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T130
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^LECIONO 5.
-(5 = kvin)
-
.
-Meanwhile Claudia is standing at the serving counter. She says:
-("havi" - 'to have', "salato" - 'salad')
)Mi deziras havi salaton.
-'I'd like to have a salad.'
-Masao shouts to her ("anka" = 'too', 'also'):
<Mendu salaton anka por mi!
-Can you guess what that means?
.
-'Order a salad for me too!'
-
-"Venu!" is the imperative (command form) of the verb "veni" = 'to come'.
-So how is the imperative of a verb formed from the infinitive in Esperanto?
.
-You take away the ending "-i" and replace it by the ending "-u".
-
-As a rule: The imperative in Esperanto always ends in "-u"!
-
-So how are the following imperatives to be said in Esperanto:
-'Eat!' - 'Drink!' - 'Play!' - 'Come!'
.
>Man{u! - Trinku! - Ludu! - Venu!
-(formed from: man{i, trinki, ludi, veni)
-
-A remark about the position of "anka":
-Like "ne", it is placed in front of the expression it refers to, or in
-front of the verb if it refers to the whole sentence. However, the rule
-isn't quite as strict as in the case of "ne".
-
-Gila asks:
(Kia salato {i estas?
-What does she want to know? ("kia" = 'what kind of')
.
-'What kind of salad is it?'
-
-Claudia answers:
)zi estas ri\5zo-salato.
-Can you imagine what kind of salad it is?
.
-Claudia says: 'It is rice salad.' ("rizo" = 'rice').
-In Esperanto words can be combined to form new ones. In this way, "rizo"
-and "salato" make up "rizo-salato", or without hyphen "rizosalato".
-Pay attention to the spelling. Unlike in English, you can't simply put
-one word next to the other ('rice salad'), you must at least use a hyphen,
-more commonly, however, the words are written as one. (If the resulting
-word runs the risk of becoming too long, it is better to use an adjective.)
-
-"karoto" meaning 'carrot', what is the word for 'carrot salad'?
.
>karo\5tosalato.
-(or "karoto-salato")
-
-If the resulting word can be pronounced without problems, the "o" of the
-first word is often omitted. You already know
>*vesperman{o.
-
-By the way: What might
##tia# mean?#
-'such a'. It's the answer to "kia?" - 'what kind of'.
-
-But now listen how Gila reacts to Claudia's answer ("ho" = 'oh'):
(Ho, mi ne atas rizon.
-'Oh, I don't like rice.'
-Vera ("do" = 'so', 'thus'):
<Sed mi\7 atas rizosalaton. Do mendu tri\6.
-'But I like rice salad. So order three.
-Claudia (to the person behind the counter):
)Ne unu salaton, sed tri\6!
-'Not one salad, but three!'
-
-Do you realize something, thinking of the accusative?
.
-In the accusative case a "-n" is appended to nouns (and equally to pro-
-nouns and adjectives). This is not the case with "unu" and "du".
-Generally it can be said: Cardinal numbers (one, two, three, four, ...) are
-invariable; they don't take any endings!
-
-Meanwhile Masao has come to the serving counter to help Claudia carry the
-salads.
-Claudia ("por" = 'for'):
)Unu rizosalato estas por mi, unu por vi kaj unu por Vera.
-'One rice salad is for me, one for you and one for Vera.
-Masao confirms:
-
<Jes, tri\5 rizosalatoj.
-'Yes, three rice salads.'
-
-Do you have an idea what the "-j" at the end of "rizosalato" means?
.
-The "-j" signifies the plural, after all, it's THREE rice salads alto-
-gether!
-You simply append this "-j" directly to the ending "-o" of the noun - it
-really can't be easier, can it? You can now surely say 'four rice salads
-and five carrot salads' in Esperanto.
.
>kva\4r rizosalatoj kaj kvi\4n karotosalatoj.
-
-Some more examples:
.
##karoto    - karotoj  # (a) carrot    - carrots
##loko      - lokoj    # (a) place     - places
##biero     - bieroj   # (a) beer      - beers
##duo      - duoj    # (a) shower    - showers
##trinkejo  - trinkejoj# (a) bar       - bars
.
