +1 BOLD  2 Condensed (17 cpi) +4 ITALICS  8 Elite (12 cpi) +5 BOLD,ITALICS Thus, for bold elite use 8+1 or ^G9. For compressed italics, use 2+4 or ^G6. For bold pica, use 0+1=^G1. Be sure to leave a space after each ^G setting, i.e. This word is ^G1 bold^G0 and this one is not.NOTE: In most cases, leaving the space will work exactly as promised. However, if you are changing fonts within the body of a paragraph, when that paragraph is formatted, the word that is to be changed may just happen to be the last one on a line. As such, if it is too big, STWRITER automatically moves it to the next line (this is called word-wrapping). To move it to the next line, it searches backward until it finds a space and then it knows where the word began and it can move that entire word to the beginning of the next line. Unfortunately, if that space just happened to be the one that you placed after a ^G1 command because you wanted to make the word bold face, the word is moved to the next line, but the associated ^G1 is not and the bold face command would suddenly not be working properly. To correct this, admittedly rare, but annoying "bug", an alternative implementation of the ^G command has been added. Instead of a "space" after the font number, use a "dash", i.e. this is in ^G12-12-elite italics8-^G8-. The "dash" is not printed but it does serve to connect the ^G1 command to the first word you are trying to modify. Of course, remember that when using any of these font changes, the print styles you select are not represented as such in Print preview.PRINTER CONFIGURATION FILE. This is an auxiliary file named XYZZX.DAT that ST Writer looks for and reads, if available, each time you boot up ST Writer. The configuration file that comes on your ST Writer is set up for Epson printers and compatibles; however, you can make your own printer driver file if the default driver is not correct.The file, CONFIG.TXT, has all the printer codes used in making a printer driver file. Load CONFIG.TXT into ST Writer. Each printer characteristic, such as turn underline on, is represented by a commented line (indicate by an asterisk) followed by 8 possible control codes. Most printer controls can be set with two or three codes, but some complex settings may require all 8. Any of the 8 codes you do not use should remain a '255' which represents a null value. (You must retain all 8 codes for each characteristic.) Look up the appropriate codes in your printer manual to implement such features as italics on/off, underline on/off, double-strike on/off, elite on, pica on, compressed on, etc. Place these codes in the CONFIG.TXT file. When you are finished, save the CONFIG.TXT file to disk.The file CONFIG.TOS is used to create your printer driver file. Double-click on the CONFIG.TOS program. This program will read your CONFIG.TXT input file and create a file called XYZZX.DAT. This file is the ST Writer printer driver file. Whenever you bootup ST Writer, it looks for an XYZZX.DAT file on the disk and, if it finds it, uses the printer control codes in that file for all its formatting. Note that if your printer cannot support some features, even if ST Writer has those features, you will not be able to use them. For example, some printers only allow an "emphasized" letter-quality mode when using PICA font. Thus, even though you specify bold elite in ST Writer, your printer won't handle the output correctly. In cases such as this, you may want to use the code for double-strike to implement bold rather than the code for emphasized printing. Double-strike usually works in PICA, ELITE, or COMPRESSED fonts.QUIT. Use this command to exit ST Writer and return to the GEM desktop. From the main menu press Q. If you have made any changes to your text file since the last time you saved it, ST Writer prompts Quit without saving file in memory?. Press Y or y to exit ST Writer, or any other key to return to the main menu.RECEIVE FILE FROM 850. Use this function to transfer a file from an ATARI 400, 800, XL or current XE Computer using AtariWriter or AtariWriter Plus to your ST. You must have an ATARI 850 Interface Module connected to your 400, 800, XL or XE Computer in order to make this transfer.A special cable called a "null modem cable" is required to connect the two computers. You probably will not be able to find such a cable ready-made -- you must either make it yourself or have it made for you. Most cities have stores that will custom-make a cable for a reasonable fee. To make the cable, obtain a female 25-pin connector for the ST end, a female 9-pin connector for the 850 end, and a length of cable with at least five wires. Connect these pins on the two connectors:825-pin pin # TO: 9-pin pin #------------ --- ----------- 2 4  3 3  4 8  7 5  8 7 To transfer a file, first load AtariWriter or AtariWriter Plus and the file to be transferred into your ATARI 400, 800, XL or XE. Make sure that you have downloaded the RS232 handler from the 850 -- follow the instructions with your DOS manual. If using AtariWriter Plus, make sure your 850 Interface is connected and turned on before you load the program disk. Next, on your ST, run ST Writer. Connect the two computers with your cable. Next, press R on the ST keyboard to activate the Receive file from 850 command. Then press S on the other computer's keyboard to Save File. When prompted for DEVICE:FILENAME, enter R: and press [Return]. The file is then transferred to the ST Writer text buffer, where you see it appear. After the transfer is finished, it's a good idea to save the transferred file to disk for safekeeping before