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T132
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^LECIONO 6.
-(6 = ses)
-
.
-In this lesson we'll start with the numbers. You know and have used some
-of them already:
.
&unu             - one
&du              - two
&tri             - three
&kvar            - four
&kvin            - five
-
-The next ones are:
.
&ses             - six
&sep             - seven
&ok              - eight
##na            # - nine
&dek             - ten
.
-Now read the whole series aloud:
)unu - du - tri - kvar - kvin - ses - sep - ok - na - dek.
\
-Can you do it without looking? Try!
.
)*unu - du - tri - kvar - kvin - ses - sep - ok - na - dek.
-
-After that you simply combine, in the same order as the digits are written:
.
&dek unu         - eleven
&dek du          - twelve
&dek tri         - thirteen
-etc.
-(Often a hyphen is used, e.g. "dek-unu".)
.
-The order is important, because the other way round denominations of ten
-are expressed:
.
&dudek           - twenty
&tridek          - thirty
-etc.
-
-simple, isn't it?
.
-
-The evening program has already finished. But Masao doesn't feel like
-going to bed, naturally. He would like to go for a walk through the winter
-night with Mariola from Poland. At dinner she had said:
)Mi lo{as en eambro \Qo\5k!
-Do you know now in which room she lives?
.
-In room eight.
-
-Masao doesn't really know where this room is. So he asks Vera:
<Vera, kie trovi{as eambro \Qo\5k?
-'Vera, where is room eight?'
-Vera answers:
(Mi ne scias.
-What does she answer? (scii = to know)
.
-'I don't know.'
-
-The pronunciation of the verb "scii" is rather tongue-twisting: First an
-"s", then a "c", thus like 'stsii'. Say the sentence out aloud several
-times:
(*Mi ne scias.
-
-Claudia is passing by.
-Masao asks her now:
<du vi scias, kie trovi{as eambro \Qo\5k?
-'Do you know where room eight is?'
-Claudia thinks about it briefly, then she says:
)zi trovi{as en la dua \Qeta{o.
-What could that mean?
.
-'It's on the second floor.'
-
-Two things are interesting about this sentence:
-1. The word "eta{o".
-   It  means 'floor, including the rooms built on it'.
-   Hence, 'ON the second floor' is translated "EN la dua eta{o"
-   ('in' the second floor).
-   In Esperanto, like in British English and many other languages, floors
-   are counted starting with the first one above the ground. So in our
-   example it would be the third floor in American English.
-2. The word "dua".
-   We simply append an "a" to "du" - and we get the ordinal number:
-   "dua" = 'second'. This is because ordinal numbers are something like
-   number adjectives. You can treat the other numbers in just the same way.
-
-So how can you say: 'I live on the fifth floor.'?
.
>Mi lo{as en la kvina \Qeta{o.
-And: 'The dining room is on the first floor.'?
.
)La man{ejo trovi{as en la unua \Qeta{o.
-'That is the fourth beer.'
.
<Tio estas la kvara biero.
-
-Fantastic! But now let's watch Masao on his way to the second floor.
-He sees Mariola there, who is talking with Ferenc from Hungary.
-He says:
<Saluton, Mariola! du vi deziras promeni kun mi?
-What does Masao suggest? (promeni = to go for a walk)
.
-'Hello, Mariola! Would you like to go for a walk with me?'
-
-Answer for Mariola:
-'Yes, I'd like to go for a walk with you.
.
)Jes, mi deziras promeni kun vi.
-
-But what does Mariola really say? She says:
-(nur = only, preni = to take (here: to fetch), mantelo = coat)
)Jes, certe. Mi nur volas preni mantelon.
-'Yes, of course. I only want to fetch a coat.'
-
-A minute later Mariola comes back from her room.
)i demandas al Ferenc: du vi volas anka promeni kun ni?
-You can surely translate that, can't you? (i = she)
.
-She asks Ferenc: 'Do you want to go for a walk with us too?'
-
-In Esperanto the verb "demandi" (to ask) is often used with "al". It's
-just as correct, though, to use the accusative case:
-"mi demandas vin".
-The same applies to "respondi" (to answer): "mi respondas al vi" or: "mi
-respondas vin".
.