-At this point let's consolidate the imperative: Form the imperative of the
-following verbs:
-"diri" (to say), "demandi" (to ask), "respondi" (to answer).
.
>diru! - demandu! - respondu!
-
-Masao has just bought a beer.
-Now you can understand what the following sentence means, can't you?
>Demandu Masaon, eu la biero estas malvarma.
-Ask Masao if the beer is cold.
-
-This sentence has two peculiarities:
-1. As you'll remember, the accusative-"n" can also be appended to proper
-   names. Here it's advisable, because the sentence "Demandu Masaon!"
-   doesn't contain a subject. Without the "n" one might think that "Masao"
-   were the subject. It's perfectly possible in Esperanto to use an
-   imperative with a subject; in English this is usually translated by
-   'to be to' ('Masao is to ask').
-2. "du" is not only used in direct, but also in indirect questions, in
-   which it must be translated with 'if' or 'whether'.
-Perhaps a few words should also be said about the comma in our sentence.
-In Esperanto it's usual to separate subclauses with commmas. But - as for
-word order - there are no obligatory rules for the use of the comma.
-
-Of course pizza and salad isn't the only food you can get. For exam-
-ple, there's a juicy cutlet - "kotleto". Why not order one?
.
>Mi deziras havi kotleton!
-Or soup - "supo" - for a change:
.
)Mi deziras havi supon!
-
-Can you understand the following sentence as well?
>Mi mendas por mi tomatosupon kaj por Vera du kotletojn.
-'I'm ordering tomato soup for myself and two cutlets for Vera.'
-(tomato = tomato - too easy!)
-
-Here you see again that no accusative-"n" is appended to "du" ('two').
-NB: The plural-"j" is put in front of the accusative-"n". (After all, it
-could hardly be pronounced the other way round.)
-
-Now it's your turn at the serving counter: Order three sausages
-(sausage = kolbaso) and two bread rolls (bread roll = bulko)!
.
>Mi deziras havi tri kolbasojn kaj du bulkojn.
-(or: "Mi deziras mendi ...")
-
-Let's go on with this: Ask Vera if she can order four beers for us.
.
>Vera, eu vi povas mendi por ni kvar bierojn?
-
-We'll listen to our friends again. Read aloud and translate.
-Claudia and Masao are coming back to their table with three plates of
-salad. Masao puts down a plate where Vera is sitting and says:
-(jen = here [is])
<Jen salato por vi!
-'Here's a salad for you!'
-
-Do you notice something about this sentence?
.
-It doesn't contain a verb.
-
-After "jen" ('here is') there's usually no verb, but the noun being indi-
-cated by "jen" follows immediately.
-"jen" is a word that points insistently, it's a kind of spoken forefinger.
-
-Two further examples with "jen":
>Jen mi\6!
-'Here I am!'
>Jen la mono!
-'Here's the money [for you]!'
-
-Vera thanks:
(Dankon pro la salato.
-Can you guess what that means?
.
-'Thank you for the salad.'
-So "dankon" means 'thank you' (literally '[I say to you] a thank').
-And "pro"? Isn't "por" the word for 'for'?
-In Esperanto you don't thank for ("por") something, but because of ("pro")
-something!
-
-You ought to thank Vera for the beer. (Don't you remember any more? She
-has ordered four beers for us!)
.
>Vera, dankon pro la biero!
-
-Vera answers to you:
(Ne dankinde!
-What might that mean?
.
-'Don't mention it!', literally: 'Not worth of thanking!'
-
-Meanwhile Gila and Claudia have sat down too.
-Vera:
(La salato estas bongusta.
-Can you guess what Vera has said? (Think of the word "bona"!)
.
-'The salad is delicious.'
-"bongusta" literally means something like 'of good taste'.
-Claudia ("vere" = 'really'):
)Jes, la salato vere estas bongusta!
-'Yes, the salad is really delicious!'
-
-They all are enthusing about their rice salad. Only Valentin is chewing
-dully on his sausage.
>La kolbaso vere estas malbongusta!