editing it.SAVE BLOCK. After marking the beginning and end of a block of text with [Shift F5], you can save the marked block to a disk file. Mark the block, then press [Shift F8]. ST Writer prompts for a filename with: Save block as:. Enter a filename or Path name, then press [Return] to save the block on disk. You can merge this text with another file with the F8 key (see Merging text.) Hint: an easy way to delete the block markers after saving the block (20,000 bytes or less only) is to press [F5] to delete the block, then [Undo] to restore it.SAVE FILE. To store a text file on a diskette, select Save File from the ST Writer menu by pressing S. Insert a formatted disk in your disk drive (if you don't have a formatted disk on hand, you can have ST Writer format one for you -- see Format Disk.) Then type a filename (optionally including Path name -- see Path name), and press [Return].If your file already has a filename associated with it (i.e. you previously loaded it from disk, rather than creating it from scratch), ST Writer prints out that name after the Save file: prompt. Simply press [Return] to save the file.Important Note: In the latter case, or if the filename you have entered already exists on disk, ST Writer does not print a warning message in the Message Window. Therefore if you wish to retain an original copy of the document you are editing, save the edited version under a different filename.SEARCH AND REPLACE. Use this feature of ST Writer to search for, replace, or delete any string of text up to 57 characters in length. On command, ST Writer executes a search from the current position of the cursor to the end or the beginning of a text file, in either direction.There are four ways to search; Search Reverse, Search Forward, Replace, and Query Replace. To conduct a Forward Search, from the cursor position to the end of a file, press function key F6. ST Writer then prompts Forward search : in the Message Window. Enter the character, word, or phrase you wish to find, then press the [Esc]. Using the [Esc] key as a terminator in the search phrase allows you to search for phrases that include the [Return] character. You can also search for other non-alphanumeric characters, including all [Control] key combinations. Pressing [Esc] activates the search, whereupon ST Writer moves the cursor to the first incidence of the sought phrase. If it does not appear in the text, the Message Window shows String was not found.If found, to search again for the same phrase, press F6 again. The Forward search : prompt reappears, followed by the last seach phrase. Simply press [Esc] to search for that phrase. To search for a different phrase, press any key and the old search phrase is automatically deleted, making room for a new search phrase.To search backwards in your file, press [Shift F6]. Reverse Search works identically to Forward Search, except that it searches from the cursor position to the beginning of the file, rather than to the end. Forward Search and Reverse Search use the same buffer for the search phrase.If you want to replace the phrase you're searching for with a different phrase, use function key F7. Pressing F7 alone causes ST Writer to confirm each replacement operation with you, and [Shift F7] effects replacement of all occurrences of the sought phrase without verification, also known as global replace. After pressing either, ST Writer prompts: (Query) Replace :. Enter the search phrase (including presses of [Return], if applicable), then press the [Esc] key. Next, ST Writer prompts: With :. Enter the phrase that is to replace the search phrase. For instance, you can use Replace to change the name John to Jack through your entire manuscript. If you have selected Query Replace, and the search phrase is found, the message window prompts: Type 'Y' to replace string:. Pressing Y replaces the phrase and moves the cursor forward to the next occurrence of the search phrase (if any). Pressing any other key does not perform the replacement, but still moves the cursor to the next incidence of the search phrase. Note that Replace and Query Replace search forward only from the cursor position.Note: if, while entering a search or replace phrase, you decide not to make the search after all, press ^K to abort the process and return to editing your document.If you press [Shift F7] for global replace, all incidences of the search phrase are automatically replaced by the replace phrase without query. This is a powerful command, and should be used carefully!When entering a search phrase, you must type it exactly as it appears in your file. When the string is a single short word that might appear in your file as a part of longer words, it's a good idea to type in blank spaces before and after it. If you do this, though, include the same blank spaces in your replace phrase. And keep in mind that ST Writer will not recognize occurrences of such a search phrase that have punctuation marks immediately before or after them.To halt a search-and-replace operation, press [Esc].SECTION HEADINGS. Use this feature of ST Writer to number section and subsection headings in a multisection document. The easiest way to explain its use is with an example.Say you're writing a text file about nutrition. In outline, it includes the following sections and subsections:8 DESIRED STRUCTURE USE THESE COMMANDS Fruits and vegetables ^U1 Fruits and vegetables Fruits ^U2 Fruits  Fresh fruits ^U3 Fresh fruits  Preserves ^U3 Preserves  Vegetables ^U2 Vegetables Dairy Products ^U1 Dairy Products To number each of these section and subsection