-
-So you can surely translate: (laca = tired)
>Ferenc respondas al i: Ne, mi estas laca. Mi iras dormi.
-Ferenc answers her: 'No, I'm tired. I'm going to bed.'
-The last sentence literally means: 'I go sleep'. It's possible in Espe-
-ranto to use an infinitive after "iri" ('to go'). It indicates with what
-intention somebody goes away.
-
-So how would you tell your friend:
-'I'm going (now) to drink a coffee.'?
.
>Mi iras trinki kafon.
-'I'd like to go swimming.' (to swim = na{i)?
.
>Mi deziras iri na{i.
-
-Masao has been listening to the exchange of words between Mariola and
-Ferenc ("li" = 'he')
<Li diras: Sed mi estas vere mallaca!
-He says: 'But I am really wide awake!'
-
-And now translate the following sentence, please (ridi = to laugh)
)Mariola ridas: Tio estas bona!
-Mariola laughs: 'That's fine!' (literally: 'That is good!')
-
-And what about you? You surely aren't tired! And some fresh air is always
-good for your health ...
-Perhaps you'd invite Vera for a walk.
.
>Vera, eu vi deziras promeni kun mi?
-or:
>Vera, mi deziras promeni. du anka vi\6 deziras?
-
-Vera answers you: 'Yes, of course, I'm going with you!'
.
(Vera respondas al vi: Jes, certe, mi iras kun vi!
-
-Vera looks through the window:
(i diras: Ho, ne{as!
-What does she say? (ne{i = to snow)
.
-'Oh, it's snowing!' (literally: 'Oh, snows!')
-
-In Vera's sentence the English 'it' goes by the board. This kind of con-
-struction is called an impersonal expression, that is to say, there's no
-"real" subject.
-After all, the English 'it' doesn't replace a real noun, you can't ask,
-for example: 'Who or what is snowing?'. Of course nobody is snowing, and
-thus in the Esperanto sentence there's simply - nothing.
-There are a lot of other expressions of this kind, in which we use a sub-
-ject word in English that doesn't have a real meaning - and doesn't
-appear in the respective Esperanto sentence. Especially when talking
-about weather, e.g.:
>Pluvas.
-'It's raining.'
-Or in some other very common expressions:
.
&estas           - it is (sometimes also: there is / there are)
&ekzistas        - there is / there are (literally: exists)
&povas esti, ke  - it may be that
-("ke" is the Esperanto word for the conjunction 'that')
.
-
-Can now you translate the following sentence:
-'It may be that Ole is sleeping.'?
.
>Povas esti, ke Ole dormas.
-Or: 'There are two Poles in room seven.'?
.
)Estas du\4 poloj en eambro se\4p.
-"Ekzistas ..." is used for existence in principal with less emphasis on
-time and place, as in: (domo = house)
>Ekzistas diskejo en la domo.
-'There's a discotheque in the house.'
-
-But now let's come back to the walk in the driving snow ...
(Vera kaj vi promenas.
(i diras: Mi atas na{i. du vi scias, kie trovi{as na{ejo?
-You can surely translate that.
.
-Vera and you are walking. She says: 'I like swimming. Do you know where
-there's a swimming bath?'
-
-You surely remember that the suffix "-ej-" denotes a place.
-And a place for swimming - that's a swimming bath.
-
-There's a swimming bath in the town center. ('town' = "urbo",
-'center' = "centro"). Can you answer Vera?
.
-Perhaps like this:
>Na{ejo trovi{as en la urbocentro.
-Vera asks: (kiom = how much, kosti = to cost)
(Kiom kostas tio?
-'How much does that cost?'
-
-It costs 2 deutschmarks. How can you say that in Esperanto?
-The German currency unit is called "marko" in Esperanto. Try!
.
>Tio kostas du\5 markojn.
-
-The sentence sounds quite correct, but somehow it would be good if we
-could say: 'The entrance [fee] costs two marks', wouldn't it?
-Let's see: 'to enter' means no more than 'to go into something', thus
-"en-iri" (or "eniri"). And the 'entrance' is simply the noun to that.
-So we have to replace the verb ending "-i" with the noun ending.
-Can you manage it?
.
>La eniro kostas 2 markojn.
-
-Here are some more sentences for the sake of practice:
-'The pizza costs three marks.'