-You have surely understood this sentence. But can you translate it?
.
-Well, a literal translation isn't quite easy, because there's no commonly
-used word in English that denotes the opposite of 'delicious'. Perhaps:
-'The sausage really tastes terrible!'? You see what a convenient thing
-this "mal-" is: You can go on even at some points where you get stuck with
-your native language.
-Another example: "soifa" means 'thirsty'. It's no problem to say:
>Mi estas malsoifa.
-This can at best be translated by 'I'm not at all thirsty'.
-'hungry' is formed the other way round: "sata" means 'full', 'satisfied'.
-So:
>Va\5lentin* estas malsata.
-
-Vera says to him:
(Mi havas du kotletojn. du vi ne volas man{i unu?
-'I have two cutlets. Will you eat one?'
-(literally: 'Don't you want to eat one?')
-
-And now we have already come to the end of the lesson. Let's recap what
-we've learned.
.
-
1
-SUMMARY
-
-In this lesson the following sentence-forms occurred:
-
~Mi deziras havi rizosalaton.
~Venu!
^Mendu salaton anka por mi!
^Mi mendas por mi supon kaj por Vera du kotletojn.
~Jen salato por vi.
^Dankon pro la salato!
~Ne dankinde.
^La kotleto vere estas bongusta!
.
-
-About grammar:
-1. In the plural nouns take the ending "-j" after the ending "-o".
-   A noun can have the following four ending combinations:
&   loko         - (a) place [is doing / being something]
&   lokon        - (a) place [is what you do something with]
&   lokoj        - places    [are doing / being something]
&   lokojn       - places    [are what you do something with]
.
-2. The imperative in Esperanto has the ending "-u". To form it you delete
-   the "-i" of the infinitive and replace it with the imperative ending,
-   similar to the forming of the present tense:
-   ven-i (to come) => ven-u! (come!)
.
-3. All interrogatives (except eu) begin with "ki-" (e.g. kio, kie, kiel).
-   There's a demonstrative word corresponding each of them. It's formed
-   by replacing the "ki-" by "ti-":
-   tio (that), tie (there), tiel ([in] this way).
.
-4. Cardinal numbers (up to now we know unu, du, tri, kvar and kvin) are
-   invariable. They don't take an "-n" in the accusative case! The noun
-   that follows them needs the accusative ending, of course:
>   Mi deziras havi tri kotletojn.
-5. Generally you don't thank for (= "por"), but because of (= "pro") some-
-   thing:
>   Dankon pro la supo.
-
-New words:
.
##anka          # - also, too
&bongusta        - delicious
&bulko           - bread roll
##eu             # - (in indirect questions:) if, whether
&dankon          - thank you
&demandi         - to ask
&diri            - to say
&do              - so, thus
&havi            - to have
&ho!             - oh!
.
&jen             - here (is)
&karoto          - carrot
&kia             - what kind of
&kolbaso         - sausage
&kotleto         - cutlet
&mono            - money
&ne dankinde!    - don't mention it!
&por             - for
&pro             - because of
.
&respondi        - answer
&rizo            - rice
&salato          - salad
&sata            - full, satisfied
&soifa           - thirsty
&supo            - soup
&tomato          - tomato
&vere            - really
.
-Furthermore we know the numbers:
-1     2     3     4     5
>unu \,  du \,   tri \,  kvar \, kvin \.
.
-
-Let's finish with some exercises:
-Translate the following sentences:
-1. What kind of record is that?
-2. Come, there is Beata!
-3. Dora, order three sausages for me!
-4. Here is a cutlet! It's really delicious.
-5. Oh, thank you for the cutlet, but I'm not hungry.
-6. Ask Masao if Gila doesn't want to eat the cutlet.
.
-Finished?
.
>Kia disko estas tio?
>Venu, tie estas Beata!
>Dora, mendu por mi tri kolbasojn!
>Jen kotleto! zi vere estas bongusta.
>Ho, dankon pro la kotleto, sed mi ne estas malsata.
>Demandu Masaon, eu Gila ne volas man{i la kotleton.
-
-Don't forget to repeat also this lesson before going on!
.
*