headings when entering them in your file, press ^U and type the number of the section level, then the text of the heading and [Return]. In this case, Fruits and vegetables is the highest level of headings, so you type 1 after [Shift F8]. The section level for both Fruits and Vegetables is 2, and 3 for both Fresh fruits and Preserves. For Dairy products, you return to a section level of 1. You can specify section levels of 1 through 9. Wherever you enter a section heading command and number, ST Writer displays a European paragraph symbol followed by the section level number you've entered.When it formats and prints your file, ST Writer numbers your section headings, raising the numbers for each occurrence of a section heading command at a given level. In other words, the section headings in your file on nutrition would be numbered as follows:71 Fruits and vegetables1.1 Fruits 1.1.1 Fresh fruits 1.1.2 Preserves 1.2 Vegetables 2 Dairy products You should format your section headings according to your preferences. Add as many spaces between each section level number and heading as you want between the section number and heading. And use paragraph markers, center or block text right commands, and print style commands in combination with your section heading commands to format your headings the way you want them.To reset your numbering of section headings -- say, in a large document where you want a numbered system of headings in each chapter -- press ^U and type the number 0. Then press ^U again and the desired level number when you enter your next heading.SOURCE FILES. You can create source code files in BASIC, LOGO, C, etc. with ST WRITER. Set ^B to 0 (zero), ^G to 2, ^L to 1, ^R to 198 and ^T to 0. Be certain that none of your lines of code exceed the 198 character limit without an intervening carriage return. Also, the last page of your source code may not fill up the whole page, and when printed will have several carriage returns following the text. Use the print preview to find the page break (occurring at the end of the each page). When you see the beginning of the last page, make note of the position and number of lines on the final page in the file. Then edit your file by inserting ^Y followed by a number that is double the number of lines on the last page, somewhere in the text prior to the end. Then Print your file to disk. It is a good idea to also Save your text file under another name in case you wish to edit it later.SUBSCRIPTS AND SUPERSCRIPTS. Printed a half-line below or above the line, subscripts and superscripts are especially useful when you're writing about chemical or mathematical formulas or including footnote numbers in your text files. (Check the manual that came with your printer to see if it's capable of printing subscripts and superscripts.)To specify a subscript, press function key F10 before typing the material to be subscripted and [Shift F10] after. To specify a superscript, press [Shift F10] before and F10 after the material to be superscripted.ST Writer displays inverse video up and down arrows where these commands are entered. So the chemical formula for water would appear on your screen as H(down arrow)2(up arrow)O, and Einstein's famous Theory of Relativity as E=mc(up arrow)2(down arrow). If you wanted to use a superscript o as a degree symbol, the boiling point of water would appear as 212(up arrow)o(down arrow)F.TABS. The series of arrows that appear every five spaces along the top of your Message Window each time you begin a work session with ST Writer are the default Tab settings of ST Writer. To remove any of the default Tab settings (or stops), first move your cursor to a Tab stop and press [Shift F4]. ST Writer prompts you to Type 'Y' to clear current tab stop: -- pressing Y clears the stop and removes its arrow from the Message Window. Conversely, to set a new Tab stop, simply position the cursor at the desired setting and press function key [F4].To clear all Tab stops, press ^Tab, and to restore ST Writer's default tab stops, press [Shift Tab].Here are some important facts to know about using Tabs. Using the Tab key alone always inserts spaces to the next Tab stop. To tab forward to the next stop without inserting spaces, press [Shift (right arrow)], and to tab backward to the previous tab stop, press [Shift (left arrow)]. Also, Tab settings are saved along with your text file; thus, you don't need to reset them each time you load and edit the file.Tabs are perhaps most often used to create columns of numbers or words. In such applications, we highly recommend that you use ST Writer in TOS's medium or high resolution to take advantage of the 80-column screen for proper layout of your document.UNDERLINING TEXT. To enter underlined text in a file, press [Shift F3] before typing in the text. An inverse video underline character appears. Press [Shift F3] again to return to ordinary text.UPPER AND LOWERCASE CHARACTERS. To enter a single upper-case character, of course, you hold down the [Shift] key while typing the character. For all uppercase letters, press the [CapsLock] key, whereupon the letter C appears in the right half of the message window, and press it again to return to all lowercase.With ST Writer you can also change letters that you've already entered from lower to uppercase or vice versa. To do this, position the cursor on the letter you want to change and press function key [F3]. To change a series of characters, simply hold down the [F3] key.is not and the bold face command would suddenly not be working properly. To correct this, admittedly rare, bu