.
)La pico kostas tri\5 markojn.
-'How much does the beer cost?'
.
<Kiom kostas la biero?
-The beer costs one mark.
.
>La biero kostas unu markon.
-
-Now back to our walk in the snow ...
(Vera diras: Mi frostas!
-Can you guess what she says?
.
-Vera says: 'I'm cold!'
-(frosti = to be cold [in the sense of: to feel too cold])
-and: (tre = very)
(Mi vere tre frostas!
-'I'm really very cold!'
-
-Tell her that you are not cold.
.
>Mi ne frostas.
(Vera respondas: Jes, via mantelo estas tre dika.
-Well, you can surely find out what this sentence means too!
-(dika = thick)
.
-Vera answers: 'Yes, your coat is very thick.'
-It can't be overlooked that "vi" and "via" are akin to each other, can it?
-And the "-a" indicates an ...
.
-adjective!
-
-So "via" means 'your'. What do you think, how is 'my' said in Esperanto?
.
-Just like to "vi", you append an "-a" to "mi":
>*mia.
-And it works in the same way with the other pronouns, which we'll complete
-right now:
.
&mi  - mia       I    - my
&vi  - via       you  - your (singular and plural)
&li  - lia       he   - his
##i  - ia      # she  - her
##{i  - {ia      # it   - its
&ni  - nia       we   - our
&ili - ilia      they - their
.
-
-Now let's see if you can understand the following conversation:
-Lui{i:
>Via mantelo estas tre bela, Gila!
-Gila:
(Tio ne estas mia mantelo, estas la mantelo de Katja.
-Lui{i:
>Kaj kie estas la via?
-Gila:
(En mia eambro. Mi ne atas {in. Sed ian mantelon mi tre atas ...
-
-Well - how would you translate that?
.
-Lui{i: 'Your coat is very beautiful, Gila!
-Gila:  'That isn't my coat, it's Katja's coat.'
-Lui{i: 'And where is yours?'
-Gila:  'In my room. I don't like it. But I like HER coat very much ...'
-
-You have probably noticed some peculiarities.
.
-1. "la mantelo de Katja" = 'Katja's coat' (literally: 'the coat of Katja')
-   The word "de" is really versatile: Its basic meaning is 'from' - in
-   this meaning it turned up first at the very beginning of the course;
-   we also know that "de" can be used in the sense of 'by'; and now we see
-   that it means 'of' as well.
-   Esperanto being a regular language, there's no difference depending on
-   whether the owner is a person or a thing. There's no construction
-   comparable to the English s, but "de" is always used.
.
-2. "la via" = 'yours'
-   Words like "mia", "via" etc. can be used with the definite article
-   "la", without a noun. In this case they refer to something that is al-
-   ready defined, similar to a noun with the definite article.
.
-3. "Sed ian mantelon mi tre atas."
-   In the last sentence the object (accusative) is placed in front of the sub-
-   ject. That isn't the usual word order, but perfectly possible. In this
-   way the object "ian mantelon" is emphasized.
.
-4. "ia" takes an "-n" in the last sentence. To the possessive adjectives
-   (mia, via etc.) the same endings ("-n", "-j", "-jn") have to be ap-
-   pended as to the noun it belongs to.
-   This applies to all "-a" words, thus also to adjectives and ordinal
-   numbers, e.g.:
>   Ni man{as niajn bongustajn picojn.
-   We are eating our delicious pizzas.
-
-Now it's your turn again. Translate into Esperanto:
-'That is his room.'
.
)Tio estas lia eambro.
-'Your guitar is over there, but not Sander's guitar.'
.
>Via gitaro estas tie, sed ne la gitaro de Sander.
-'We are walking with our new friends.'
.
>Ni promenas kun niaj novaj amikoj.
-'My friend Pemek comes from Poland.'
.
<Mia amiko Pe\5mek venas el Pollando.
-'Valentin and Svetlana like our country, and we like their country too.'
-('country' = "lando")
.
>Va\5lentin* kaj Svetlana atas nian landon, kaj ni atas anka ilian landon.
-You have surely recognized the word "lando", haven't you? The word for
-'Poland' is ...
.
>Pollando.
-And "Pollando" is composed of "polo" (Pole) and "lando" (country).
-
-Incidentally, can you guess from which country Valentin and Svetlana come?
.
-They come from Russia:
)*Rusio.
-You can say that in Esperanto as well, can't you?
.
)Ili venas el Rusio.
.
-
1
-SUMMARY
-
-New sentence-forms:
.
~Mi lo{as en eambro \Qok.
^La man{ejo trovi{as en la kvina \Qeta{o.
^i demandas al li. i demandas lin.
~Ne{as.
^Povas esti, ke Ole dormas.
~du vi scias, kie trovi{as la na{ejo?
~Kiom kostas tio?
^La eniro kostas du markojn.
~Via mantelo estas tre dika.
~Tio estas la mantelo de Katja.
~Mi tre atas ian mantelon.
.
-
-About grammar:
-1. The cardinal numbers in Esperanto are:
-   1      2      3      4      5      6      7      8      9      10
>   unu  - du\4   - tri\4  - kva\4r - kvi\4n - se\4s  - se\4p  - o\4k   - na\4  - de\4k.
-   11        12       13        14         20      30       40
>   de\4k unu - de\4k du\1 - de\4k tri\1 - de\4k kva\1r.  du\4dek - tri\4dek - kva\4rdek.
-   etc. Numbers that consists of several words (like "dek unu") are also
-   written with a hyphen.
-
-   The ordinal numbers are obtained by simply appending an "-a", e.g.
>   unua, dua, tria.
.
-
-2. The personal pronouns are:
-   Singular: I  you he she it. Plural: we you they.
>             mi vi  li i  {i.         ni vi  ili.
-
-   The possessive adjectives (my, your etc.) are obtained likewise by
-   appending an "-a" - like ordinary adjectives.
-
-3. In accusative case an "-n" is appended to all "-a" words (adjectives,
-   possessive adjectives and ordinal numbers), just like it is to nouns.
-   The same applies to the plural.
-
-4. In impersonal expressions ("ne{as", "estas", "povas esti, ke") the
-   English 'it' is not translated.
.
-
-5. The two verbs "demandi" and "respondi" can alternatively be used with
-   the accusative case or with the preposition "al":
)   Mi respondas al vi. Mi respondas vin.
-   'I answer you.'
-
-6. The verb "iri" (to go) can be used with the infinitive. By this way you
-   say with what intention you go away:
)   Mi iras dormi.
-   'I go to bed.' (I go in order to sleep).
-
-7. The English possessive form of nouns (...'s, e.g. 'a friend's house')
-   is expressed by the preposition "de":
>   la domo de amiko.
-   "de" also corresponds to the English preposition 'of':
>   la eambroj de la domo.
-   'the rooms of the house.'
-   After all, these two constructions in English express the same fact
-   (a relation of possession).
.
-
-New words:
&centro          - center
##eambro         # - room
&de              - (also:) of
&dika            - thick
&domo            - house
&ekzisti         - exist ("ekzistas" = 'there is / are')
&eniro           - entrance fee
##eta{o          # - floor, storey
&frosti          - to be (feel) cold
&ili             - they
.
&ke              - that (conjunction: I know that it's raining.)
&kiom?           - how much?
&kosti           - to cost
&laca            - tired
&lando           - country
&li              - he
&marko           - mark (currency)
##na{i           # - to swim
##ne{i           # - to snow
&nur             - only
.
&pluvi           - to rain
&preni           - to take
&promeni         - to [go for a] walk
&ridi            - to laugh
&Rusio           - Russia
&scii            - to know
##i             # - she
&tre             - very
&urbo            - town, city
.
-
-Finally a few exercises. They won't be a problem for you, will they?
-Come on then:
-1. Egon has only 8 marks for the discotheque, but the entrance costs
-   10 marks.
-2. That is my first beer.
-3. I don't know how much a pizza costs.
-4. Silke asks me: 'Is it raining very much?'
-5. Olga has a beautiful coat.
.
-And here are the answers:
.
>Egon havas nur o\7k markojn por la diskejo, sed la eniro kostas de\7k markojn.
>Tio estas mia unua biero.
>Mi ne scias, kiom kostas pico.
)%S\Zilke demandas min: du tre\5 pluvas?
-(or: demandas al mi)
>Olga havas belan mantelon.
*
